Bloody Sunday

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What Really happened on Bloody Sunday? We'll never really know. We could find out some facts, which definitely did happen. These following paragraphs show what definitely did happen.

On the 0th of January 17, 14 Catholics were killed (thirteen died on the day a fourteenth died later in police custody from the injures suffered on that day) when soldiers of a British paratroop regiment opened fire during a civil rights march in Londonderry/Derry.

The march began around ten-to-three in the afternoon. About 10,000-15,000 people gathered in Creggan Estate planning on walking to Guildhall Square in the centre of the city where a rally would be held. The march was illegal because the Stormont Parliament had banned protests such as this.

At twenty-to four the marchers met Paratroopers who had sealed off approaches to Guildhall Square. Because of this blockade, the marchers went down Rossville Street in the direction of Free Derry Corner. A group of marchers stayed behind and threw stones and missiles at the soldiers. The soldiers returned fire using rubber bullets, CS gas and water cannons. This forced protesters to take cover in Bogside. The paratroopers in armoured carriers moved in, their orders to arrest protesters they moved down to Rossville Street and Bogside. Now what happened becomes misty. Soldiers say that they just returned fire from protesters and the Catholic community say that soldiers shot randomly at unarmed civilians. The results of 5 minutes of gunfire are undisputed 1 civil rights marchers were left dead a fourteenth died later in police custody from his injuries.

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But why did the British Army fire shots at protesters? This is something we shall never know. But one of the most likely explanations was that the paratroopers were scared of possible violence because of the violence in the past weeks and months, in one event the IRA and British Army had a shoot out killing several IRA members and a British soldier so tensions were high.

The reasons why civil rights marchers organised such a huge rally was a protest against internment. Internment was where people in Northern Ireland, suspected of being terrorists could be arrested and put in prison without any trial. Soldiers, police or other government officials could come into your home and arrest you without any due cause.

Irelands third Prime minister in under a year Brian Faulkner at dawn on Monday the th August 171 officially started internment. This was due to counteract the IRA violence of the past few months. th August 171 000 British Soldiers backed up by RUC Special Branch Officers, who provided the out-of-date intelligence. The RUC officers who were well known for being Protestant and discriminative against Catholics were left to control the operations.

In that day alone over 00 Catholic men were arrested. In the following 48 hours due to out-of-data intelligence 104 were released without charge. One 80-year-old man was arrested for being an IRA terrorist; he admitted he use to be but hadn't being for over 0 years. As he struggled to walk, he said he was flattered that even after so long he was still counted as a threat to mainland Britain.

The remaining internees were severely beaten, deprived of food and sleep and subjected to white noise. The government was being accused of torture; people suspected of having information even if it only was an army hunch were beaten even if they knew nothing (The picture to the left is one of those detainees it is clear the torture he suffered, he was only released when the Army realised that he knew nothing).

This internment did nothing but provoke more violence, in the year before interment 4 people were killed, in just three days after were killed and many more were to follow.

This interment was to only increase support for the IRA many now still didn't join the IRA but no longer condones its actions. This led to hundreds of street demonstrations one of course being Bloody Sunday.

Why was the overwhelmingly number of protesters Catholic? Simply because the Catholics were the ones being interned, as the unionist government wanted to crush the IRA and the IRA being a Republic organisation and Republicans mainly being Catholic. But there was a much wider problem so internment was not the only reason they were marching they were protesting for equal human rights for people independent of whether they were Catholic or Protestant.

The Catholics were fed up of being nd class citizens they found the law was mainly Protestant. Employment was given to Catholics first. Housing was even discriminative but two ways. Politics was extremely Protestant, probably because of vote rigging. 8 nationalist councillors in Derry/Londonderry represented by 14,000 Catholics while 1 Unionist councillors represented by ,000 Protestants. Even the way people voted was so that Unionists won elections. 1 house= 1 vote so the Unionist government gave more houses to Protestants therefore making sure they had more than one vote.

Why was there a rift between Catholics and Protestants? This is due to discrimination of the Catholics by the Protestants; this rift can be traced back centuries. As far back as the 1th century and Henry II invasion of Ireland. The conquered Irish land was given to the English. The Irish were also angered by the fact that these new settlers had more power and privileges than their counterparts. From then till the act of Union in 1800 England and Ireland were frequently at war with each other. During James I reign in 1601 war against Ireland was declared and again under Oliver Cromwell's control war was declared against Ireland. These wars and privileges mad the Irish very angry and anti-British.

The above wars were all about power and land. Religion didn't come into these wars until 154 when Henry VIII was the King of England. Henry VIII and his ever changing marriages, in 154 Henry VIII wanted a divorce and the Pope wouldn't give it to him (because the Pope was being threatened by death by Catherine of Aragón's brother (Catherine of Aragón being Henrys current wife)). Henry in his power decided to break away from the Pope and set-up the Church of England, this angered the Irish, as they wanted to keep as Roman Catholics and refused to join the Church of England. As well as that he also angered the Irish by stating that he was also the king of Ireland.

When James the II was put in exile out of England in the late 160's, through his sheer jealously of the Protestants who threw him out, James II raised an army to attack Protestants in Londonderry/Derry. The new king of Ireland, William of Orange, defeated James at the battle of Boyne. The Orange Order still marches to commemorate that day. The Orange Order marches are another of today's reminders of the division between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Although the act of Union ended the wars it caused its own problems. Irelands parliament had to be closed and England took over control of Irish law, the icing on the cake was that Irelands new laws would by passed by Westminster, London not in Ireland. These generally unwanted laws meant that there were job restrictions on certain jobs meaning Catholics had the restrictions and Protestants didn't.

The great potato famine of 1846 was when Irelands anger built up and began to erupt. England had failed to help the millions of starving so there was a split in the population. One section wanted Ireland and England to be totally separate countries these were generally the people who suffered the worst during the famine, as they were generally poorer so lived on cheap potatoes. These people in general were Catholics who were also Nationalists and Republicans. The other wanted Ireland and Britain to be linked; in general these people were Protestants who in general were unionists and loyalists.

There was the Partition, the partition was not really an event, it was a process, which took place between 10 and 1. The partition was the Split of Ireland into two parts-

Northern Ireland

Eire/Southern Ireland

Its main terms were

Six of Ulster's counties became Protestant and became a self-governing Northern Ireland, with its own Parliament in Belfast.

The remaining 6 counties would also become self-governing with their Parliament in Dublin.

Britain keeps control of issues such as military naval facilities.

On Easter Monday, April 4, 116, a force of Irishmen under arms estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500 men and women attempted to seize Dublin, with the ultimate intention of destroying British rule in Ireland and creating an entirely independent Irish Republic to include all counties of Leinster, Munster, Ulster and Connaught. Their leaders, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly and the others, knew that their chances of success were so slight as to be almost non-existent. Yet they fought, and died. Why?

The circumstances that led to the Irish rebellion of 116 are of an intense complexity, historical, social, political and, perhaps above all, psychological. The Irish writer, Sean OFaolain, has written of his country Most of our physical embodiments of the past are ruins, as most of our songs are songs of lament and defiance. The Easter Rising was a complete failure, which left large parts of Dublin in ruins; yet without it Ireland might never have been free of English rule. The leaders, alive, had very few supporters even among the Irish patriots; dead, they became and have remained their countrys heroes. It was a great historical paradox, and one that to this day the British have perhaps never understood. Had they understood it, it is conceivable that the British might still have an empire, since the overthrow of British rule in Ireland marked the beginning of the overthrow of British imperial might in Asia, in Africa, and elsewhere.

Died later as a result of his injuries received that day

I have found some reasons why Britain and Ireland had such bad relations. The hatred built up over centuries and erupts as marches and riots, the conflict is from years ago but still effects peoples lives today.

I am going to be studying three main pieces of evidence into what Happened on Bloody Sunday. Below is an overview of them all

Lord Widgery Report Lord Saville Inquiry Jimmy Mc Governs 'Sunday'

When done 17 18-present (expected completion in 004) 1-15

Time taken 10 weeks 6 years years

Conclusions Army innocent None yet Army guilty

Additional information Widgery supported the actions of the army only condemning them for being a little quick. Interviewed hundreds Lived with relatives of those killed and interviewed army witnesses

Didn't interview key army witnesses Expected cost of £150 million Mc Govern was born in Liverpool with a Catholic majority could of being biased because of this.

There is conflicting evidence from Bloody Sunday mainly on who fired first. Others include whether or not the IRA was present. The army would not now admit that it fired first as this would contradict what they said earlier this would cause huge embarrassment for them and saying it in court of law would bring up questions about the army and who really controlled was it the elected government or themselves. The marchers would also not admit to firing first as this would mean that people would stop being sympathetic towards the marchers and their cause.

The problems with the Widgery report? The government has long shared the wide spread view that the Widgery Report was unsatisfactory and that it did not represent the truth of what happened on that day. Indeed, the very disregard with which the Widgery Report was viewed by nationalists, particularly those in Derry/Londonderry, has meant that they have largely ignored it, so far removed was its version of events from the reality of what they believed happened in Derry/Londonderry on the 0th January 17. On three other hand, for the British authorities, the Widgery report remains the official version of events. On the basis of the Widgery report, compensation was granted to the next of kin in 174 and in 1 the British confirmed the innocence of those killed by reference to the Report's finding that none were found guilty.

The problems are mainly inconsistencies between statements, but these problems widened to show reports, statements being kept from the eyes of relatives. Also they found clear indicators that after soldiers had written these statements alterations were made to them and soldiers were often 'advised' what to say in the tribunal hearing. Widgery made no mention of bullets fired from city walls but it has being made clear by former soldiers and factual evidence such as how the bullets entered the body, some were from a trajectory only possible from the city walls.

Staff of the Widgery report have also being accused of fabricating aspects of the soldiers statements in an apparent attempt to justify the killings. The Widgery inquiry never took notice of a who said the lead particles found on the bodies of the deceased could of got there from contact with the bottom of a army vehicle or in touch with a soldier who fired a weapon. The Widgery report had being commissioned by Edward Heaths Conservative Government. Therefore would it be critical of its own government? I think not, it would try to justify the killings. The report only took 10 weeks the Saville inquiry is going to take at least 6 years and Mc Govern's 'Sunday' took three years, these are massive differences could the Widgery report find the truth in 10 weeks that it is going to take Saville 6 years to find out?

It can be concluded that the Widgery Report was fundamentally flawed. It was incomplete in terms of its description of the events on the day and in terms of how those events were apparently shaped by the prior intentions and decisions of the authorities. It was a startlingly inaccurate and partisan version of events, dramatically at odds with the experiences and observations of civilian eyewitnesses. It failed to provide a credible explanation for the actions of the British Army, particularly the actions of 1 Para and of the other British Army units in and around Derry. It was inherently and apparently wilfully flawed, selective and unbalanced in its handling of the evidence to hand at the time. It effectively rejected the many hundreds of civilian testimonies submitted to it and opted instead for the unreliable accounts proffered by the implicated soldiers. Contrary to the weight of evidence and even its own findings, it exculpated the individual soldiers who used lethal force and thereby exonerated those who were responsible for their deployment and actions.

Above all it was unjust to the victims of Bloody Sunday and to those who participated in the anti-internment march that day in suggesting they had handled firearms or nail-bombs or were in the company of those who did. It made misleading judgements about how victims met their death. The tenacity, with which these suggestions were pursued, often on flimsy or downright implausible grounds, is in marked contrast to the many points where significant and obvious questions about the soldiers' behaviour, arising from the Report's own narrative, are evaded or glossed over.

There have been many atrocities in Northern Ireland since Bloody Sunday. Other innocent victims have suffered grievously at various hands. The victims of Bloody Sunday met their fate at the hands of those whose duty it was to respect as well as uphold the rule of law. However what sets this case apart from other tragedies, which might rival it in bloodshed, is not the identity of those killing or killed, or even the horrendous circumstances of the day. It is rather that the victims of Bloody Sunday suffered a second injustice, this time at the hands of Lord Widgery, the pivotal trustee of the rule of law, who sought to taint them with responsibility for their own deaths in order to exonerate, even at that great moral cost, those he found it inexpedient to blame.

The new material fatally undermines and discredits the Widgery Report. A debt of justice is owed to the victims and their relatives to set it unambiguously aside as the official version of events. It must be replaced by a clear and truthful account of events on that day, so that its poisonous legacy can be set aside and the wounds left by it can begin to be healed. Given the status and currency which was accorded to the Widgery Report, the most appropriate and convincing redress would be the Saville inquiry a success.

Problems with the Saville inquiry? We don't fully know the problems of the Saville inquiry, as it has not yet being completed. But the major dilemma we do know it faces is time, it has being thirty years since Bloody Sunday, views vary over years people remember and forget things; its our natural instincts. Evidence has being lost imperative witnesses have died bullet holes will no longer exist the will of being covered over by layers of cement, bodies will of decomposed. The Saville inquiry though is trying to be as through as possible with what it has and is looking for new verification and finding it, but unfortunately it can never establish the whole truth as it is no longer possible, but can still find some and give some indication of what happened on Bloody Sunday.

Jimmy Mc Govern's 'Sunday' is based primarily on fact but there is a lot of fiction intertwined into it but it looks like it is fact. It can be very hard to distinguish between fact and fiction. Prime examples of this are the meeting between the Prime Minister and Lord Widgery he would of never of known what was said and it would of being said 'off the record' so no written information could of ever being found about it, on the helicopter going and leaving the Widgery report he would not of known what the soldiers said and thought- it was fiction. It was a docu-drama if it was just the truth it might not of being as interesting it was made to be shown on television so it may of added bits in for this purpose. Mc Governs own background could of made him naturally sympathetic' towards the Catholics views. He was born and grew up in Liverpool, which is widely known for its high majority of Irish-Catholics, he may of being able to relate to the Catholics better than the Protestants.

Overall the trustworthiest is probably going to be the Saville inquiry, as it has no influence on the current government if it talks badly about the current government, as the Widgery report did. It has more chance of reaching a balanced conclusion. The Widgery report had to be the least trustworthy as it didn't get all information before making judgements some evidence was being ignored. The whole thing had massive gaps in it. The balance of evidence from both sides was lacking. The nd trustworthiest is Jimmy Mc Governs 'Sunday' as it was biased to Catholics but not nearly as biased as the Widgery report was for the government. It had fact but a lot of fiction was also intertwined, although it did accept some protesters were carrying guns.

However unfortunate we know we will never know the full truth on Bloody Sunday there are too many conflicting arguments and nobody will take responsibility for their actions. We will discover some truth from the Saville inquiry but no enough to make definite conclusions. We will never know who shot first although there are accusations that it was Martin Mc Guinness or Soldier H but which one if either we shall never know. Time is a big problem facing the Saville inquiry and Mc Govern. People move people die. Bodies decompose. Places change. We may not like it but no inquiry will bring out the full truth until people start coming forward saying what they did, the man who fired first if still alive if he came forward he could help but will probably take his secret to the grave with him.

What I believe happened was a solider in the corner of his eye thought he saw a gun and shot in that direction, other soldiers and marchers who were carrying guns fired resulting it 5 minutes of undisrupted gunfire and 14 dead. I think both sides have equal responsibility the army fired large amounts of bullets into densely crowded areas and civilians with guns caused some to be shot. I do think many of the Civilians shot were shot by snipers on the city walls. I do believe some of those killed did or were carrying guns but not all of them, but I don't know which were guilty and which were not.

Bloody Sunday is commemorated today by minute silences, peaceful marches, laying flowers and wreaths, trust funds trying to clear the victims names and grieving the loss in your own home by just stopping and sparing a thought for those who died.

Above are pictures of a march through Derry/Londonderry commemorating the 0th anniversary of the Bloody Sunday massacre.

The annual Bloody Sunday march; retracing the route the civil rights protesters drew about 0,000 people when it took place on the Sunday of commemoration of the 0th anniversary.

Bloody Sunday is commemorated today because people are still angry with the government for the Widgery inquiry and still upset that 14 died due to British soldiers who were suppose to be the ones protecting them.

Bloody Sunday will not be forgotten because to relatives and People of Derry/Londonderry, Bloody Sunday is an open wound, which will not be healed until Britain admits its troops were culpable and the victims are totally exonerated.

The events of Bloody Sunday did absolutely nothing but make sure current troubles carried on into the 1st century. Security analysts and politicians concede that it marked the end of a phoney war the start of all out violence. Tony Blair said ' we must justice so the peace process can begin' another leading politician said 'I have lived a long time and no troubles have affected us as a nation as the Northern Ireland troubles.' Disaffected Catholic youths swelled the ranks of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) because of it and joined its hit-and-run campaign to drive Britain from Ireland.

After these men had joined, the IRA needed to be seen to be doing something. So in probable revenge for Bloody Sunday on the nd February 17, an IRA bomb killed 6 at the Aldershot headquarters of the 1st Parachute regiment of the British Army. Ironically, it was the same regiment that killed the civil rights marchers, so you can see why I said in probable revenge for Bloody Sunday. 10th September 17 bomb rocks London. 0th April 174 death toll of troubles hits 1000. 17th June 174 IRA bombs parliament. 17th July 174 IRA bombs tower of London. 5th October 174 bomb kills four in Guildford. nd October IRA bomb west end. 8th October 174 attempted bombing of minister and his wife. 1st November 174 Birmingham pub blast, 1 killed. 5th September 175 London Hilton hotel bombed. nd September 175 Northern Ireland bombed. 7th November 175 T.V presenter shot dead. 5th January 176 bus ambush, 10 die. th January 176 West end bombed. 7th August 17 Lord Mountbatten murdered. nd March 17 British ambassador to Holland assonated. 0th July 18 bomb causes carnage in London. 7th October 18 RUC officers killed by bomb. 17th December 18 Harrods bomb blast kills . 1th October 184 Tory cabinet meeting bomb blast. 8th November 187 bomb kills 11 at Enniskillen. 16th March 188 shot dead at Milltown cemetery. 0th March 18 Senior RUC men die in gun attack. nd September 18 10die in Kent barracks bomb. 0th July 10 IRA bombs stock exchange. rd December 1 bomb explodes in Manchester. 0th March Warrington bomb attack. 4th April 1 bomb devastates London. 10th February 16 Dockland bomb. 15th June 16 huge explosion in central Manchester. 15th August 18 Omagh car bomb 7 killed. 6th February 000 bomb attack on hotel. rd August 001 car bomb explodes in London.

There was a bombing campaign in 1 but then there were no more bombs until after Bloody Sunday, that really is something that Bloody Sunday has changed we now have murderous revenge on not only those who committed the Bloody Sunday massacre but also innocents, civilians caught up in the IRA web of murders.

The only nauseating thing was that Bloody Sunday has contributed to these tensions being brought into the 1st Century, these tensions now affect a range of events including Football, and the Northern Ireland captain was forced to quit the team because of Protestant threats. These tensions will carry on until someone does something about it instead of trying to tackle violently why not peacefully or politically.

One of the things that annoy me is that people who paint murals on their houses have the right intensions but I think these only help to sure tensions carry on into the 1st century. I also think that to get over these troubles then all sides must accept responsibility for what has happened and vow to 'forgive and forget'. On the following two pages there are pictures of these murals.

There were troubles in Ireland long before Bloody Sunday it can be traced back to the 1th Century so Bloody Sunday never changed anything. Bloody Sunday did one thing though it made this phoney war a battle that would continue into the 1st century and if things carry on as they are then for a long time to come.

I think that Bloody Sunday was a complete tragedy; I have no doubt that protesters were carrying guns but they were in the smallest minority. I think that the army fired too much too quickly and were just as much to blames as the protesters. Everybody needs to forgive the actions of the soldiers and vice versa also paramilitary groups such as the IRA need to be disbanded. The government and Irish people need to start building new bridges to stop the growing number of deaths. Their needs to be forgiveness and forgetness. With any luck it will soon, before another life is stolen.

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PAS BUSINESS STUDIESBusiness and Technology - assignment one'E-commerce in the new millenium'

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PAS BUSINESS STUDIES

Business and Technology - assignment one

'E-commerce in the new millenium'

1. E-commerce means on-line trading and promotion, that is, buying, selling and advertising goods and services over electronic networks. Although e-commerce refers to all electronic transactions over any electronic network, today we tend to think of it as transactions carried out using the Internet. Electronic commerce has in fact been around for a long time. Large corporations have been conducting electronic transactions via Electronic Data Interchange (or EDI) for years. The problem is that EDI is run on proprietary networks, and uses proprietary software. It is too expensive to be used by smaller businesses. The Internet, on the other hand, is an open network. The software that makes the Internet work is in the public domain. Anyone can install it for free. The Internet Service Providers (ISP's) who sell you Internet access are often owned by large companies, which also own the telecommunications networks over which the Internet runs, but they dont own the Internet itself. No one does. This means that accessing and using the Internet is relatively inexpensive. It makes it possible for a one-person business in Adelaide to use technology that once would only have been available to a multinational company. It means that our Adelaide business, courtesy of the Internet, can operate in the global environment, participating in global networks and markets. Using E-commerce information can also be moved across a server to another business or to consumers such as catalogues.

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1. The introduction of E-commerce and the development of telecommunications into businesses has been advantageous is several way. Firstly, it has enabled domestic companies to establish valuable export markets with overseas companies or consumers as their business would have been sited on the Internet. If these companies had not been on the Internet, chances are that the foreign investor would not have discovered this trading partner. Not only has E-commerce opened a businesses opportunities overseas, but it has also allowed other states in Australia to gain access to a companies goods and services even if the selling company was not located in the same state as the purchaser.

By using E-commerce as a point of sales, the appointment of sales staff could be reduced saving the company involved in E-commerce valuable time in training and money in wages. Instead, a computer technician could be employed to make the Internet sight attractive to customers who may not be able to visit the actual store, as they may be interstate or overseas. Marketing and promotion staff numbers could be cut only keeping a select few to develop new products and ways to sell them. E.g. Banks have introduced online banking to reduce the amount of tellers who need to be employed.

If a business is heavily involved in stocks and shares then it would be vital for the transactions and purchases to become E-commerce orientated. The stock market can change shape dramatically and quickly meaning that if transactions are not made swiftly, a large amount of funds can be lost due to lost time. If connected to the Internet, the transactions can be made instantaneously, with the click of a button, possibly saving the company large amounts of money.

The Internet may be a more effective advertising tool to a business that specializes in the sale of certain goods. Companies responsible for the sale of computer programs (software) or hardware may choose to advertise and sell products on the Internet as the companies' target market is more likely to be found using the internet than in newspapers and so on.

Businesses may also need to send letters, pictures, power point presentations or computer programs to other business colleges, wholesalers, distributors or customers. Sending letters and the other items mentioned above takes time and may need to be sent quickly e.g. Inform a customer not to come in to collect a package as it has not arrived yet. The customers would not receive the letter in time using conventional mailing systems (or as some like to call it today 'Snail Mail'). Instead, if the letters were sent using a e-commerce via the internet (e-mail) valuable time and money could be saved.

1.

Dymocks Booksellers

Dymocks is Sydneys greatest bookstore. It all began in 187 when William Dymock began business as a bookseller in a rented room in Market Street. William Dymock died at the age of and as he was unmarried and childless, he left the business to his sister Marjory, who was married to John Forsyth. From that time onwards, the Forsyth family has managed Dymocks. Dymocks booksellers have stores in Adelaide currently. One located in Rundle mall, another at Burnside shopping center and the last at Westfield, Marion. The latest bid made by the Forsyth's of Dymocks was to go online and offer a website, which allows the sales of books and also the preview of services offered by Dymocks.

The site itself has several features that are all useful and easy to access via the main menu. Services such as Gift vouchers, Book Purchases, New Releases, Categories of Books Available for Sale, Best Sellers and a Search Engine. Gift vouchers can be made out, paid for and delivered all by using the Dymocks website. A more in depth illustration of this option will be shown later. The main menu page also displays books of the month and also the weeks best seller allowing people with not much of an idea for books which ones are selling most. The search engine on this site allows for people who may not be able to get into the stores or people who do not want to go there, to see if Dymocks have the book in stock. Even if they do not know the exact name of the book, they can enter a key word and from the results of the search then select the correct one. They can then purchase the book on line and have it delivered to their house. The site is excellent for beginners, as the headings are self-explanatory and easy to follow.

Examples The Menu which greets you as you enter the website is well laid out and neatly presented allowing potential customers to see clearly see which areas they may be interested in looking at. (Appendix 1) Each side of the website contains links which take you to the related area you selected whilst in the middle of the page, new features of the website are displayed. These also contain links, which can take you to the latest additions to the website. If you were interested in looking at the various types of categories of books that are available for sale on this website, all you need to do is to select the Browse or other category links as highlighted in Appendix 1. This then takes you to a page displaying the categories that are available on this website (Appendix 1.1). If the category named 'Top Ten Books of the Week' is selected from the menu, then you are taken to the corresponding page (Appendix 1.). From the page you are able to view the top ten books, read a brief description, see their status (for example available now) and you are give the option to purchase the book. Displaying the front cover of the book allows customers to recall if they have seen the book before or it may appeal to them. So this aspect of the website is especially well planned as it clear, easy to follow and looks appealing. By clicking on the heading 'Mark Waugh; the Biography' or the 'buy' icon, we are taken to a page where the transaction can occur (Appendix 1.). The delivery details, total cost of the book and the prompts you need to follow in order to give your credit card details are all linked to this page. The appropriate links are highlighted (Appendix 1.).

Another innovative idea incorporated in this website is the online gift voucher page (Appendix 1.4). It can be accessed from the main menu (appendix 1) by clicking on the gift voucher link. From this page, the gift voucher can be created with your own person message, which you enter on the Internet. You are able to type in the name of who you wish the voucher to be addressed to, which will be printed on the voucher, who it is from, the method of delivery (post or e-mail), the cost of the voucher you wish to give the recipient and the date of delivery. After each of the boxes in which you enter the relevant information there is an example of how the box could or should be filled out in order to create a user friendly site and attract more customers to the, already successful, online business tool. By clicking next on the bottom of the page you can enter you credit card details and complete the transaction. Dymocks' online store is an excellent example for a successful website. It is user friendly in the fact that there are no complex paths to follow in order to access the area of the site you want. It is all accessible from the main page. As Dymocks is a well-known Australian Company the movement into E-commerce should prove to be a useful business tool as technology is rapidly advancing and this may be the way of the future.

Trading post

Australia's first Trading Post, The Melbourne Trading Post was founded in 166. In 168, both the Sydney Metropolitan Trading Post and the Personal Trading Post in Brisbane commenced publication. Today, the Trading Post Group publishes 11 Trading Post publications around Australia, Autotrader in Perth, Buysell in Sydney, Collectormania and the leading website tradingpost.com.au. The group is now part of Trader.com, a global leader in classified advertising.

The Trading post website itself contains several different sections, which can assist a wide range of people. Firstly, the Trading Post website allows people who are seeking second hand goods an opportunity to purchase them by matching them with sellers. The areas, in which goods are for sale, are categorized on a user-friendly menu that takes you to a list of the products and prices requested for these goods with the click of the mouse. The categories, which have goods available for sale, are

ɨ Arts, Crafts and Hobbies

ɨ Audio Visual

ɨ Automotive

ɨ Business

ɨ Computers

ɨ Employment

ɨ Garden and Outdoor

ɨ General

ɨ Home and Family

ɨ Marine

ɨ Personal Needs

ɨ Pets and Livestock

ɨ Plant and Machinery

ɨ Real Estate

ɨ Renovation and Building

ɨ Sport and Leisure

The contact telephone number of the person who you need to speak to in order to arrange an inspection time or talk to for further information is also available along with a brief description of the individual goods.

The next section of the Trading Post website allows for sellers to register their ads to appear on-line and also in the weekly Trading Post publication, which is released every Thursday. The option to do this is offered on the main screen of the web site and the prompts are easy to follow in order to place your ad and pay for it using a credit card.

Another section of the website allows buyers to search for certain keywords, which may be associated with the product that they are looking to buy by using the 'Keyword Search'. If a buyer is not sure which category the product he/she is looking for falls under then this search can be used. Another variety of search available on this website is a more in depth category search. You can select from the list of categories you wish to search and enter a key word and the website will filter out any irrelevant information and leave you with the keyword you have searched for in the category you selected.

Examples As you first enter the website, it gives you the choice to select which state you wish to search for products in (Appendix ). The way in which you select the state that you want to search in is simply by clicking on the picture of the desired state e.g. S.A. This is an interesting way to setup the introduction page to a website but very effective as it allows first time Internet users an easy option to get their searching started in the correct direction.

Once entering the website and selecting the state which you would like to search in, you are taken to a main menu (Appendix .1) which allows you to select whether you would like to 'Keyword Search' as mentioned earlier, Report a sale or place and add. If you would like to conduct a more in depth, category search then click on the key word search heading or classifieds search heading and you are taken to a more thorough searching option (Appendix .). You can enter the category that you would like to search in, the amount you are willing to spend and the main words associated with the product you are looking to buy. Also the area you are looking in and the age of the corresponding ads can also be entered. This search option is extremely useful in the filtration of irrelevant information and save the user time. An innovative addition to the site in order to attract users to the site.

Finally, if you wish to place an add, you click on the option provided on the main menu (Appendix .1) which takes you to the prompts you must follow in order to place your add and pay for it using your credit card. (Appendix .). The website is well laid out and neatly presented. The options available are all present on the main page allowing easy navigation around the website and allowing efficient searching for desired goods. This would be a rather useful business tool in conjunction with the weekly Trading Post Publication in order to make the Publication more widely available to consumers.

Ticketek

In keeping with the trend of online ticket sales which have usually been associated with airline ticket purchases and bookings, entertainment events such as sport matches like the cricket and concerts; for example The Red Hot Chili Peppers, are now having tickets distributed via the internet through Ticketek.com. Ticketek deals with the sales of these tickets in Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand, concert information, for instance; what date and time the concert/match in on and location of these events.

The main page on this site outlines the main features which are coming up in the months ahead and also exclusive giveaways and competitions you can enter online. These competitions often pop up (activate without selection or command given) and often lead to frustration and annoyance. This may deter some customers from online purchases and therefore could be removed to make the site user-friendlier and more convenient. By selecting one of the main events (clicking on the picture or heading of the concert, the site cuts straight to the chase and gives you a description of the artist or match, Locations of the events, Seating sections and arrangements and the ability to purchase the tickets online. Other features of this website include a list of vendors of tickets. If you are not comfortable completing the transaction online, then this is a helpful idea that may encourage some potential customers to purchase tickets from Ticketek, just not online, instead of going to a completely different company e.g. BASS.

Examples When you first enter this site you must select which country you would like to book tickets in by clicking on the map picture (Appendix ). By selecting the Australia option, the main page for Australian concerts and events is displayed (Appendix .1) which shows pictures of the major events and lists the names of the less significant events.

If you were interested in going to see Kylie Minogue live in concert, you could book and pay for you tickets on line. By clicking on the Kylie Minogue writing on the side panel of the site, you are taken to the Kylie Minogue concert information page (Appendix .). As the Kylie Minogue concert is only a few weeks away and it has been a year since her last Australian performance it is no surprise to see that the tickets are completely sold out and no further tickets will be issued. The description of her concert locations and her tour details are still displayed but the option to purchase tickets has been removed.

The site does not offer that much and I guess it doesn't really have to. Selling tickets is the aim of the business and Ticketek certainly makes this possible not only in traditional stores but also through the Internet. The continual hindrance of the pop up competitions will seriously make me consider whether I would use Ticketek or another company for ticket purchases, as it took the site longer to load and it meant I had to close the competition site down each time it opened. If this were to be removed, the site would be a very simple but quite effective business tool. The site was presented nicely and the color scheme matched the company's logo. The added option of seeing where ticket vendors are located would certainly attract a few more viewers to the Internet site.

CCS Mail-order

CCS mail order is an Internet website established by the creators of 'Strength' magazine and has specialized in the online sale of skateboarding goods, snowboarding goods and magazine subscriptions. The main menu of this website has a playing movie which draws you in right from the word go. The heading to the subsidiary sections of the website are easily located making this site easy to use for beginners and is bound to attract more people to the website.

When categories are selected, the website brings up a menu containing pictures and a brief description of the goods available in this section. The wide range of goods available include

ɨ Complete snowboard/skateboard packages

ɨ Skateboard parts

ɨ Snowboarding boots

ɨ Protective gear (e.g. helmets

ɨ Clothing

ɨ Shoes

ɨ Backpacks and Bags

ɨ Accessories (such as ramps)

ɨ Videos

The website also contains an online version to the 'Strength' monthly skateboarding publication from which subscriptions are available. The magazine has the latest new from the world of skateboarding such as recent sponsorship deals, photography albums, Bios on certain skateboarders and recent competition results. This would provide an added reason for some people to visit the site and may result in a purchase of goods. The site is neatly laid out and presented in a user-friendly fashion, which would give people of all ages the ability to navigate through the site and complete online transactions. The skateboarding magazine also contains sections called 'Trick Tips' which are videos of the world's best skaters explaining to beginners how to execute certain moves and what they should look like. I know this section itself draws a large amount of users to the site, as it is extremely useful information and presented by some of the world's most famous skateboarders' e.g. Tony Hawk.

Competitions can also be entered on this site which may interest some users of this site but if was to lead to a flooding of your e-mail account with unwanted information then it is probably wise to steer clear of this option. The icons to enter these competitions are flashy which may convince some to enter the competitions and therefore prove to be a useful business tool (trading of the information collected from the competition entry form).

Examples The main page of this site has all the options at the top of the page into which section of the website you wish to inspect (Appendix 4). If you were looking for a pair of skateboarding shoes, then the first step that would need to be taken would be the selection of the skate store icon at the top of the main menu page. When the skate store option is selected, you are taken to the page that contains the categories from which skateboarding gear is available (Appendix 4.1). By scrolling down and finding the shoe section, you can see that the brand names of the shoes are all listed under the shoes heading. This makes it easier to pick what you want and find it faster. Lest say, for the examples sake, that you were interested in the 'Adio' brand of shoes. By clicking on the link named Adio you can be taken to a page displaying all the Adio shoes for sale and the amount they cost (Appendix 4.). If you found a pair of shoes which you liked and wished to buy, then either by clicking on the picture or the heading of the desired shoes then you are taken to the page where the transaction details are filled out. Options like color, size and the final price including delivery (Appendix 4.) are all included on this page.

CCS also sponsors a number of professional skateboarders, giving them free products if they advertise for them. On this page you are able to access an interview with certain skateboarders and a picture album of each. These skateboards are world-renowned and reading information about them may attract new users to the site, particularly young people who idolize these skaters. The main focus of this website is to focus on young people who are more likely to purchase these goods rather than the older generations. The skater team page is accessible from the main menu page at the list of categories at the top of the page (CCS team). This takes you to the page where a small picture of each skater is displayed (Appendix 4.4) and by clicking the face you are taken to the interview and pictures of the selected skater. Once the face has been selected, a larger picture of the skater and the interview with him is accessible (Appendix 4.5).

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Friday Night Lights

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Friday Night Lights. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Friday Night Lights paper right on time.

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Ten years have passed since the publication of Friday Night Lights, and still, its words continue to influence and reverberate beyond anything I could have ever imagined. Nearly half a million copies are in print. The book is used in dozens of high schools and universities across the country. Barely a week goes by even now without getting a call or comment about it. Over the past decade I have heard strange and remarkable stories of the books impact--a man who left his job in Brooklyn so he could become a football coach in Texas, a songwriter who wrote a moving ballad inspired by the book, teenagers forsaking Florida to make spring break pilgrimages to Odessa. When readers tell me they have been touched by this book in a way that no other book has ever touched them, their words of praise leave me humbled, but also make me wonder if I have become the writing equivalent of the high school football hero, destined to spend the rest of my life trying to get back to a moment and place that can never be reached again.

How did it all happen? Why did it all happen? In light of the controversy that erupted in Odessa after the book was published and the accusations of betrayal that still ring in certain corners today, are there any regrets about what I wrote?

I have had ten years to think about it all, ten years to examine what it was that catapulted this book into the reading consciousness of so many, ten years to examine the harsh judgments made of me as well as my own decisions about the words I chose and the words I did not, ten years too to think about this team that I grew to know so intimately during a remarkable year of my life. I said in my acknowledgements that I grew to adore the players on the Permian Panthers, whose lives I followed during the 188 season. In the womb of a new millenium, it is a feeling that still stays with me. Memories crease through me at unexpected times--the awesome silence of the locker room with those eyes locked tight, the gleaming shape of a playoff trophy held high as another rung in the ladder of goin to state is climbed, the thrust of a fist into a wall in the helplessness of defeat, the silence of the plains suddenly broken by adoring screams.

I still think of how it all began, in the rocket ship of Ratliff Stadium, on a sweet and still night, when those teenage boys crashed through the handheld sign that had been made for them by the cheerleaders and a sea of fans drenched in black came to their feet. I still think of how it all ended, in spitting rain and misery, when that hand of Jesse Armstead came out of nowhere to swat down a pass that should have been the winning touchdown for Permian against Dallas Carter, the same Jesse Armstead who is now an All-Pro linebacker for the New York Giants.

Cheap University Papers on Friday Night Lights

In particular, I think of the six players I wrote about who so graciously allowed me to intrude on their worlds. Our lives have all spread in different directions. But I still stay up with several of them on a regular basis, and both directly and indirectly, I am familiar with the roads their lives have taken or not taken.

Brian Chavez returned to the football field at Harvard, for his undergraduate house tackle football team. He was a linebacker on defense and a blocking back on offense, but since these were Harvard men, an intellectual judgment was made to give him the ball in short yardage situations. He graduated Cum Laude from Harvard in 1, and I was both honored and privileged to be invited to his graduation. Given the monumental transition he was forced to make from Odessa to Cambridge (it is hard to imagine any two places in the world at more opposites other than the moon and the sun), watching Brian get that diploma under the proud gaze of his family was one of the most inspirational moments I have ever witnessed.

Brian approached the east coast with a combination of curiosity and anthropological interest, as if studying a different species, but he also concluded that it was no place for a human being to actually live. At the personal invitation of the dean, Brian went on to law school at Texas Tech University on a full scholarship. He started the Mexican-American Law Student Association at Texas Tech and graduated in 16. Afterwards he returned to Odessa to his familys law practice. He recently opened a satellite office in El Paso, and has aspirations of becoming a federal judge. While he seems eternally wed to the haunted plains of West Texas, he is also thankful he spent time beyond its borders.

It was hard as shit for me to adjust and hard for me to deal with, but Harvard changed my life. It showed me that theres more out there than West Texas.

Jerrod McDougal went to Odessa College in the spring and fall of 10. He did not play football because Odessa College does not field a team, and he was not invited back to school after the fall semester. I didnt have any enthusiasm for it at all, he said at the time. Jerrod also went to Midland College, as well as several community colleges, but he has never received a degree. He went to work full-time for his fathers oil field construction company in Crane at the beginning of 11. In 1 he moved to Bandera, near San Antonio, to work for Roger Stevens, a contracting company acquired by his father. He has had his personal traumas over the years, including a serious car accident that shattered his ankle. But he has still maintained his West Texas spirit of passion and emotion.

At one point he tried to erase his memories of playing football for Permian, because he felt emotionally stunted by it. But he realized it was impossible anyway. It will never be lifted off of me, he said, and if it was football that consumed him at Permian, it was also football that kept him in school. Otherwise I wouldve been down on dynamite crews blowin shit up, because thats what I liked, he said. Sometimes Jerrod thinks about the 188 season with the wincing anger of not winning a state championship. But mostly he thinks of it with the private beauty of what he and his teammates shared and will always share.

I got a group of brothers, a set of friends that you could never ask for and get. Theres nothing I wouldnt do for any of em and theres nothing they wouldnt do for me.

Don Billingsley, the Permian player most likely targeted by the coaches and teammates for an early grave, became proof of how the worst predictor of future behavior is behavior in high school. Don stopped playing football in the fall of 18 after arthroscopic surgery to his knee. Instead of falling prey once again to alcohol and drugs, he began to actively study for the first time in his life. It feels good to be learnin somethin, he said at the time. The prior summer, Don also underwent a religious reawakening, and he has kept the keenness of his faith ever since.

Don remained at East Central University, graduating with a bachelors degree in public relations in 1. He then received his masters from the university in human resources counseling in 15 and did counseling work in Oklahoma City and Norman. In April of 1 he married Melanie Fannin and moved to join her in Dallas. Melaine already worked for Southwest Airlines in the finance department, and Don became a care manager for Magellan Behavioral Health. There are still certain aspirations that elude him. He would like to make more money, and he isnt sure about the trajectory of his career. But he has no complaints about life.

I feel good about it.

Mike Winchell went to Baylor for a year after he graduated from Permian and quit at the end of the 18-0 school year because of cost and the realization that he had no future there as a football player. Heck, Im not going to play in the pros, he said at the time.

Winchell went to Texas Tech for a semester and then transferred to Tarleton State University in Stephenville. He graduated with a bachelors degree in marketing in 15. He returned to Odessa for roughly a year, and then moved to the Dallas-Ft. Worth metroplex. When the Odessa American interviewed him in 18, he was working as an independent surveyor in Decatur and also playing golf on the Iron Man Tour. Sponsored by the Texas Professional Golf Tour, tournaments consist of 7 holes in a single stretch. Winchell finished tied for 55th in 18, and was still competing on the Iron Man Tour into the summer of 1. He values his privacy, and during the interview he made it clear that he no longer was interested in questions relating to Friday Night Lights.

People always want to talk about the book, but I dont care. That was a long time ago.

Ivory Christian had a successful freshman football season at Texas Christian University in 18, starting two games at middle linebacker and receiving playing time in seven others. But frustrated over a strained knee and his drop in the depth chart the following year in 10, he quit the team and left school. His father prodded him to stay at TCU for the obvious athletic and educational benefits, but Ivory told him he was no longer interested in playing football. He returned to Odessa, where he received his associates degree at Odessa College. He worked at Avion Flight Centre Inc. at the Midland International Airport for several years doing plane maintenance. He then moved to Austin to work for the Texas Aircraft Pooling Board, a state agency that maintains and operates a fleet of planes for official government business. Ivory had always been ambivalent about his Permian football experience, consciously resisting any of its trappings. But on the cusp of turning 0, he had begun to take some measure of pride in what it meant.

Now, twelve years later, I think about it.

Boobie Miles flunked out of Ranger College at the end of the 18-0 school year when, according to his football coach Joe Crousen, he just stopped going to class. He returned to the Odessa-Midland area and has basically been there ever since, with the exception of a brief and unhappy stint with a semi-pro football team in Culpepper, Virginia. He has held a series of jobs over the years, most of them involving warehouse work such as driving a forklift. Most recently, he had landed a job in the Odessa area doing inventory work.

Life has not been economically easy for Boobie. There have been times when he has struggled, and I often wonder how different his fate would have been if his cleat had not gotten caught in the artificial turf of Jones Stadium that terrible August night. The moment took a fraction of a second, and yet its impact on him was forever, a brutal reminder of the very fragility of sport, how all that you have and all that you think you have can be taken away in an arbitrary stroke. But Boobie refuses to look back with bitterness and regret and the pity of what could have been. He still loves football, although his links to Permian have understandably broken down completely. I dont go to the games, he said.

At the end of 18, Boobies Uncle, L.V., died of heart complications. Boobie has continued on, working to provide for a family that includes a four-year-old daughter, a three-year-old son and twins born earlier this year. But L.V.s absence is felt by Boobie, as it is felt by everyone who had the privilege of knowing this uniquely fine and decent man.

I miss him.

When Friday Night Lights was first published in September of 10, it set off a storm of controversy in Odessa that to this day still flares at the very mention of the books name. Shortly after its release, I was scheduled to do a series of appearances in Odessa as part of a tour. But the trip was cancelled after several bookstore owners said that threats of bodily harm had been made against me. The owners took those threats seriously and so did I, particularly since the books release coincided with Permian being banned from participation in the playoffs by the University Interscholastic League for conducting supervised workouts before the official start of the season. To make the tension even more palpable, Permian had been turned in by Jerry Taylor, the head coach of cross-town rival Odessa High.

The game between Permian and Odessa High had always been something of a spiritual civil war in town, but feelings now rose into the ozone as the two teams prepared to meet each other the following week. On its front page several days before the game, the Odessa American made a plea to the presidents of the booster clubs of both schools asking for harmony. As the situation began to receive national attention, the mayor of Odessa at the time, Lorraine Bonner, taped a public service message asking for calm. The eyes of a nation are focused on us this week, said Bonner, as if she was making a plea for peace in the Middle East. And its up to us to reach out and pull together. The Odessa police force doubled security for the game, and a final call for peace came during the pre-game prayer to the sellout crowd of 0,000 Theres a lot of tension built up at this game tonight. Oh Lord, please give us strength to relieve the tension tonight.

There were in fact no incidents as Permian beat Odessa High that night, 4-6, to run its winning streak over the Bronchos to twenty-six years. The animosity between east and west died down, but animosity over Friday Night Lights has never died out. Ten years later, the book still evokes feelings that are raw and passionate, particularly since one of the most enduring and attractive characteristics of West Texans is their utter contempt for moderation.

Over the years I have been accused of betrayal, and sensationalism, and taking information out of context, and mis-quoting. I am not surprised by these accusations, nor am I troubled by them. When I first got to Odessa, I anticipated a book very much in the tradition of the film Hoosiers, a portrait of the way in which high school sports can bring a community together. There were elements of that bond in Odessa, and they were reflected in the book. But along the way some other things happened--the most ugly racism I have ever encountered, utterly misplaced educational priorities, a town that wasnt bad or evil but had lost any ability to judge itself. To ignore these elements would have been a journalistic disgrace.

Every word of the book is fair and true. It was never intended as a diatribe or an expose. It was written instead with enormous affection and empathy, because as deeply troubling as the over-emphasis was on high school football, those games were, and always will be, the most exquisite sporting events that I have ever experienced.

For all the controversy and verbal volleys of unfairness, the book has actually had a profoundly positive impact on Odessa. It clearly forced certain individuals in power to look in the mirror and examine the culture of football that had been erected, and to their enormous credit, it was a reflection they knew must be altered. I think for some people (the book) was a wake-up call, Chuck Hourning, the public information officer for the Ector County school district, said in 18. I think the community kind of reassessed itself. I dont think the community of today would necessarily identify with the community then.

The book was a bit like medicine, wrote the citys most respected voice, Odessa American columnist Ken Brodnax. Perhaps it was a bit bitter to the taste, and it probably had some bad side effects that were hard to shake. But the dose also heeled a few ills.

The result of that medicine has been a stronger academic curriculum on virtually every level. SAT scores for boys have improved, and the number of female students taking the test has nearly doubled. The school district has spent some $5 million to upgrade technology at both high schools. Strides have also been made in establishing equal athletic programs for males and females with the $1.1 million construction of a new softball and soccer complex.

A softball and soccer complex in Odessa? Miracles do happen.

When I was there, nothing was considered more socially acceptable than being an unabashed Permian football booster. Living, and eating, and breathing high school football had become a way of life. Today such fanatical behavior has been tempered, in part believes Brian Chavez, because fans dont want to be associated with the kinds of extremes that were so evident in the book. People have kind of shied away from being real avid fans, he said. Devotion is still there, but it no longer routinely rises to the level of worship, and as Brian puts it, people are more likely to express it under their breath.

There is no doubt that the fixation on Permian football made it great. There is also no doubt the same fixation caused the educational system to suffer in the shadows. The shift in priorities was desperately needed. But as a consequence of it, the glory of Permian football has dropped to an all-time low.

Gary Gaines left as Permians head coach after the 18 season when the team won the state championship, embarking on a course that would take him to college as an assistant at Texas Tech, back to high school, and most recently to Abilene Christian University where he was named the head coach earlier this year. Gaines was replaced at Permian by assistant Tam Hollingshead, who promptly led the team to another state championship in 11 and then left after the 1 season to become an assistant at Texas A&M. Hollingshead was replaced by Randy Mayes, who had been an assistant. Mayes first two seasons were in keeping with Permian tradition as the most storied program in Texas football history. The team went to the state semifinals in 14 and the state championship in 15. And then it fell apart. Permian finished -6 in 17, ending a string of straight winning seasons. That was difficult enough, but Permian also lost to Odessa High for the first time in 4 years. There were as usual 0,000 people in the stands that night, and the impact of the outcome was like the aftershock of some profound religious sighting in which no one could quite believe what they had just witnessed. After the game, Permian fans dressed in black sobbed on one side and Odessa High fans dressed in red sobbed on the other.

Permian ended the decade of the 10s with perhaps its most shameful season ever. Under the once-sacred lights of Ratliff, Midland High beat Permian for the first time since 17 in a 5- embarrassment. Hated sister city rival Midland Lee, on its way to a second straight state championship, toyed with the Panthers in a 4- victory. Players in the system began to quit at alarming rates. Attendance was down, and the team was in danger of going winless in the district before it beat Odessa High in the last game of the season. Desperate for some measure of relief, coach Mayes called the victory a great win. But it wasnt.

I know Randy Mayes, since he was an assistant coach at Permian during the 188 season. I went out to dinner with he and his wife Cynthia. I saw him teach in the classroom. He is perhaps the biggest critic of Friday Night Lights. Last year in an interview with Texas Monthly, he called it a novel and said that I would do anything to sensationalize. What I have to say about Randy Mayes is this

He was not only a superb defensive coach when I knew him, but far more important a superb teacher and husband and man. I could imagine what he was going through during that final season of the 10s in which the legend of Permian had turned to bitter memory. I could imagine the pressure and hurt and scornful ridicule heaped on him. Because once upon a time I myself had witnessed the mercilessness of it, not with the clever eyes of a novelist, but the clear eyes of a journalist.

Football may have a different place in the psyche of Odessa than it had a decade ago, but it still holds a forceful grip. The sight of a boy, a high school boy, sacrificing himself in the service of team and town on a glowing field is still a powerful intoxicant, just as long as it is accompanied by the intoxicant of winning. So I wasnt surprised to learn the fate of Randy Mayes future under the Friday night lights of Odessa.

There was none.

Because he got fired.

Please note that this sample paper on Friday Night Lights is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Friday Night Lights, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Friday Night Lights will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Pull Between Good and Evil: Which side prevailed in the 20th Century?

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Sarah Metcalf

0th Century Final Exam

1//0

The Pull Between Good and Evil Which Side Prevailed in the 0th Century?

Order Custom The Pull Between Good and Evil: Which side prevailed in the 20th Century? paper

Since the beginning of time and history, there has been a constant struggle

between forces that I like to think of as "good," being progressive, and "evil,"

being Nietzschian. Almost all of the events that have ever taken place during

the course of history can feasibly be classified under one of these two

categories. However, when it comes to giving away the 0th century to either one

predominant side or the other, I fear that I am torn. Every time I can think of

an extremely Nietzschian event that has taken place, I can also come up with a

progressive event that has sent humanity moving forward again. When it comes right down to it, however, Nietzschian events, however awful they may be, are usually short lived or are finished in a matter of years. Progressive people have been serving humanity and making it better consistently throughout the 0th Century. Although it truly can be considered an equal balance at times, the thing that sets Progressivism apart from Nietzscheism is its consistency and persistence.

Many of the Nietzschian events that have occurred in the 0th century are main

focuses of the entire past 100 years. The first major Nietzschian event that

transpired was the start of World War I. WWI is generally considered a giant

waste of millions of innocent lives. What started as an insecure feeling among

several European nations ended up turning into one of the biggest catastrophes

the world has ever seen. Germany has been compared to a little boy coming late

to Thanksgiving dinner and not getting a piece of the turkey, and millions of

people willingly gave their lives over colonies and greed. Paul Baumber and his friends were stripped of their youth and prematurely turned into hardened

killers for reasons they did not even understand. Each country was trying to

become their own "Superman" through colonies and greed, except Germany was

beating them all it. Due to this, the first world cataclysm erupted.

The end of the First World War brought about another Nietzschian event, the

Versailles Treaty. This was supposed to be the treaty that ended the war, and

all world wars, for the rest of time. However, the diplomats constructing the

treaty failed miserably. The Treaty was based on power, wealth and greed, with

each country not only trying to gain back what they lost, but also attempting to

gain as much land from the defeated Germany as possible. All of the blame was

placed on Germany by the other countries simply because they won and Germany

lost. However, the countries' representatives failed to crush Germany

completely, and instead only created 0 years of hardship and poverty and an

undying grudge and heaps of bitterness in Germany. If the Versailles treaty had

been handled in a better fashion by European diplomats, I strongly believe that

the Second World War could have been avoided.

If the Second World War had been avoided, Hitler's biocratic state would have

never taken place, and another Nietzschian event could have been eluded.

Hitler's biocracy had to be one of the most disturbing and tragic events of the

0th century. Life and government as the world had known it was turned upside

down. The government held the right to decide who lived and who died, and they

did not hesitate to use it. Through the disturbing Wamsee conference, it gave

itself the right to destroy life that they considered to be "unworthy of life"

and started a eugenics program in order to breed a more perfect race. Also,

members of society that were considered weak or unfit were to be destroyed,

which led to the T-4 program, which ordered forced euthanasia in 6 mental

hospitals around Germany. Hitler and his cult following formed a Gleishatung,

and soon Germany was a running, working biocratic state. I believe that it was

this form of government that led to the inevitable start of WWII, which was the

most tragic world event history has ever seen. Fifty million were left dead and

another fifty million were left homeless. This was truly the ultimate

"Nietzschian Nightmare." Millions upon millions of people suffered unimaginable

pain and sorrow because of Germany's vision (created by Hitler) to become the

"Superman" country of the world.

Hitler's existence and actions affected and changed the world in so many ways,

but it left one permanent Nietzschian stamp on the world that still predominates

today. Hitler brought about the idea of total war, which throws away the idea of

traditional fighting amongst soldiers and combatants only. Instead, Hitler

targeted anyone who had affiliation with his enemy countries, which included

women, children and civilians. Because of his strategies, the world was forced

to accept the idea of total war in order to defeat him. However, once the

concept was accepted, it was not dropped. The world still fights in a method

reminiscent of the total war that Hitler introduced. For instance, even after

Hitler was defeated, Harry S. Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs on

Nagasaki and Hiroshima in order to force Japan to surrender quickly. These bombs

killed hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians and non-combatants. Even

today, nuclear war is still a huge threat, and a country is not considered

powerful unless they have these types of weapons of mass destruction. In order

to defeat Osama bin Laden after /11, the US bombed Afghanistan relentlessly.

Hitler has left his permanent mark on the US and on the world, and our entire

technique of fighting wars has been changed due to his actions.

WWII also left the US as the most powerful democratic nation in the world.

However, it would soon enter into its own "Nietzschian Nightmare." The US and

Russia were the only two world powers left, and Russia was obviously very

Communist. According to Nietzsche, happiness equals power plus domination. The

US could not achieve this (or so they thought) as long as Russia was around and

gaining followers. A huge fear of Communism began to grow and turn into a panic,

and soon the Truman Doctrine was announced. I believe that this is one of the

absolute most Nietzschian events of the 0th Century. America wanted to be the

best, to be the absolute one and only "Superman." It wanted to become master to

the world and slave to no one. Thus, it vowed to defeat what it believed to be

its only true threat Communism. Communism is the epitome of what is supposed to

be equality, and America considered it evil. This is extremely Nietzschian

simply because Nietzsche also considered equality to be the most poisonous toxin

of them all. This mentality, however, led to many unnecessary foreign actions

and acted as a waste of precious human lives. America entered into Korea and

Vietnam, both civil wars that really did not concern them. The Cold War broke

out, and the US and Russia were locked in an intense arms race and general

competition with the other. This went on for over 0 years! The Truman Doctrine

sentenced young American soldiers to die and other Americans to turn against one

another, and it was all for truly Nietzschian reasons.

A main reason any of these events even occurred was a little thing called

American Exceptionalism. If one thinks about it, Nietzscheism and American

Exceptionalism are parallel to one another. Both hold themselves at a higher

standard than the rest of humanity and both are attempting to make themselves

into the ultimate Superman figure. American Exceptionalism is the mentality that

made us want to enter both world wars and straighten the whole things out. It

was the motivation behind the Truman Doctrine, the reason for so much bloodshed

and heartache. It has made certain Americans unaware and unsympathetic towards

any kind of "backwards" culture (a.k.a. Ugly Americans). It has triggered

bigotry and racism in our country and caused other countries to harbor hostile

feelings against us (also leading to September 11). It has been an element of

Nietzscheism that has been installed in all of us this century and continues to

shadow our every move.

However, with masses of bad going on around us this century, it is sometimes

easy to overlook all the good that has also taken place. Feminism has grown to

new heights in the past hundred years. Thanks to leaders such as Charlotte

Perkins Gilman, Susan B. Anthony, Anna Howard Shaw, Betty Friedan, and Margaret

Sanger, women have made huge strides. At one time, they were dominated by their

husbands and children, not educated, not allowed to vote or hold office, and

discouraged from having a job or career. Just thinking about how their roles in

society have changed over the past 100 years is astounding. Now, women are

scientists, doctors, soldiers, CEOs, legal voters and politicians, and have the

same opportunities for education and careers as men do. At one point this

century, the latter was unthinkable.

Also, among the same frame of mind, the Civil Rights Movement has made

incredible strides through peaceful demonstrations and protests in the 0th

Century. What used to be considered common practice in reference to blacks now

seems far away in the minds of most people. Segregation is only believed in by a

few Americans who are generally considered to be ignorant and bigots. Peaceful,

strong, intelligent leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, WEB

Dubois and Jesse Jackson have led a nation to the realization that all colors

are beautiful, not just white.

At one point this century, a rather unknown progressive came along and changed

the world forever. His influence still dictates the way that our Presidents act

today. His name was Woodrow Wilson, and he attempted to do some of the greatest

progressive things ever suggested by a President of the US. Not only did he

grant women the right to vote (see two paragraphs up), he also created 14 points

that still dominate foreign policy today and would have prevented many foreign

relations catastrophes if they had been more generally accepted. He called for

the spread of democracy and self-determination for colonies under the rule of

powerful European nations, which came only after all the bloodshed of WWI. He

suggested the US create arms control, which could have prevented much of the

hoopla associated with the Cold War. His greatest proposal, however, was the

League of Nations. By working together, he believed that the world's most

powerful nations could prevent anything even remotely like WWI from ever

happening again. However, his theory was basically shot down, and instead the

world ended up fighting the second half of a war they had started 0 years

before. Today, a league of nations exists under the name the United Nations, and

it has prevented and helped to control what could have turned into catastrophic

world events. It also regulates arms control, another one of Wilson's wished.

Basically, he was a man before his time, but his influence has not been lost and

probably never will be.

Another American President proved his progressive wills during this 0th

Century. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of the most beloved presidents this

country ever had. He was so endeared by the nation that he was elected to office

4 times and ended up passing away in his fourth term. During his time in office,

though, he took the country out of one of the direst times it had ever

experienced. He brought the country out of Depression with his "New Deal," and

he created laws and associations that are still in existence today and prevent

the country from ever entering into another Depression. He also guided the

country through one of its darkest moments at Pearl Harbor and led them

valiantly to fight Hitler and the German state in WWII. He was revered by his

nation as a father figure, and he created many laws and procedures that still

endure today and offer us the opportunities that we are so lucky to have. He was

truly a Progressive and one of the most successful presidents this country has

ever seen.

In the area of art and literature, free speech has become a rally cry as

musicians, artists and authors become more and more concerned with our country's

actions and the betterment of society. Art has evolved from simply a form of

entertainment, and is now on outlet for passionate people to speak their minds

about current events and use their fame in order to better the nation and the

world. Although I definitely cannot say this about all artists (Britney Spears

anyone?), many people throughout this century have successfully become active in

society and politics and have spoken their minds and opinions. Artists such as

John Lennon, David Siqierous, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix, Bono from U, and Jim

Henson, among many others, have all stepped out of the simple fame spotlight and

onto the main stage of the world as they use their talents to have an effect on

humanity. Photographers now send messages about things they feel society needs

to see in their works, and most all artists dream of one day making a difference

on many different levels of society. I truly believe that although it seems

insignificant, this has been one of the greatest advances of the 0th Century.

However, what I consider the greatest advancement in the 0th Century has been

the amazing, incredible strides in technology. Computers, which were at one time

unimaginable, are now a common and necessary household possession. Men have

been to the moon, which was once unattainable, and is now almost a routine

occurrence. Diseases that were once considered immanently deadly are now cured

within a matter of months. Cell phones, cars, stereos, televisions, and

everything else imaginable now run rampant through daily life. The technological

advances made in this century are so incredible that it is almost

incomprehensible. So many people have contributed to the advances in

understanding science, surgery, the human body, electricity, and the other

innumerable technological advances in this century. It is amazing to think how

these people have contributed to the betterment of humanity as a whole. It has

truly been the definition of progressivism in the 0th Century.

Too many people in this world are pessimists. In a world with so much evil and hardship going on, it is very easy to overlook all the good things that are happening and simply look at the bad. I believe that this is the case in the 0th Century. So much focus is put on the horrible things that happened this century because they did cause so much heartache and pain. No one can deny that both world wars were catastrophic events that must be remembered and learned from simply because they cannot be allowed to occur again. However, if you think about all of the things that have happened, Nietzschian events take place quickly and then are usually resolved. Both world wars eventually ended. Hitler's biocracy eventually failed. The cities that were destroyed by total war were eventually rebuilt. Most Nietzschian events end after a matter of time. However, most of the Progressive events have not stopped! They have consistently continued throughout the century. Despite all of the setbacks, horrible happenings, and unfortunate losses, progressivism has persisted and continued. There is still a strong women's rights movement existent in the US. Also, the Civil Rights movement has morphed into movements today that create the same opportunities for blacks as whites. Our Presidents now attempt to model the conduct of our former Progressive Presidents, such as Wilson and FDR. Working for a good cause is now rewarded in all aspects of society, and is no longer just taken for granted and considered common practice. Also, throughout WWI and WWII, Vietnam, Korea, the Cold War, Hitler's biocracy, etc, progressivism was still going on. While people were fighting out on the battlefield, doctors and nurses were continuing to care for them and attempt to advance their medical technology in order to save more lives. People were working to rebuild cities almost immediately after they were destroyed by total war. Progressivism is constantly working to defeat the Nietzschian influences in the world. This is why I strongly feel that in the 0th Century and for the rest of history, progressivism has prevailed and will prevail. It sets itself apart by its consistency and diligence. No one stops becoming Progressive because of the Nietzschian events and setbacks. Progressivism has even succeeded in reversing many of the effects that Nietzscheism has had on society. Although Nietzscheism will probably never fully disappear or be defeated, I am also confident that Progressivism will eventually prevail. The sad thing is that most people don't hear about all of the little Progressive things people do every day for the purpose of improving our daily life. So many huge and catastrophic Nietzschian things happen, and everyone hears about them. But no one really hears about the normal everyday people who dedicate their lives to making the world a better place for those still to come. It is because of these people that I strongly believe that 0th Century has been mostly progressive; they have improved our lives so vastly that the Nietzschian events are simply a tragic thing of the past.

In fifty years, when the 0th century is no longer looming over us, but is simply a faint shadow, I believe that people will mainly remember the incredible advances that society has made as a whole. Although the tragic events of the past will still be in the minds and hearts of everyone, our society has become so sophisticated compared to our former standard of living that I believe it will predominate in everyone's minds. The 0th Century has truly been a struggle between the two, but Progressivism has persisted and won out, in my opinion and the opinions of many others. The people who have given their lives for the betterment of society have succeeded in benefiting society enough to overcome all of the horrible things that have happened to it. In the end, I believe that the human spirit is generally progressive, and it will always prevail. The human spirit is said to be stronger than anything that happens to it, and this includes any form of Nietzschian action.

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The Mystery of Edwin Drood

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The Mystery of Edwin Drood

The mystery begins with the disappearance of the young architect Edwin Drood after a night of festivity, which was supposed to celebrate his reconciliation with a temporary enemy, Neville Landless. The celebration was held at the house of his uncle John Jasper and I find that the origin of doubt on the subject of the abrupt disappearance or murder of Edwin Drood to be indeed that of murder. After the examination of the vast array of characters in the story, the elimination of suspects dwindled down to two. The characters in alphabetical order are 1) Mr. Bazzard, Grewgious's clerk (Dickens Ch11, Page115) can be ruled out as a suspect. ) Mrs. Billickin, Landlady resident in Southampton Street, Bloombury Square; she rents rooms to Rosa Bud (Dickens Ch. , page4) also ruled out as a suspect; ) Miss Rosa Bud, orphan and pupil at Miss Twinkleton's boarding school, engaged to Edwin Drood from childhood. They break off their engagement (Dickens Ch.1, page 146), and she can be ruled out as a suspect; 4) Rev. Septimus Crisparkle, One of the minor cannons at Cloisterham Cathedral, a bachelor who lives with his mother at Minor Cannon Corner, and a tutor to Neville Landless (Dickens Ch. 6. page 58), can also be ruled out as a suspect; 5) Mr. Dick Datchery, a mysterious man with an unusually thick mane of white hair and black eyebrows, who suddenly appears in Cloisterham. (Dickens Ch.18, page 0) can be ruled out as a suspect. Could be Mr. Bazzard in disguise gathering information for Mr.Grewgious? 6) Deputy known as "Winks" a street urchin employed by Mr. Durdles to throw stones at him if he is out late (Dickens Ch. 5, page46) can be ruled out as a suspect. 7) Mr. Edwin Drood, the orphan nephew of John Jasper, engaged from childhood to Rosa Budd quarrels with Neville Landless at his uncles house, and disappears (Dickens Ch.1, page158) creating the victim.8) Mr. Durdles, a stonemason, who likes to drink and is often seemingly drunk. He is familiar with the cathedral crypt and also possess' the keys. (Dickens Ch.5, page 46) Evidence points to the fact that he is to be used by John Jasper in disposing of Edwin Drood's body without him having any knowledge of this exploit. This would rule him out as a suspect, or unknowing accomplice.) Mr. Hiram Grewgious, 'Receiver and Agent to two wealthy estates' (Dickens Ch. 1, page117), guardian to Miss Rosa Budd, can be ruled out as a suspect 10) Mr. Luke Honeythunder, guardian to Helena and Neville Landless can also be ruled out as a suspect. 11) Mr. John Jasper, A music teacher, chorister and in charge of the cathedral music. He is the uncle of Edwin Drood, who calls him Jack. ' ' Mr. Jasper is a dark man of some six-and twenty; with thick, lustrous, well-arranged black hair and whisker. He looks older than he is, as dark men often do. His voice is deep and good, his face and figure are good, his manner is a little sombre. His room is a little sombre, and may have had its influence in forming his manner. It is mostly in shadow.' '(Dickens Ch. page 14) the person who has murdered Edwin Drood. 1) Miss Helena Landless, orphan, ward of Mr. Honeythunder. Raised in Ceylon by her stepfather, twin to Neville. ' ' An unusually handsome lithe young fellow, and an unusually handsome lithe girl; much alike; both very dark, and very rich in color; she of almost the gipsy type; something untamed about them both; a certain air upon them of hunter and huntress; yet withal a certain air of being the objects of the chase, rather than the followers' ' (Dickens Ch.6 page 58) can be ruled out as a suspect. 1) 'Puffer an old woman who keeps an opium den in London Dickens Ch 1 page 8); she appears in Cloisterham (Dickens Ch. 14 page 160-16) John Jasper see her again when he visits the opium den in London. (Dickens Ch. page 56-64) also ruled out as a suspect by suspects John Jasper of committing a heinous act.14) Mr. Thomas Sapsea ' 'Accepting the jackass as the type of self-sufficient stupidity and conceit a custom, perhaps, like some few others customs, more conventional than fair- then the purest of Jackass in Cloisterham is Mt. Thomas Sapsea, Auctioneer.'' (Dickens Ch. 4 page 5) Becomes mayor of Cloisterham (Dickens Ch. 1 page 16). Also ruled out as a suspect. 15) Mr. Tartar. Who appears in (Dickens Ch.17, page 1) introduces himself to Neville Landless as a neighbor and in (Dickens Ch.1 page) meets up with his "My old master!" said Mr. Tartar ruled out as a suspect.

The mystery is not the disappearance of Edwin Drood, but lies with in the reasons as to whom and how this was accomplished. John Jaspers' dual consciousness make it possible for him to thrive as a respectable choirmaster in Cloisterham by day and yet indulge in his illicit passions among the opium dens of London by night. His expressions of an inordinate affection for his nephew "Get off your greatcoat, bright boy, and sit down here in your own corner. Your feet are not wet? Pull your boots off. Do pull your boots off." (Dickens Ch, page15). The trail of evidence that leads to the proof that Jasper is guilty can be found from the first chapter where impressions are formed and woven through out the remaining chapters. In "The Dawn" (Dickens Ch 1) John Jasper if found in an opium den. "Shaking from head to foot, the man whose scattered consciousness has thus fantastically pieced itself together, at length rises, supports his trembling frame upon his arms, and looks around." (Dickens Ch. 1 page 7) Jasper listens attentively to the mutterings of the Chinaman, Lasar and the woman. " He bends down his ear, to listen to her mutterings. 'Unintelligible' " Then he comes back, pounces on the Chinaman, and, seizing him with both hands by the throat, turns him violently on the bed. The Chinaman clutched the aggressive hands, resists, grasps, and protests. ' What do you say?' A watchful pause. 'Unintelligible!' (Dickens Ch1 page10) When his turns his attention to the last occupant in the opium den Lasar this man "draws a phantom knife" the woman restrains him and the both wind up side by side on the bed. " There has been chattering and clattering enough between them, but to no purpose. When any distinct word has been flung into the air, it has had no sense or sequence. Wherefore 'unintelligible!' is again the comment of the watcher, made with some reassured nodding of his head, and a gloomy smile." (Dickens Ch.1 page 10). John Jasper interest in the mutterings was self-serving seen from his reassured nodding and that gloomy smile as he leaves. The reader can see Japers' obsession with Rosa from his reactions towards his nephew when the conversation is focused on Rosa. The strange way in which he concentrates on the portrait of Rosa sketched by Edwin and is hung over the fireplace. When Edwin comments " once more apostrophizing the portrait, 'I'll burn your comic likeness and paint your music-master another." Mr. Jasper, with his hand to his chin, and with an expression of musing benevolence on his face, has attentively watched every animated look and gesture attending the delivery of these words. He remains in that attitude after they are spoken, as if in asking if fascination attendant on his strong interest in the youthful spirit that he loves so well. Then, he says with a quiet smile 'You won't be warned, then? 'No Jack." "You can't be warned, then?' 'No Jack, not by you. Besides that I don't really consider myself in danger, I don't like your putting yourself in that position. ' Shall we go and walk in the churchyard?"(Dickens Ch. pages 1-.) Why does Jasper feel that he has to warn Edwin of danger without stating what the danger is? It was Jaspers' dual conscious warning Edwin that he was the danger he was the threat. Another piece of evidence is the eccentric acquaintance between Durdles and Jasper bizarre allure of Durdles keys. There is also his fascination with Mr. Sapea the underlying reason that has Jasper so interested in these men. "Mrs. Sapeas's monument having had full time to settle and dry, let me take your opinion, as a man of taste, on the inscription I have (as before remarked, not without some little fever of the brow) drawn out for it." It is here that Jasper acquires the knowledge of where there is empty tomb. (Dickens Ch.4 page40) " Why, Durdles! Exclaims Jasper, looking on amused. 'You are undermined with pockets!" 'And I carries weight in' em too, Mr. Jasper. Feel those;' producing two other large keys. ' Hand me Mr. Sapea's likewise. Surely this is the heaviest of the three." (Dickens Ch.4 page 4).

In the conversation between Rosa and Helena yet another reason towards motives that Japer posses is jealousy. " You know that he loves you? My child! You speak as if he had threatened you in some dark way. What has he done? He has made a slave of me with his looks. He has forced me to understand him, without his saying a word; and he has forced me to keep silence, without his uttering a threat. When I sing, he never moves his eyes from my lips. When he corrects me, and strikes a note, or a chord, or plays a passage, he himself is in the sounds, whispering that he pursues me as a lover, and commanding me to keep his secret. I avoid his eyes, but he forces me to see them without looking at them. Even when a glaze comes over them (which is sometimes the case), and he seems to wander awa7 into a frightful sort of dream in which he threatens most, he obliges me to know it, and to know that he is sitting close at my side, more terrible to me then than ever. What is this imagined threatening, pretty one? What is threatened? I don't know. I have never even dared to think or wonder what it is?" (Dickens Ch.7 pages 70-71) Jasper who has evidently overheard the quarrel between Neville and Edwin pretends to play the part of diplomat inviting both men to his gatehouse. This is not a sign of altruism for this sinister man skillful directs the conversation to the reason it had ensued. This is not enough for Jasper; he stirs the embers of this fiery conversation by drugging the wine and looking back and forth between Neville and Edwin. "His speech has become thick and indistinct. Jasper, quiet and self-possessed, looks to Neville, as expecting his answer or comment. When Neville speaks, his speech is also thick and indistinct. Mr. Jasper's play of eyes between the two holds good throughout the dialogue, to the end." (Dickens Ch.8 page 78).

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Jasper thinking ahead, what advantages can be gained from the ill will felt between Edwin and Neville wastes no time and informs Mr. Crispsparkle of what had taken place that very night. Just in case Mr. Crispsparkle did not tell anyone about the animosity Neville had towards Edwin the next day he informs Mr. Crispsparkle's mother. Realizing that the news would soon spread throughout the small town. Jasper's realized that the marriage of Rosa and Edwin was inevitable when Mr.Grewgeious spoke to Jasper saying that Rosa hinted not to be released from her betrothal to Edwin. What he notices was the whiteness in Jasper's lips when he asked about Rosa. Although he thought the weather the reason Jasper became conscious of it. "and bit and moistened them while speaking" (Dickens Ch. page 5). The strange remark by Jasper when they depart is another hints of the inner most thoughts of Jasper. " God bless them both! God save the both! Cried Jasper. I said bless them, remarked the former, looking back over his shoulder. I said, save them, returned the latter. Is there any difference?" (Dickens Ch. page6).

When Mr. Crisparkle went to visit Jasper and received no answer to his knock on the door, he went upstairs and found Jasper asleep on the couch. Later he would remember "how Jasper sprang from the couch in a delirious state between sleeping and waking cry out 'What is the matter? 'Who did it?'" (Dickens Ch.10 page 10). Mr. Crisparkle explained that he was there to ask Jasper a favor in truing to help him establish peace between Edwin and Neville. " Jasper turned that perplexed face towards the fire. Mr. Crisparkle continuing to observe it, found it even more perplexing than before, inasmuch as it seems to denote (which could hardly be) some close internal calculation." (Dickens Ch. 10 page 110).

Rosa's engagement ring is given to Edwin by Mr.Grewgious with the understanding that if they decide not to go forward with their engagement it will be returned. Edwin places the ring in his breast pocket. The only people that know this ring is in his possession are Mr.Grewgious and Edwin. This is an important clue, for only the watch, chain and shirt pin are found at the weir. Jasper was not aware that Edwin had this ring on him when he was murdered so therefore did not remove it.

When Jasper spends "A night with Durdles" (Dickens Ch.1) the first thing of importance we notice is when they pass a mound by the yard gate and Durdles warns him to be careful of it. Jasper inquires, " I see it. What is it? Lime! What you call quick lime? Aye say Durdles quick enough to eat your boots with a little handy stirring, quick enough to eat your bones"(Dickens Ch.1 page 1). It is here where they here the sound of a closing house door and see Mr. Crisparkle with Neville. "Jasper, with a strange and sudden smile upon his face, lays the palm of his hand upon the breast of Durdles, stopping him where he stands." (Dickens Ch.1 page 1). Jasper did not want any witnesses seeing him and Durdles together. How rewarding for the sinister Jasper to see the man whom he plans to entrap for the murder of his nephew when he is in the midst of setting up how to dispose of the body of his nephew. After they go down into the crypt Durdles feels the effects of the wine that Jasper has brought, he sits down and falls asleep instantly. The fact that Durdles sleeps for such along time leaves no doubt that Jasper has tampered with the wine in order to make a copy of the key that he needs . "As Durdles recalls that touching something in his dream, he looks down on the pavement, and see the key of the crypt door lying close to where he himself lay. I dropped you, did I? He says, picking it up, and recalling that part of his dream. As he gathers himself again into an upright position, or into a position as nearly upright as he ever maintains, he is again conscious of being watched by his companion." (Dickens Ch.1 page 1).

When Jasper sees the kiss exchanged by Edwin and Rosa he has no way of knowing that they had mutually ended their engagement and this was a good-bye kiss. The train that Jasper had been ridding on, destination the death of Edwin Drood now accelerated to full speed.

Edwin and Neville had no idea of the impact of what each had done during the day that lead up to the eventful Christmas Eve. Neville puts his room in order burning stray papers, prepares for his planned walking excursion and purchases a heavy walking stick. Edwin goes to the jeweler to have his watch set and the jeweler informs him that his uncle was in remarking that he knew all the jewelry worn by his nephew. Edwin also has a conversation with the old opium woman who ironically has been searching for his uncle. She asks for money and says she will tell him something in exchange. After asking him his name she says " You be thankful that your name ain't Ned. He looks at her, quite steadily, as he asks 'Why?' Because it's a bad name to have just now. How a bad name? A threatened name. A dangerous name. The proverb says that threatened men live long, he tells her, lightly. Then Ned- so threatened is he, wherever he may be while I am a talking to you, deary- should live to all eternity! Replies the woman," And he goes up the postern stair." (Dickens Ch.14 pages 161-16) Jasper has a definite purpose to how his day is spent. Calls on Mr.Sapsea to inform him of his dinner party including the three who will be there. This lays the foundation to further prejudice him against Neville. With each shopkeeper that he has dealt with he makes a point of his abounding love and affection for his nephew. What I feel to be the instrument used to murder Edwin is the large black scarf of strong close woven silk that he pull off and hangs it in a loop on his arm. "For that brief time, his face is knitted and stern. But it immediately clears, as he resumes his singing, and his way. And he goes up the postern stair."(Dickens Ch.14 page165) It seems that both Edwin and Jasper go up the postern stair! One can view this as another reason or another clue!

The next day Edwin has disappeared. Neville who had left on his walking excursion is unaware till his is brought back as a suspect. Neville explains that both he and Edwin went down to the river to watch the storm after about 10 minutes they walked back to town. Edwin said good-bye at Mr.Crisparkle's door and said that he was going straight back to his uncles gatehouse. It is here where Jasper reaps the rewards gained from his friendship with Mr.Sapsea. Mr.Sapsea is easily manipulated by Jasper and unconsciously assists him.

When Mr. Grewgious informs Mr. Jasper that Rosa and Edwin decided that they would be happier as brother and sister rather than husband and wife Jasper breaks down. "Mr. Grewgious saw the ghastly figure throw back its head, clutch its hair with its hands, and turn with a writhing action from him. Mr. Grewgious heard a terrible shriek, and saw no ghastly figure, sitting or standing; saw nothing but a heap of torn and miry clothes upon the floor." (Dickens Ch.15 page 176) After hearing this news Jasper starts a new theory that he share with Mr. Grewgious and Mr. Crisparkle that no quarrel took place between Edwin and Neville in his house on Christmas Eve and Edwin may have gone away so he would be spared of the pain of awkward questions and explanations. This theory holds until, as Jasper knew that Edwin watch, chain and shirt pin would be found at the weir. Everything now points to the fact that Edwin has been murdered.

I found an overwhelming amount of evidence that substantiate the guilt of John Jasper as the person who killed Edwin Drood. This is a crime of voluntarism John Jasper was an evil man who used his own free will to commit this crime. He possessed both actus reus the taking of Edwin Drood's life and the mens rea the state of mind when he did this. Even when he was under the influence of opium he still exhibited the capability to know the difference between right and wrong. This is seen in the first chapter were he listens to the mutterings of the Chinaman,Lascar and the woman in the London opium den. He wants to make sure that no one understands what he might be saying while under the influence of opium. Jasper is aware that he has killed his nephew over and over while under the influence of opium. This is why he when he returns to the opium den in the last chapter of the book he makes the statement to the woman that it was pleasant to do! He is disappointed that doing it so many times in his head that when he really did it, it seemed not worth doing for it was over so soon. John Jasper committed pre-mediated murder. The clues that are found throughout the book prove that this man was a cold calculated killer who would not be satisfied until his nephew was dead. He intimidated those who he could and use those who allowed him to.

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