The Pull Between Good and Evil: Which side prevailed in the 20th Century?

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Sarah Metcalf

0th Century Final Exam

1//0

The Pull Between Good and Evil Which Side Prevailed in the 0th Century?

Order Custom The Pull Between Good and Evil: Which side prevailed in the 20th Century? paper

Since the beginning of time and history, there has been a constant struggle

between forces that I like to think of as "good," being progressive, and "evil,"

being Nietzschian. Almost all of the events that have ever taken place during

the course of history can feasibly be classified under one of these two

categories. However, when it comes to giving away the 0th century to either one

predominant side or the other, I fear that I am torn. Every time I can think of

an extremely Nietzschian event that has taken place, I can also come up with a

progressive event that has sent humanity moving forward again. When it comes right down to it, however, Nietzschian events, however awful they may be, are usually short lived or are finished in a matter of years. Progressive people have been serving humanity and making it better consistently throughout the 0th Century. Although it truly can be considered an equal balance at times, the thing that sets Progressivism apart from Nietzscheism is its consistency and persistence.

Many of the Nietzschian events that have occurred in the 0th century are main

focuses of the entire past 100 years. The first major Nietzschian event that

transpired was the start of World War I. WWI is generally considered a giant

waste of millions of innocent lives. What started as an insecure feeling among

several European nations ended up turning into one of the biggest catastrophes

the world has ever seen. Germany has been compared to a little boy coming late

to Thanksgiving dinner and not getting a piece of the turkey, and millions of

people willingly gave their lives over colonies and greed. Paul Baumber and his friends were stripped of their youth and prematurely turned into hardened

killers for reasons they did not even understand. Each country was trying to

become their own "Superman" through colonies and greed, except Germany was

beating them all it. Due to this, the first world cataclysm erupted.

The end of the First World War brought about another Nietzschian event, the

Versailles Treaty. This was supposed to be the treaty that ended the war, and

all world wars, for the rest of time. However, the diplomats constructing the

treaty failed miserably. The Treaty was based on power, wealth and greed, with

each country not only trying to gain back what they lost, but also attempting to

gain as much land from the defeated Germany as possible. All of the blame was

placed on Germany by the other countries simply because they won and Germany

lost. However, the countries' representatives failed to crush Germany

completely, and instead only created 0 years of hardship and poverty and an

undying grudge and heaps of bitterness in Germany. If the Versailles treaty had

been handled in a better fashion by European diplomats, I strongly believe that

the Second World War could have been avoided.

If the Second World War had been avoided, Hitler's biocratic state would have

never taken place, and another Nietzschian event could have been eluded.

Hitler's biocracy had to be one of the most disturbing and tragic events of the

0th century. Life and government as the world had known it was turned upside

down. The government held the right to decide who lived and who died, and they

did not hesitate to use it. Through the disturbing Wamsee conference, it gave

itself the right to destroy life that they considered to be "unworthy of life"

and started a eugenics program in order to breed a more perfect race. Also,

members of society that were considered weak or unfit were to be destroyed,

which led to the T-4 program, which ordered forced euthanasia in 6 mental

hospitals around Germany. Hitler and his cult following formed a Gleishatung,

and soon Germany was a running, working biocratic state. I believe that it was

this form of government that led to the inevitable start of WWII, which was the

most tragic world event history has ever seen. Fifty million were left dead and

another fifty million were left homeless. This was truly the ultimate

"Nietzschian Nightmare." Millions upon millions of people suffered unimaginable

pain and sorrow because of Germany's vision (created by Hitler) to become the

"Superman" country of the world.

Hitler's existence and actions affected and changed the world in so many ways,

but it left one permanent Nietzschian stamp on the world that still predominates

today. Hitler brought about the idea of total war, which throws away the idea of

traditional fighting amongst soldiers and combatants only. Instead, Hitler

targeted anyone who had affiliation with his enemy countries, which included

women, children and civilians. Because of his strategies, the world was forced

to accept the idea of total war in order to defeat him. However, once the

concept was accepted, it was not dropped. The world still fights in a method

reminiscent of the total war that Hitler introduced. For instance, even after

Hitler was defeated, Harry S. Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs on

Nagasaki and Hiroshima in order to force Japan to surrender quickly. These bombs

killed hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians and non-combatants. Even

today, nuclear war is still a huge threat, and a country is not considered

powerful unless they have these types of weapons of mass destruction. In order

to defeat Osama bin Laden after /11, the US bombed Afghanistan relentlessly.

Hitler has left his permanent mark on the US and on the world, and our entire

technique of fighting wars has been changed due to his actions.

WWII also left the US as the most powerful democratic nation in the world.

However, it would soon enter into its own "Nietzschian Nightmare." The US and

Russia were the only two world powers left, and Russia was obviously very

Communist. According to Nietzsche, happiness equals power plus domination. The

US could not achieve this (or so they thought) as long as Russia was around and

gaining followers. A huge fear of Communism began to grow and turn into a panic,

and soon the Truman Doctrine was announced. I believe that this is one of the

absolute most Nietzschian events of the 0th Century. America wanted to be the

best, to be the absolute one and only "Superman." It wanted to become master to

the world and slave to no one. Thus, it vowed to defeat what it believed to be

its only true threat Communism. Communism is the epitome of what is supposed to

be equality, and America considered it evil. This is extremely Nietzschian

simply because Nietzsche also considered equality to be the most poisonous toxin

of them all. This mentality, however, led to many unnecessary foreign actions

and acted as a waste of precious human lives. America entered into Korea and

Vietnam, both civil wars that really did not concern them. The Cold War broke

out, and the US and Russia were locked in an intense arms race and general

competition with the other. This went on for over 0 years! The Truman Doctrine

sentenced young American soldiers to die and other Americans to turn against one

another, and it was all for truly Nietzschian reasons.

A main reason any of these events even occurred was a little thing called

American Exceptionalism. If one thinks about it, Nietzscheism and American

Exceptionalism are parallel to one another. Both hold themselves at a higher

standard than the rest of humanity and both are attempting to make themselves

into the ultimate Superman figure. American Exceptionalism is the mentality that

made us want to enter both world wars and straighten the whole things out. It

was the motivation behind the Truman Doctrine, the reason for so much bloodshed

and heartache. It has made certain Americans unaware and unsympathetic towards

any kind of "backwards" culture (a.k.a. Ugly Americans). It has triggered

bigotry and racism in our country and caused other countries to harbor hostile

feelings against us (also leading to September 11). It has been an element of

Nietzscheism that has been installed in all of us this century and continues to

shadow our every move.

However, with masses of bad going on around us this century, it is sometimes

easy to overlook all the good that has also taken place. Feminism has grown to

new heights in the past hundred years. Thanks to leaders such as Charlotte

Perkins Gilman, Susan B. Anthony, Anna Howard Shaw, Betty Friedan, and Margaret

Sanger, women have made huge strides. At one time, they were dominated by their

husbands and children, not educated, not allowed to vote or hold office, and

discouraged from having a job or career. Just thinking about how their roles in

society have changed over the past 100 years is astounding. Now, women are

scientists, doctors, soldiers, CEOs, legal voters and politicians, and have the

same opportunities for education and careers as men do. At one point this

century, the latter was unthinkable.

Also, among the same frame of mind, the Civil Rights Movement has made

incredible strides through peaceful demonstrations and protests in the 0th

Century. What used to be considered common practice in reference to blacks now

seems far away in the minds of most people. Segregation is only believed in by a

few Americans who are generally considered to be ignorant and bigots. Peaceful,

strong, intelligent leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, WEB

Dubois and Jesse Jackson have led a nation to the realization that all colors

are beautiful, not just white.

At one point this century, a rather unknown progressive came along and changed

the world forever. His influence still dictates the way that our Presidents act

today. His name was Woodrow Wilson, and he attempted to do some of the greatest

progressive things ever suggested by a President of the US. Not only did he

grant women the right to vote (see two paragraphs up), he also created 14 points

that still dominate foreign policy today and would have prevented many foreign

relations catastrophes if they had been more generally accepted. He called for

the spread of democracy and self-determination for colonies under the rule of

powerful European nations, which came only after all the bloodshed of WWI. He

suggested the US create arms control, which could have prevented much of the

hoopla associated with the Cold War. His greatest proposal, however, was the

League of Nations. By working together, he believed that the world's most

powerful nations could prevent anything even remotely like WWI from ever

happening again. However, his theory was basically shot down, and instead the

world ended up fighting the second half of a war they had started 0 years

before. Today, a league of nations exists under the name the United Nations, and

it has prevented and helped to control what could have turned into catastrophic

world events. It also regulates arms control, another one of Wilson's wished.

Basically, he was a man before his time, but his influence has not been lost and

probably never will be.

Another American President proved his progressive wills during this 0th

Century. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of the most beloved presidents this

country ever had. He was so endeared by the nation that he was elected to office

4 times and ended up passing away in his fourth term. During his time in office,

though, he took the country out of one of the direst times it had ever

experienced. He brought the country out of Depression with his "New Deal," and

he created laws and associations that are still in existence today and prevent

the country from ever entering into another Depression. He also guided the

country through one of its darkest moments at Pearl Harbor and led them

valiantly to fight Hitler and the German state in WWII. He was revered by his

nation as a father figure, and he created many laws and procedures that still

endure today and offer us the opportunities that we are so lucky to have. He was

truly a Progressive and one of the most successful presidents this country has

ever seen.

In the area of art and literature, free speech has become a rally cry as

musicians, artists and authors become more and more concerned with our country's

actions and the betterment of society. Art has evolved from simply a form of

entertainment, and is now on outlet for passionate people to speak their minds

about current events and use their fame in order to better the nation and the

world. Although I definitely cannot say this about all artists (Britney Spears

anyone?), many people throughout this century have successfully become active in

society and politics and have spoken their minds and opinions. Artists such as

John Lennon, David Siqierous, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix, Bono from U, and Jim

Henson, among many others, have all stepped out of the simple fame spotlight and

onto the main stage of the world as they use their talents to have an effect on

humanity. Photographers now send messages about things they feel society needs

to see in their works, and most all artists dream of one day making a difference

on many different levels of society. I truly believe that although it seems

insignificant, this has been one of the greatest advances of the 0th Century.

However, what I consider the greatest advancement in the 0th Century has been

the amazing, incredible strides in technology. Computers, which were at one time

unimaginable, are now a common and necessary household possession. Men have

been to the moon, which was once unattainable, and is now almost a routine

occurrence. Diseases that were once considered immanently deadly are now cured

within a matter of months. Cell phones, cars, stereos, televisions, and

everything else imaginable now run rampant through daily life. The technological

advances made in this century are so incredible that it is almost

incomprehensible. So many people have contributed to the advances in

understanding science, surgery, the human body, electricity, and the other

innumerable technological advances in this century. It is amazing to think how

these people have contributed to the betterment of humanity as a whole. It has

truly been the definition of progressivism in the 0th Century.

Too many people in this world are pessimists. In a world with so much evil and hardship going on, it is very easy to overlook all the good things that are happening and simply look at the bad. I believe that this is the case in the 0th Century. So much focus is put on the horrible things that happened this century because they did cause so much heartache and pain. No one can deny that both world wars were catastrophic events that must be remembered and learned from simply because they cannot be allowed to occur again. However, if you think about all of the things that have happened, Nietzschian events take place quickly and then are usually resolved. Both world wars eventually ended. Hitler's biocracy eventually failed. The cities that were destroyed by total war were eventually rebuilt. Most Nietzschian events end after a matter of time. However, most of the Progressive events have not stopped! They have consistently continued throughout the century. Despite all of the setbacks, horrible happenings, and unfortunate losses, progressivism has persisted and continued. There is still a strong women's rights movement existent in the US. Also, the Civil Rights movement has morphed into movements today that create the same opportunities for blacks as whites. Our Presidents now attempt to model the conduct of our former Progressive Presidents, such as Wilson and FDR. Working for a good cause is now rewarded in all aspects of society, and is no longer just taken for granted and considered common practice. Also, throughout WWI and WWII, Vietnam, Korea, the Cold War, Hitler's biocracy, etc, progressivism was still going on. While people were fighting out on the battlefield, doctors and nurses were continuing to care for them and attempt to advance their medical technology in order to save more lives. People were working to rebuild cities almost immediately after they were destroyed by total war. Progressivism is constantly working to defeat the Nietzschian influences in the world. This is why I strongly feel that in the 0th Century and for the rest of history, progressivism has prevailed and will prevail. It sets itself apart by its consistency and diligence. No one stops becoming Progressive because of the Nietzschian events and setbacks. Progressivism has even succeeded in reversing many of the effects that Nietzscheism has had on society. Although Nietzscheism will probably never fully disappear or be defeated, I am also confident that Progressivism will eventually prevail. The sad thing is that most people don't hear about all of the little Progressive things people do every day for the purpose of improving our daily life. So many huge and catastrophic Nietzschian things happen, and everyone hears about them. But no one really hears about the normal everyday people who dedicate their lives to making the world a better place for those still to come. It is because of these people that I strongly believe that 0th Century has been mostly progressive; they have improved our lives so vastly that the Nietzschian events are simply a tragic thing of the past.

In fifty years, when the 0th century is no longer looming over us, but is simply a faint shadow, I believe that people will mainly remember the incredible advances that society has made as a whole. Although the tragic events of the past will still be in the minds and hearts of everyone, our society has become so sophisticated compared to our former standard of living that I believe it will predominate in everyone's minds. The 0th Century has truly been a struggle between the two, but Progressivism has persisted and won out, in my opinion and the opinions of many others. The people who have given their lives for the betterment of society have succeeded in benefiting society enough to overcome all of the horrible things that have happened to it. In the end, I believe that the human spirit is generally progressive, and it will always prevail. The human spirit is said to be stronger than anything that happens to it, and this includes any form of Nietzschian action.

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The Mystery of Edwin Drood

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The Mystery of Edwin Drood

The mystery begins with the disappearance of the young architect Edwin Drood after a night of festivity, which was supposed to celebrate his reconciliation with a temporary enemy, Neville Landless. The celebration was held at the house of his uncle John Jasper and I find that the origin of doubt on the subject of the abrupt disappearance or murder of Edwin Drood to be indeed that of murder. After the examination of the vast array of characters in the story, the elimination of suspects dwindled down to two. The characters in alphabetical order are 1) Mr. Bazzard, Grewgious's clerk (Dickens Ch11, Page115) can be ruled out as a suspect. ) Mrs. Billickin, Landlady resident in Southampton Street, Bloombury Square; she rents rooms to Rosa Bud (Dickens Ch. , page4) also ruled out as a suspect; ) Miss Rosa Bud, orphan and pupil at Miss Twinkleton's boarding school, engaged to Edwin Drood from childhood. They break off their engagement (Dickens Ch.1, page 146), and she can be ruled out as a suspect; 4) Rev. Septimus Crisparkle, One of the minor cannons at Cloisterham Cathedral, a bachelor who lives with his mother at Minor Cannon Corner, and a tutor to Neville Landless (Dickens Ch. 6. page 58), can also be ruled out as a suspect; 5) Mr. Dick Datchery, a mysterious man with an unusually thick mane of white hair and black eyebrows, who suddenly appears in Cloisterham. (Dickens Ch.18, page 0) can be ruled out as a suspect. Could be Mr. Bazzard in disguise gathering information for Mr.Grewgious? 6) Deputy known as "Winks" a street urchin employed by Mr. Durdles to throw stones at him if he is out late (Dickens Ch. 5, page46) can be ruled out as a suspect. 7) Mr. Edwin Drood, the orphan nephew of John Jasper, engaged from childhood to Rosa Budd quarrels with Neville Landless at his uncles house, and disappears (Dickens Ch.1, page158) creating the victim.8) Mr. Durdles, a stonemason, who likes to drink and is often seemingly drunk. He is familiar with the cathedral crypt and also possess' the keys. (Dickens Ch.5, page 46) Evidence points to the fact that he is to be used by John Jasper in disposing of Edwin Drood's body without him having any knowledge of this exploit. This would rule him out as a suspect, or unknowing accomplice.) Mr. Hiram Grewgious, 'Receiver and Agent to two wealthy estates' (Dickens Ch. 1, page117), guardian to Miss Rosa Budd, can be ruled out as a suspect 10) Mr. Luke Honeythunder, guardian to Helena and Neville Landless can also be ruled out as a suspect. 11) Mr. John Jasper, A music teacher, chorister and in charge of the cathedral music. He is the uncle of Edwin Drood, who calls him Jack. ' ' Mr. Jasper is a dark man of some six-and twenty; with thick, lustrous, well-arranged black hair and whisker. He looks older than he is, as dark men often do. His voice is deep and good, his face and figure are good, his manner is a little sombre. His room is a little sombre, and may have had its influence in forming his manner. It is mostly in shadow.' '(Dickens Ch. page 14) the person who has murdered Edwin Drood. 1) Miss Helena Landless, orphan, ward of Mr. Honeythunder. Raised in Ceylon by her stepfather, twin to Neville. ' ' An unusually handsome lithe young fellow, and an unusually handsome lithe girl; much alike; both very dark, and very rich in color; she of almost the gipsy type; something untamed about them both; a certain air upon them of hunter and huntress; yet withal a certain air of being the objects of the chase, rather than the followers' ' (Dickens Ch.6 page 58) can be ruled out as a suspect. 1) 'Puffer an old woman who keeps an opium den in London Dickens Ch 1 page 8); she appears in Cloisterham (Dickens Ch. 14 page 160-16) John Jasper see her again when he visits the opium den in London. (Dickens Ch. page 56-64) also ruled out as a suspect by suspects John Jasper of committing a heinous act.14) Mr. Thomas Sapsea ' 'Accepting the jackass as the type of self-sufficient stupidity and conceit a custom, perhaps, like some few others customs, more conventional than fair- then the purest of Jackass in Cloisterham is Mt. Thomas Sapsea, Auctioneer.'' (Dickens Ch. 4 page 5) Becomes mayor of Cloisterham (Dickens Ch. 1 page 16). Also ruled out as a suspect. 15) Mr. Tartar. Who appears in (Dickens Ch.17, page 1) introduces himself to Neville Landless as a neighbor and in (Dickens Ch.1 page) meets up with his "My old master!" said Mr. Tartar ruled out as a suspect.

The mystery is not the disappearance of Edwin Drood, but lies with in the reasons as to whom and how this was accomplished. John Jaspers' dual consciousness make it possible for him to thrive as a respectable choirmaster in Cloisterham by day and yet indulge in his illicit passions among the opium dens of London by night. His expressions of an inordinate affection for his nephew "Get off your greatcoat, bright boy, and sit down here in your own corner. Your feet are not wet? Pull your boots off. Do pull your boots off." (Dickens Ch, page15). The trail of evidence that leads to the proof that Jasper is guilty can be found from the first chapter where impressions are formed and woven through out the remaining chapters. In "The Dawn" (Dickens Ch 1) John Jasper if found in an opium den. "Shaking from head to foot, the man whose scattered consciousness has thus fantastically pieced itself together, at length rises, supports his trembling frame upon his arms, and looks around." (Dickens Ch. 1 page 7) Jasper listens attentively to the mutterings of the Chinaman, Lasar and the woman. " He bends down his ear, to listen to her mutterings. 'Unintelligible' " Then he comes back, pounces on the Chinaman, and, seizing him with both hands by the throat, turns him violently on the bed. The Chinaman clutched the aggressive hands, resists, grasps, and protests. ' What do you say?' A watchful pause. 'Unintelligible!' (Dickens Ch1 page10) When his turns his attention to the last occupant in the opium den Lasar this man "draws a phantom knife" the woman restrains him and the both wind up side by side on the bed. " There has been chattering and clattering enough between them, but to no purpose. When any distinct word has been flung into the air, it has had no sense or sequence. Wherefore 'unintelligible!' is again the comment of the watcher, made with some reassured nodding of his head, and a gloomy smile." (Dickens Ch.1 page 10). John Jasper interest in the mutterings was self-serving seen from his reassured nodding and that gloomy smile as he leaves. The reader can see Japers' obsession with Rosa from his reactions towards his nephew when the conversation is focused on Rosa. The strange way in which he concentrates on the portrait of Rosa sketched by Edwin and is hung over the fireplace. When Edwin comments " once more apostrophizing the portrait, 'I'll burn your comic likeness and paint your music-master another." Mr. Jasper, with his hand to his chin, and with an expression of musing benevolence on his face, has attentively watched every animated look and gesture attending the delivery of these words. He remains in that attitude after they are spoken, as if in asking if fascination attendant on his strong interest in the youthful spirit that he loves so well. Then, he says with a quiet smile 'You won't be warned, then? 'No Jack." "You can't be warned, then?' 'No Jack, not by you. Besides that I don't really consider myself in danger, I don't like your putting yourself in that position. ' Shall we go and walk in the churchyard?"(Dickens Ch. pages 1-.) Why does Jasper feel that he has to warn Edwin of danger without stating what the danger is? It was Jaspers' dual conscious warning Edwin that he was the danger he was the threat. Another piece of evidence is the eccentric acquaintance between Durdles and Jasper bizarre allure of Durdles keys. There is also his fascination with Mr. Sapea the underlying reason that has Jasper so interested in these men. "Mrs. Sapeas's monument having had full time to settle and dry, let me take your opinion, as a man of taste, on the inscription I have (as before remarked, not without some little fever of the brow) drawn out for it." It is here that Jasper acquires the knowledge of where there is empty tomb. (Dickens Ch.4 page40) " Why, Durdles! Exclaims Jasper, looking on amused. 'You are undermined with pockets!" 'And I carries weight in' em too, Mr. Jasper. Feel those;' producing two other large keys. ' Hand me Mr. Sapea's likewise. Surely this is the heaviest of the three." (Dickens Ch.4 page 4).

In the conversation between Rosa and Helena yet another reason towards motives that Japer posses is jealousy. " You know that he loves you? My child! You speak as if he had threatened you in some dark way. What has he done? He has made a slave of me with his looks. He has forced me to understand him, without his saying a word; and he has forced me to keep silence, without his uttering a threat. When I sing, he never moves his eyes from my lips. When he corrects me, and strikes a note, or a chord, or plays a passage, he himself is in the sounds, whispering that he pursues me as a lover, and commanding me to keep his secret. I avoid his eyes, but he forces me to see them without looking at them. Even when a glaze comes over them (which is sometimes the case), and he seems to wander awa7 into a frightful sort of dream in which he threatens most, he obliges me to know it, and to know that he is sitting close at my side, more terrible to me then than ever. What is this imagined threatening, pretty one? What is threatened? I don't know. I have never even dared to think or wonder what it is?" (Dickens Ch.7 pages 70-71) Jasper who has evidently overheard the quarrel between Neville and Edwin pretends to play the part of diplomat inviting both men to his gatehouse. This is not a sign of altruism for this sinister man skillful directs the conversation to the reason it had ensued. This is not enough for Jasper; he stirs the embers of this fiery conversation by drugging the wine and looking back and forth between Neville and Edwin. "His speech has become thick and indistinct. Jasper, quiet and self-possessed, looks to Neville, as expecting his answer or comment. When Neville speaks, his speech is also thick and indistinct. Mr. Jasper's play of eyes between the two holds good throughout the dialogue, to the end." (Dickens Ch.8 page 78).

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Jasper thinking ahead, what advantages can be gained from the ill will felt between Edwin and Neville wastes no time and informs Mr. Crispsparkle of what had taken place that very night. Just in case Mr. Crispsparkle did not tell anyone about the animosity Neville had towards Edwin the next day he informs Mr. Crispsparkle's mother. Realizing that the news would soon spread throughout the small town. Jasper's realized that the marriage of Rosa and Edwin was inevitable when Mr.Grewgeious spoke to Jasper saying that Rosa hinted not to be released from her betrothal to Edwin. What he notices was the whiteness in Jasper's lips when he asked about Rosa. Although he thought the weather the reason Jasper became conscious of it. "and bit and moistened them while speaking" (Dickens Ch. page 5). The strange remark by Jasper when they depart is another hints of the inner most thoughts of Jasper. " God bless them both! God save the both! Cried Jasper. I said bless them, remarked the former, looking back over his shoulder. I said, save them, returned the latter. Is there any difference?" (Dickens Ch. page6).

When Mr. Crisparkle went to visit Jasper and received no answer to his knock on the door, he went upstairs and found Jasper asleep on the couch. Later he would remember "how Jasper sprang from the couch in a delirious state between sleeping and waking cry out 'What is the matter? 'Who did it?'" (Dickens Ch.10 page 10). Mr. Crisparkle explained that he was there to ask Jasper a favor in truing to help him establish peace between Edwin and Neville. " Jasper turned that perplexed face towards the fire. Mr. Crisparkle continuing to observe it, found it even more perplexing than before, inasmuch as it seems to denote (which could hardly be) some close internal calculation." (Dickens Ch. 10 page 110).

Rosa's engagement ring is given to Edwin by Mr.Grewgious with the understanding that if they decide not to go forward with their engagement it will be returned. Edwin places the ring in his breast pocket. The only people that know this ring is in his possession are Mr.Grewgious and Edwin. This is an important clue, for only the watch, chain and shirt pin are found at the weir. Jasper was not aware that Edwin had this ring on him when he was murdered so therefore did not remove it.

When Jasper spends "A night with Durdles" (Dickens Ch.1) the first thing of importance we notice is when they pass a mound by the yard gate and Durdles warns him to be careful of it. Jasper inquires, " I see it. What is it? Lime! What you call quick lime? Aye say Durdles quick enough to eat your boots with a little handy stirring, quick enough to eat your bones"(Dickens Ch.1 page 1). It is here where they here the sound of a closing house door and see Mr. Crisparkle with Neville. "Jasper, with a strange and sudden smile upon his face, lays the palm of his hand upon the breast of Durdles, stopping him where he stands." (Dickens Ch.1 page 1). Jasper did not want any witnesses seeing him and Durdles together. How rewarding for the sinister Jasper to see the man whom he plans to entrap for the murder of his nephew when he is in the midst of setting up how to dispose of the body of his nephew. After they go down into the crypt Durdles feels the effects of the wine that Jasper has brought, he sits down and falls asleep instantly. The fact that Durdles sleeps for such along time leaves no doubt that Jasper has tampered with the wine in order to make a copy of the key that he needs . "As Durdles recalls that touching something in his dream, he looks down on the pavement, and see the key of the crypt door lying close to where he himself lay. I dropped you, did I? He says, picking it up, and recalling that part of his dream. As he gathers himself again into an upright position, or into a position as nearly upright as he ever maintains, he is again conscious of being watched by his companion." (Dickens Ch.1 page 1).

When Jasper sees the kiss exchanged by Edwin and Rosa he has no way of knowing that they had mutually ended their engagement and this was a good-bye kiss. The train that Jasper had been ridding on, destination the death of Edwin Drood now accelerated to full speed.

Edwin and Neville had no idea of the impact of what each had done during the day that lead up to the eventful Christmas Eve. Neville puts his room in order burning stray papers, prepares for his planned walking excursion and purchases a heavy walking stick. Edwin goes to the jeweler to have his watch set and the jeweler informs him that his uncle was in remarking that he knew all the jewelry worn by his nephew. Edwin also has a conversation with the old opium woman who ironically has been searching for his uncle. She asks for money and says she will tell him something in exchange. After asking him his name she says " You be thankful that your name ain't Ned. He looks at her, quite steadily, as he asks 'Why?' Because it's a bad name to have just now. How a bad name? A threatened name. A dangerous name. The proverb says that threatened men live long, he tells her, lightly. Then Ned- so threatened is he, wherever he may be while I am a talking to you, deary- should live to all eternity! Replies the woman," And he goes up the postern stair." (Dickens Ch.14 pages 161-16) Jasper has a definite purpose to how his day is spent. Calls on Mr.Sapsea to inform him of his dinner party including the three who will be there. This lays the foundation to further prejudice him against Neville. With each shopkeeper that he has dealt with he makes a point of his abounding love and affection for his nephew. What I feel to be the instrument used to murder Edwin is the large black scarf of strong close woven silk that he pull off and hangs it in a loop on his arm. "For that brief time, his face is knitted and stern. But it immediately clears, as he resumes his singing, and his way. And he goes up the postern stair."(Dickens Ch.14 page165) It seems that both Edwin and Jasper go up the postern stair! One can view this as another reason or another clue!

The next day Edwin has disappeared. Neville who had left on his walking excursion is unaware till his is brought back as a suspect. Neville explains that both he and Edwin went down to the river to watch the storm after about 10 minutes they walked back to town. Edwin said good-bye at Mr.Crisparkle's door and said that he was going straight back to his uncles gatehouse. It is here where Jasper reaps the rewards gained from his friendship with Mr.Sapsea. Mr.Sapsea is easily manipulated by Jasper and unconsciously assists him.

When Mr. Grewgious informs Mr. Jasper that Rosa and Edwin decided that they would be happier as brother and sister rather than husband and wife Jasper breaks down. "Mr. Grewgious saw the ghastly figure throw back its head, clutch its hair with its hands, and turn with a writhing action from him. Mr. Grewgious heard a terrible shriek, and saw no ghastly figure, sitting or standing; saw nothing but a heap of torn and miry clothes upon the floor." (Dickens Ch.15 page 176) After hearing this news Jasper starts a new theory that he share with Mr. Grewgious and Mr. Crisparkle that no quarrel took place between Edwin and Neville in his house on Christmas Eve and Edwin may have gone away so he would be spared of the pain of awkward questions and explanations. This theory holds until, as Jasper knew that Edwin watch, chain and shirt pin would be found at the weir. Everything now points to the fact that Edwin has been murdered.

I found an overwhelming amount of evidence that substantiate the guilt of John Jasper as the person who killed Edwin Drood. This is a crime of voluntarism John Jasper was an evil man who used his own free will to commit this crime. He possessed both actus reus the taking of Edwin Drood's life and the mens rea the state of mind when he did this. Even when he was under the influence of opium he still exhibited the capability to know the difference between right and wrong. This is seen in the first chapter were he listens to the mutterings of the Chinaman,Lascar and the woman in the London opium den. He wants to make sure that no one understands what he might be saying while under the influence of opium. Jasper is aware that he has killed his nephew over and over while under the influence of opium. This is why he when he returns to the opium den in the last chapter of the book he makes the statement to the woman that it was pleasant to do! He is disappointed that doing it so many times in his head that when he really did it, it seemed not worth doing for it was over so soon. John Jasper committed pre-mediated murder. The clues that are found throughout the book prove that this man was a cold calculated killer who would not be satisfied until his nephew was dead. He intimidated those who he could and use those who allowed him to.

Please note that this sample paper on The Mystery of Edwin Drood is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Mystery of Edwin Drood, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Mystery of Edwin Drood will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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My DVD Player

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A purchase I made that lived up to all my expectations was my DVD player. When I first opened my DVD player I expected it to be fairly easy to hook up to my surround sound receiver. Not only was it easy, but I'm sure a young child could do it in a matter of seconds. The DVD box contained a manual that had everything to know about the DVD player. There was an easy to read table of contents and a few short paragraphs that followed. I was happy that the sentences in the paragraphs were not hard to read like most electronic manuals that need rocket scientists to decode them. After reading the few short paragraphs, while glancing at the diagram, I easily hooked the plugs and wires to the right holes. I had a DVD movie with awesome sound playing within minutes. While reading the material in the manual, I expected my new DVD player to have a ton of cool features. I was not let down to say the least. I've had this DVD player for about a year and I'm still finding new features on it. There is one chapter in the manual dedicated to just getting to know the features. One feature that I really enjoy is the different angle feature. I can use this feature to get different angles of the paused movie shot. Another feature that I like is the zoom button. This feature allows me to zoom in on the paused shot so I can see how many hairs are on the actors head, or what the person looks like standing in the far off window. This DVD player has so many features on it that I couldn't possible have a need for all of them. Although, knowing that I have so many of them satisfies me to the fullest. After hooking the player up and reading up on all the features, I finally got to watch a movie on it. I was expecting it to have a clearer picture than the picture on my VCR, and it exceeded my expectations. The clearness of the picture is so fine and precise that it's almost as if I'm in the movie. I feel as though I could reach my hand through the TV and pet the dog, or feel the fabric of the bed sheets. I was happy that it was so easy to hook up and the zillion features that it carried, but after watching a movie on it, I was overly satisfied. I have never felt so glad about a single purchase in a long time. This DVD player not only lived up to my expectations, but it exceeded them.

Please note that this sample paper on My DVD Player is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on My DVD Player, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on My DVD Player will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Advertising

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Advertising

Advertising is a message designed to promote or sell a product, a service, or an idea.

As rapid globalization continues to produce highly diversified social values and a wide variety of media, the role and function of advertising must be highly mined. In this era of change in consumer awareness and consumption patterns, advertisers must develop efficient communication activities. Advertising reaches people through varied types of mass communication, through radio, reading and the biggest area is through television.

Television reaches all tops audiences. This is why companies and corporations use it to their advantage, promoting a certain product. Advertising is a multibillion-pound industry and in many businesses, sales volume depends on the amount of advertising done. Manufacturers try to persuade people to buy their products. Business firms use advertising to promote an image for their company. Businesses use advertising to gain new customers and increase sales. This is why television can be the most efficient advertising medium, as we, the audience is influenced through slogans and catch phrases that are part of the language. It has given us jingles that are very familiar and some lasting images that we will always associate with that particular product. These effects have to be influential, as it is demanding to tell a compelling story in a short space of time.

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Different adverts are shown at different times and at the peak viewing times, when TV audiences are highest. However minority audiences are also targeted, those with certain interests, who could be influenced by certain goods.

Through analysing advertisements on television, I have noticed how they are shown several times in a short space of time and how a certain slogan or tune is repeated constantly in one advertisement. I have found myself humming the certain tune and thinking of the product being advertised, and in many cases this has been as irritating cycle. However, it is a successful means of influencing people to buy something that they do not necessarily need. Advertising is a cunning, yet booming business and uses a mass number of techniques to promote their goods.

Advertising promotes more than mere products in our popular culture. Because images used in advertising are often idealised, they eventually set the standard which we in turn feel we must live up to. Advertisements serve to show us what the ideal image is, and further tell us how to obtain it. Advertisers essentially have the power to promote positive images or negative images. Unfortunately, most of the roles portrayed by women tend to fit the latter description. It is easy to understand the appeal which these ads hold for men, as they place women in an inferior role; one characterised by helplessness, fragility and vulnerability. Certainly one can not deny that visual images serve to create the ideal female beauty within the material realm of consumer culture. The problem is that if one strays from this ideal, there is the risk of not being accepted by men. Women portrayed in sexual ads are depicted as objects and commodities, to be consumed by men for visual pleasure and by women for self-definition. Any depiction of a woman in scant clothing ultimately makes her look vulnerable and powerless, especially when placed next to a physically stronger man. Studies show that advertisements will concentrate primarily on a womans body parts rather than her facial expressions. Men enjoy these images, and sadly, women tend to try to embody them, regardless of the extent to which they degrade themselves.

The picture before me, illustrated in "Avantaje" magazine, 00, has a girl that I think is trying to be very seductive because of the way that she is moving in a somewhat suave like way. She is also standing in front of a red background, which is a very sexy, seductive colour. Her lipstick is red, her nail polish, her under-eye-shadow, the beads around her, and the perfume bottle itself also are the colour red. It also appears that this girl is wearing a piece of lingerie that is black, which is also very sexy and seductive; also her hair is black, maybe to match her outfit, and is very wild and spontaneous.

From what I see when I look at this picture I think that this advertisement is specifically targeted towards the female and might be telling them that if they buy this product that they will look very seductive as does the girl in the advertisement. It could be putting out the image that if the buyer purchases this product you will be more attractive and more guys will respond to you when you want them to. Or it might be saying that using this fragrance will make you feel great in this type of clothing and your significant other will be at your ankles, wanting you. Another way to look at this picture is in a guys perspective. If a guy saw this advertisement he might be tempted to buy this product because he thinks that it will make his girlfriend want to be more sexy and seductive. He might think that if she wears this perfume she will want to be more active in their love life and will wear little clothes like the girl has on in the picture.

It took me forever to pick out a particular magazine, because of the multitude of womens magazines out there today. I finally decided on Cosmopolitan, because I realized that there really wasnt any difference between any of the womens magazines. Every magazine has a woman on the cover, seemingly perfect, and with a huge smile on her face to boot. Then, also on the cover, I get to see all the articles in the magazine that are going to help me to look better, feel better, and even make my man happier (as if I dont have enough to worry about already). When women look at the cover of Cosmopolitan, they are made to feel inferior to the woman on the cover. They feel inferior because the women on the cover is flawless, seemingly perfect in every way. Women wonder how they can compete with that. Women say to themselves, I wish I could look like her. The cover illustrates to them they are nothing like this woman on the cover, and so they must buy the magazine. The magazines articles give the reader hope that this wish may come true if the articles are read. So in the end, most women buy the magazine. As if the cover wasnt enough, women have to stream through the endless articles of perfume, make-up, and clothing containing the same type of woman that is on the cover . These ads

work in the same way as cover to get you to buy their product. It seems like every other page is a different advertisement urging us to buy, buy, buy.

First, I think that Cosmopolitan's major claim is that they know how to make women look better, and feel better about themselves. Cosmopolitan appeals to its readers by assuming all women feel they have flaws. When these women look at the cover of Cosmopolitan and see a perfect looking woman, and they want to look like that as well. When they see all the articles available in the magazine to help them be like the cover girl, they buy the magazine. A wide range of women read Cosmopolitan (ages 18-45 approximately), so it is easy to market this magazine with its articles on how to get a man, look glamorous, be healthy, and so on. Society pressures women, more than men, to feel that they have to maintain a certain image. The majority of women feel that they need help reinventing themselves into cover girls, and thats where magazines like Cosmopolitan come into play. Women are made to feel if they arent thin, have good hair, and perfect skin, its hopeless for them. Women feel that if they can get help from a magazine, they wont have to go to pay for plastic surgery, or get a personal trainer. All the solutions are right there in front of them for the low cost of 5000 lei, and they can become a new woman right there in the comfort of their own houses. Advertisers in fashion magazines thrive on the fact that women constantly criticize their bodies. By showing actresses and models in fabulous dresses and looking very pretty and skinny, the magazines invite you to find flaws with your body, but then tell you that it's okay because they have a way to fix it. You can tell a lot about our culture from looking at fashion magazines and the ads they contain. So why do we continue to buy these magazines? Because most people are not satisfied with their looks and we probably never will be.

One particular advertisement in Cosmopolitan has to deal with a Ralph Lauren perfume ad. This ad shows a young, white woman who appears very confident. She is looking directly into the camera with the attitude that she is in total control of everything. She has a young, white man, whose face we cannot see, kissing her forehead. The young woman in the ad seems as if she doesnt even notice the man kissing her. She appears as though being kissed is so routine to her that it isnt even that big of a deal anymore. She knows she will always have a man there to kiss her, and this is partly because her use of Ralph Laurens new perfume. The ad gives the impression the young woman would have no man kissing her if it wasnt for her new perfume. The ad illustrates women need a man to be satisfied. It shows not only does she need the perfume to feel confident, but also the man kissing her. The ad is obviously directed towards younger females. This ad says by wearing Ralph Laurens new perfume, men will become attracted to you, and you will be more confident.

There is another perfume ad in Cosmopolitan in which almost the exact same message is relayed to the reader. The ad is for the new perfume Lucky You. The depicts a cute guy sitting at a table, having a milkshake. He is obviously distracted by a young woman with blue eyes and long blonde hair. The man is not distracted by her looks, but her cleavage. She is wearing a shirt, tied up just below her breasts and revealing quite a fair share of cleavage, which is right in the guys face. While the man is looking directly at her breasts, the woman is looking directly into the camera, while eating the cherry off the top of the mans milkshake. Located at the top of the ad are the words, Get Lucky! This ad clearly illustrates to consumers (men and women) if they buy and wear Lucky You perfume, they are sure to get lucky with someone good looking of the opposite sex. . This usually works with consumers in their teens and early twenties because sex is always on their minds. When we take a look at this ad, we just want to go out and get lucky (that can be taken literally or figuratively).

Recently I read FHM ( For Him Magazine ) magazine and one ad in it caught my eyes. It was an ad for cognac and two whole pages were emphasized by various colours. Even though I am not usually interested in alcohol beverages, this ad attracted me. The reason it attracted me is that advertisers use certain techniques to persuade people. This ad fills a social need ; it appeals to people's fun and pleasure, and uses gimmicks that are called 'snob appeal' and 'appeal to excellence'. For these reasons I was interested in the ad. This is a commercial for Courvoisier Cognac. It looks like some place in Europe, a garden in the 18th Century. They are having some picnic in the garden with delicious looking fruits and two bottles of cognac. All the items used in this picture have specialized characters, which represent name of this cognac, "Courvoisier". The colours of the whole picture are very rich and splendid. And the three women in this picture are wearing fashionable make - up on their faces. There is no effective language in this advertisement except the name of the cognac, Courvoisier. This advertisement tries to have classical looks, and it added modern styles on it. As a result it has very unique style of images. Moreover, the main colour over two whole pages, is dark red, which is an outgoing colour by itself, but when it can combine with gold, then it looks very rich and royal. This picture also tries to express just looking like an oil painting, and the three women in this picture act in an excessive way like a play. So in this ad it makes me want this Cognac, although it is not an essential thing for one's life, but the people in this ad are wearing luxury dresses and accessories. And they seem to be relaxed and enjoying their lives. It emphasizes that if you buy this one, you can belong to their higher social class. Therefore, people desire to have it for fulfilling social needs. Advertisers in this ad also use emotions for fun and pleasure. This is one of the ways that can appeal to emotion of consumers. It can arouse feelings of fear, love, pleasure, or vanity. The atmosphere in this ad is very enjoyable. It doesn't look like they have any worries or angers at all. It can tempt one to buy this product just to be as the ad says.

Moreover, the ad influences people to think about their social rank. In this ad, people are having classy picnics, in a garden that looks like it belongs to very rich people. All these luxurious things persuade people to buy this Cognac.

In this ad many things are used to make people pay attention to it. Luxurious materials and the people that seem to enjoy all those things make consumers want to buy this drink because not many people live a life as seen in the ad.

In conclusion, magazines and advertisements know what people want and thats how they sell themselves. Of course, most people dont pay any attention to the ads in the magazines they read. I think ads are made to somehow work on your sub conscience. We may not think were giving any of our attention to the ads, but when we are out shopping well notice products from certain ads. And more than likely gravitate more towards those products rather than products we have never seen or heard of. We see ads in magazines and TV commercials almost everyday. This repetition plants a picture in our minds, so when we go shopping we think of the product happens to be. I dont think this will ever change, because we will always read magazines and watch TV, and they will always have a multitude of ads to show us. The more money a company has, the more it can spend on advertising, and the more money it will make.

The impact of advertising on our society is a fiercely debated topic and has been, since the conception of advertising in its most basic form. There are negative and positive impacts upon society, both socially and economically, from advertising in its various forms. For instance, advertising promoting public welfare has a positive social impact upon society, whereas advertising portraying women as sex objects has negative social impacts. There are also positive economic impacts on society such as providing funding for the media and stimulating an active, competitive economy.

There are a number of proven ways to persuade the consumer that he or she needs the product being advertised. These methods of persuasion, instead of concentrating on the actual product, usually concentrate on the benefits that will be brought to the consumer. These benefits may include the hope of more money and better jobs, popularity and personal prestige, praise from others, more comfort, social advancement, improved appearance, or better health. For example, an automobile advertisement, as well as mentioning the mechanical attributes of the car, would most likely focus on the excitement, prestige and social advancement it may bring the buyer. This social advancement is very often sexual, or involving attraction of the other sex so the car advertisement may also mention the glamorous women/men that the consumer will attract with his/her fancy car. Advertisers sell images and NOT products. When buying a product the consumer instantly thinks of the advertisement tied in with it. Gestures and symbols are very important in advertisements because they are the core meaning. Appeals and environment are also particularly important because they are the base on how to draw the public into buying the product.

Advertising has been blamed for a great variety of negative social impacts. One of the major criticisms received by advertising is that it forces people to buy things they dont really need, often by projecting negative emotions such as fear, anxiety or guilt upon the consumer. It is claimed that advertising plays with our basic human emotions and takes advantage of them, using them as merely another technique to sell goods or services. Advertising also encourages people to buy products by making them think that purchasing and consuming are the major activities of their lives. It is said to also evoke fears of inferiority upon the consumer by depicting the 'normal person as young, attractive, wealthy and successful. This may encourage a person to act on his or her desire for success and, for instance, go out and purchase that particular brand of make-up or perfume hoping to emulate the seeming success of the person depicted in the advertisement.

In opposition, advertisers state that the public is intelligent enough to, and quite capable of, making up its own mind and will definitely not buy anything they dont want or need. People are not inclined to be swayed by false claims that they need a particular product, and will usually be very discriminating in what they take as being true, when it comes to advertising. In fact, advertisers would say that there are many positive social impacts on our society from advertising. Advertising can be used to increase awareness in society about particular issues, and in so doing, becomes a form of education. Anti- drug advertising such as Its ok to say NO, is just an example of how society uses the advertising industry as a means to promote public welfare.

As well as social benefits, there are economic benefits experienced by society, as a result of advertising. Without advertising, the media, including newspaper, television, radio, etc, would be much less vigorous. Advertising provides revenue for commercial mediums that would otherwise need to be funded by the actual consumer of these mediums. For example, a newspaper would cost up to three times as much (since advertising provides two thirds of the revenue of the print media), or all television would be pay-TV (since nearly all revenue for television is provided by advertising, while the consumer provides no financial support except for providing the service of watching the advertising messages). So we can see a major economic infrastructure based around advertising, in which the big companies fund and subsidize the commercial media by way of advertising. The price a consumer may have to pay to receive very cheap, or even free news and entertainment may include sitting through a 0 second advertisement break while watching a prime-time television program, or flicking a couple of extra pages in a magazine to move through the advertisements to get to the articles. Advertising is so important because it is extremely difficult and impractical to attempt to bill the consumer directly.

Some may argue that the economic drawback of advertising in our society is that it raises the price of goods and services. The basis of this argument is that, while companies subsidize the mass media with advertising, we, the consumer, subsidize advertising by paying a grossly increased price for heavily advertised goods and services. For instance, a soap costs under 1.000 to produce, but the consumer might pay around 0.000 lei. A large proportion of the difference obviously supports the heavy advertising television and print media campaigns. In response to this argument, it can be said that advertising stimulates a much more active economy, with vigorous competition between institutions, and higher buying rates of products that leads to lower product costs for the consumer anyway.

The effects upon society brought about by advertising come in mixed forms, depending on the purpose and execution of various campaigns. However, society as we know it is based very heavily upon advertising, and the negative social and economic impacts is not serious enough to outweigh the many positive social and economic effects on our society.

Please note that this sample paper on advertising is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on advertising, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on advertising will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hypnosis

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Case Examples

Over the past several years, I have treated with medical hypnosis a number of patients referred to me from SCPMG's Department of Preventive Medicine in San Diego. A brief outline of five cases will illustrate the range of possibilities for treatment and provide examples of the unusual statements made on the home page.

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Case 1

PF# 4688 is a 57 year-old male physician who had a mild, right, posterior inferior cerebellar artery thrombosis demonstrated on cerebral angiography.

Intractable hiccups ensued as a recognized complication of the MRI-demonstrable brain lesion he sustained; they were unresponsive to trials of several medications.

Two weeks after the event, a one and one half hour hypnotherapy session immediately and permanently terminated the hiccups.

Although he did not feel he was hypnotized, he described several psychophysiologic changes that he had never experienced prior to this session a complex visual hallucination, brief but pronounced sialorrhea, and brief periods of marked acoustic and olfactory hyperacuity.

Three months later he suddenly realized that he no longer used the bronchodilator and steroid inhalers previously used twice daily for ten years.

I made no suggestions specifically relevant to the physiologic changes he manifested and was not aware that he had asthma. Seven years later, he remains free of hiccups and asthma; pulmonary function tests are normal.

Case

PF# 604800 is a 41 year-old, obese, chronically depressed, ICU nurse who spent her childhood in an abusive household. She later married an abusive man and developed a pattern where she would have the Sheriff remove her husband during moments of violence and then relent and forgive him.

After one such episode of removal, she compulsively became unable to dispose of the kitchen garbage. She stored this garbage, wrapped in plastic bags, in the bedrooms of her home. She complained to her physician that the odor did not allow her to invite anyone into her home.

Although stating, If my house is dirty, then no man will want to come in my house. she saw no link between this and the problems with her husband

After three hypnotherapy sessions, she spontaneously cleaned her house; she saw no link of this change to the sessions.

I made no specific suggestion during trance that she dispose of the garbage.

Case

PF# 78765 is a 65 year-old housewife, a former war orphan and inmate of Auschwitz and Ravensbruch. Over a ten-year period she had generated 4 volumes of SCPMG medical records, largely centering on recurrent symptoms of being acutely unable to swallow.

She had multiple normal esophagoscopies by two gastroenterologists and also had esophageal dilation carried out a number of times; no obstruction was found.

Three hypnotherapy sessions resolved her problem of choking. She recognized some link of this change to the sessions, stating "I was liberated from my esophagus," an assertion reminiscent of her earlier statement, ". . . when the Russian soldiers liberated me from Ravensbruch." As the photograph demonstrates, her medical utilization plummeted in the 5 years after treatment.

The lower records in the photo are her charts from the ten-year period before hypnotherapy; the upper portion is from the five years after. I gave no direct suggestion relating to choking or dysphagia.

Case 4

PF# 74778 is a 51 year-old, successful professional woman who had a highly abusive childhood. She was seen on an emergency basis because she was concerned that her plan for suicide that day would interfere with her obligation for giving the keynote address at a national meeting later that afternoon.

That is, suicide was not her problem, it was her solution. Her problem was that this solution interfered with her sense of responsibility. A 0 minute hypnotherapy session enabled her successfully to fulfill her obligations. A very few follow up sessions seemed significantly to relieve her depression over the next 18 months.

A videotaped interview with this woman eighteen months later is titled, I'll Be Polite Before I Die and is available from SCPMG's Department of Preventive Medicine.

Case 5

PF# 5877 is a middle-aged woman with demyelinating disease who was seen for treatment of depression that was poorly responsive to anti-depressant medication.

Unexpectedly, she almost immediately had a marked improvement in gait that enabled her to give up using Canadian crutches; her dysarthric speech improved noticeably and her depression reduced. Her physician feels these improvements occurred far too rapidly to attribute to a remission in her illness. They persist two years later.

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I have obviously selected examples of dramatically successful cases. Of particular interest, Cases 1 and 5 illustrate that certain significant aspects of organic disease are poorly understood; evidently, they are sometimes altered by processes that imply an involuntary neural or neurochemical control about which we know very little. Focusing on these five clinical examples, two obvious questions are

• How did these beneficial physiologic and behavioral changes occur?

• Why did they occur if they were not specifically suggested?

Historically, medical hypnosis was identified with surgical anesthesia1 and symptom removal. Hypnosis was conceived as something done to a patient. However, we have now evolved from hypnosis that commands away the symptom to a subtler form that is more effective in bringing about basic and long lasting change. These cases illustrate our current understanding that the power of hypnosis resides in the patient. The power of hypnosis certainly does not originate in commands because there were none given in these patients.

Moreover, when enhanced physiologic function occurs, as in Case 1, it must result from release phenomena because biologic functions cannot be inserted. This implies there is a wealth of stored material in the unconscious that can be used in healing. It is this that current medical hypnosis techniques attempt to stimulate.

Hypnosis is useful in medicine because patients often have physical and emotional problems due to unconscious limitation of their capacities. Medical hypnosis helps them break through these limitations to free their unconscious potential for problem solving. Trance and problem-solving are used to circumvent the patient's rigid and learned limitations.4

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What is Hypnosis?

Hypnosis is actually a state of highly focused attention (trance) in which external stimuli are diminished and suggestion becomes far more effective than usual.5

This is a surprisingly undramatic description to those who are familiar only with the commands of stage hypnosis or its often magical depiction in motion pictures; it therefore bears some elaboration.6

When we speak of medical hypnosis, we refer to a special type of interchange between two people, involving trance. Just as an abdominal incision is not treatment but the means through which a surgical treatment may be carried out, hypnotic trance is not a treatment per se, but the framework in which treatment can more effectively be carried out. Trances occur in many levels from rapt attention with eyes open (entranced) to deep states that can resemble somnolence.

It has consistently been determined that the hypnotic trances, whatever their depth, have nothing to do with sleep; they are physiologically characteristic of a waking state. This conclusion was drawn from a number of famous experimental studies in the 10's using such variables as EEG measurements, cerebral circulation, heart rate, respiration, basal metabolism, and various behavioral parameters.7

One easily realizes that important or difficult matters are likely to have complex and covert underpinnings with strong forces in place that block change. Therefore, even though the power of suggestion is greatly increased in trance, one takes certain steps to avoid the patient's rejection of suggestions. Two common ways of avoiding rejection are offering several choices and providing the suggestion as a metaphor.8

Metaphor is the language of the unconscious and often will be accepted when direct suggestion would be rejected. Equally as helpful as suggestion is the observation that, in trance states, we sometimes solve complex problems orgain a fresh perspective. A famous example of the latter is the great German chemist, Kekule, who conceived the structure of the benzene ring after dreaming of a snake swallowing its own tail.10

Dr. Milton Erickson, a physician, psychotherapist, teacher, and arguably the consummate practitioner of medical hypnosis in the 0th century, emphasized the need to individualize hypnotic approaches.11

He felt it was essential for the doctor to accept, evaluate, and utilize the unique aspects of each patient. His often extraordinary results occurred precisely because they activated and further developed what was already within the patient rather than trying to impose something from the outside that might be unacceptable for that individual's personality.

While easy to describe, and perhaps even to understand, this is difficult to accomplish without extensive practice. To understand what can be accomplished in medical hypnosis, and to obtain a detailed explanation of the underlying concepts, I suggest you read The February Man.

This monograph providing a verbatim transcript and detailed explanation of one remarkable case that Dr. Erickson definitively treated in four sessions, during which the patient felt he was merely obtaining background information as the prelude to treatment.1

In this approach, all symptoms may be viewed as signals. In medical hypnosis we are asking, "What is this patient trying to tell us with a headache, chronic fatigue, or a recurring, stress-related skin disorder?"

We are accepting of the symptom/signal and then facilitate creative processes that may transform the negative aspects of the symptom into therapeutic responses.1

Emotional understandings can be profound, yet totally unconscious. Some patients may present through their own imagery a metaphor about their emotions that is ultimately helpful in expanding their conscious understanding, leading to more awareness about their difficulties.14 Here is an example of what you might do with a patient complaining of headaches "Tell me what you are experiencing with that headache right now.

How can you best describe the feelings or sensations? Just continue to receive whatever comes to you all by itself now, only telling me what I really need to know to help you further. I wonder what it is. Only tell me what I need to know to help you further."

Medical hypnosis is thus quite different from the 'command' performance of stage hypnosis. Stage hypnosis depends heavily on the rapid ability to select from an audience subjects who are readily hypnotizable.15 Moreover, stage hypnosis is highly directed as to outcome. "You will sing like Frank Sinatra, quack like a duck, etc." This can be dramatic and engaging, but has limited utility.

By contrast, physicians do not have the luxury of case selection based on perceived ease of outcome. In fact, the resolution to many patient problems is so complex that we must totally depend on the unconscious processes of the patient to conceive the resolution.16 For example, in none of the cases discussed were the outcomes suggested. Indeed, some of the outcomes were quite unanticipated. Attempting to cure by specific direction and command has a high failure rate because of the often unrecognized complexity underlying most patient problems.17

Medical hypnosis or therapeutic trance involves carefully planned extensions of certain everyday processes of normal living. This careful planning places significant demands on the hypnotherapist and initially requires an allocation of uninterrupted time.18

This, the need for experience from frequent use, and the unfamiliar therapeutic use of metaphor are probably the factors that explain the infrequent use of hypnosis in medicine today even though a surprising number of physicians have been trained in its use. Nevertheless, when such treatment plans are well made and executed, significant change can occur in hypnotherapy. We have seen the initial investment of time in this manner save large amounts of physician time later on. Case is a clear illustration.

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By now it should be clear that medical hypnosis is quite different from most forms of psychotherapy, particularly those that are insight-based. This is an advantage with patients who are not introspective, who are amnesic, or who are unwilling to reflect on the psychological significance of particular events in their lives1. The potential loss of insight is of little matter because insight has been shown to have poor correlation with outcomes.0

One of the great surprises of medical hypnosis is that beneficial change can be wrought without the patient's awareness. Cases 1, , and 5 are illustrative of benefit without understanding or insight. However, medical hypnosis can be and is used as an adjunct to conventional psychotherapy. M. Gerald Edelstein, MD, a psychiatrist from The Permanente Medical Group, has written a definitive textbook of medical hypnosis based on his experiences in Kaiser Permanente. By way of amusing contrast, I once successfully treated the secretary of another Permanente psychiatrist who freely proclaimed ". . . hypnosis doesn't work." She did not share her treatment choice with her employer. Thus far, we have discussed hetero-hypnosis; an interesting variant of this is self-hypnosis. Self-hypnosis involves the same processes, but is carried out under one's own direction., 1 It often is initially facilitated through hetero-hypnosis. I teach it to most of my patients as a way of providing affordable reinforcement on a daily basis. There are some similarities to meditation.

Definition Hallucination, figment of the imagination, Phantasm, mirage, illusion, nightmare (dream), delusion, fantasy, delirium.

To experience and be aware of an image or perception

by creation, invention or formation of neuronal activity within the brain or spinal cord

of a sensation, entity or impression of an external stimuli

which does not exist or appear to exist at that time, location and with that structure.

Occur normally in dreaming (REM), can also be associated with mental diseases

Diseases

1. Schizophrenia-Auditory, Hallucination, Hear Voices, From TV, God's Voice Commanding them

. Epilepsy-Aura-Olfactory, Taste, Also primary sensations of Somatosensory, Visua (Lights), Auditory (Sounds) Hallucination

. Alzheimer's Disease-Visual (Very Rare)

4. Alcoholism Withdrawal-Delirium Tremors-Somatosensory Hallucinations

5. Intense Fear, Paranoia …Hear Sounds

Drug Induced

Hallucinogens psychedelics; mind altering drugs

Psychotropic

10% lifetime prevalence; 0% dependency

Naturally ocurring in 100s of plants, Alkaloids

Used for 1000s of years Aztecs, Mayans, etc Almost always Religious Cermony

More recently man-made (LSD, designer drugs)

I. Indolamine

Psilocybin (Magic Mushroom)

Cohoba epena, S American snuff

Bufotenine (frog skin, angry)…WEB site for ordering

Synthetic DET, 5-methoxy DMT (Cohoba) (Businessman high-short action-45 min)

Mechanism of Action

5-HT receptor agonist - hallucination, visual, cortical processing malfunction

5-HT1A receptor agonist- well being, euphoria, stops cocktail, all information equally processed-delusions, religious experience, mind expanding, one with universe, birth experience - many of changes similar to schizophrenia (Psychiatrist heavy users in 150-60).

II. Phenethylamine (amphetamine backbone)

Mescaline ,natural- peyote

- cactus

- Native American Church

Carlos Castenella- Conversations with Don Juan

Eat 5-6 buttons, vomit, get high

Designer Drugs (Shulgin) STP - Serenity, Tranquillity and Peace

MDA

MDMA - Ecatasy, more serotonin

MOA acts as dopamine and norepinephrine agonist

Nausea, Psychosis, Racing, Mania…Panic Attacks

Designers made them more 5-HTA- hallucination, mind expanding

Not 5-HT1A- Peace, insights, tranquillity, euphoria, well-being

III. LSD-Like

Rye Fungus, St Anthonys Fire-delirium, hallucinations, delusions

Caused abortions, gangrene (Effects of Vasodilation)

Ergot Alkaloids

LSM- Bananas, morning glory seeds

Synthetic Albert Hoffman, 15 - LSD5, migraine drug for Sandoz (Delysid)

MOA 5-HTA receptor (works on glutamate system, all pyramidal neurons)and Dopamine, very potent

5-HT1A receptor antagonist (Increased firing)

Hoffman and Osmond- Use in psychotherapy, alcoholism and terminal patients (accept death)

Timothy Leary- Harvard Psychologist

LSD Banned in 165

Problems Flashbacks Leaves deep memort traces

Psychosis underlying deficit

Bad Trip Loss control of situation, emotions, fear terror

Accidents Loss sense of reality

IV. Anticholinergics

V.

Natural Scopolamine, lyoscine, muscarine

Magic Mushrooms (Northern Europe), Barsarks- berserk, Vikings, Finlands- terror, rape, savage rage, feared throughout Europe

Jimson Weed, Mandrake roots (Shakespeare Witchs Brew), Deadly nightshade

MOA Hippocampus Delirium, memory loss, dementia

Amydala and Septum- Rage, violence, anger

Also euphoria and anxiety

Loss of insight

No synthetic drugs

VI. Amino-Acid Targets

Increase GABA (Main inhibitory transmitter), Decrease Glutamate (Main excitatory transmitter)

Gama-hydrozybuyrate

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Ketamine

Similar to Anticholinergics delirium, memory loss, violence, rage, lack of judgement...cortical disconnect

Major Disadvantage Violent crime, injuries

Coma, respiratory depression, DEATH

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How does Shelley evoke a sense of horror in Chapters 4 and 5 where she describes the construction and 'birth' of the creature? Do you think she was successful in awakening thrilling horror, making the reader dread to look around, curdling the blood and qu

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Mary Shelley wrote this novel in 1816, after a nightmare, when she was just 18 years old. Mary, her husband and the poet Lord Byron were snowed in inside a villa in Switzerland. They discussed ideas of scientists, God and the powers each possesses. In the nineteenth century, science was a relatively new idea but it was very controversial, as many people felt threatened by it. They decided that science was trying to overpower religion and endeavouring to shatter all Christian beliefs about life. There were ideas about how a body came to life; Christians believed God gave it a soul, and scientists considered the body solely parts linked together. This is why Frankenstein was considered a horror story, as it explored how powerful science really was and also the dangers resulting in playing God.

Shelley uses a number of techniques throughout Chapters 4 and 5 to evoke a sense of horror, including the language that is used. Victor's personal thoughts during these Chapters, give us, as readers, an insight into the mind of a man who wants to discover the cause of life and be remembered thereafter, " A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me." (p51). Also the fact that Victor recognizes himself being in a position which is at the boundary of attained scientific knowledge, and unknown theories, which could revolutionise the way scientists thought, "I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands" (p51). We are also told what Victor intends to do, "I began the creation of a human being." (p51). These thoughts shock the readers as they probably feel that no one should try and take God's place in giving life. These would have been particularly disconcerting in the Victorian era, when the 'Religion vs. Science' battle was underway. However in Chapter 5, after the creation of his 'human being', he is filled with regret as he realizes he will not be known as the first person to create a man, but a monster.

The research that Victor carries out in order to create this being is equally frightening. The descriptions are very detailed and are certainly enough to send a shiver down the spine. We are informed of how committed Victor is to his work, he says he was, "engaged, heart and soul, in the pursuit of some discoveries which I hoped to make." (p48). We can see he was devoted to his work and determined to succeed. We also learn, "Two years passed in this manner, during which I paid no visit to Geneva." (p48) This shows that he cut himself off from family, friends and even his future wife so as to complete his experiments. We also learn that not only did he spend two years straight on this project, that he also spent day and night, without sleeping, trying to figure out the cause of life," Soon (I) became so ardent and eager that the stars often disappeared in the light of morning whilst I was yet engaged in my laboratory." (p48). This gives readers the image of Victor being compared to a zombie, which is rather alarming how much time was spent doing immoral research and experiments. We also get another image, "The moon gazed on my midnight labours" (p5). As evil spirits are associated with night, particularly around midnight, it suggests he is evil and this almost compares him to a werewolf due to this night factor.

The mention of the moon also suggests that only the moon knows what he has done, as he used the cover of darkness, when people were asleep. We are told that the two years of research was full of mainly failures than successes, but Victor would not give up, "Sometimes on the brink of certainty, I failed; yet still I clung to the hope which the next day or next hour might realize." (p5). This shows how deep Victor's determination for success is, which in itself is frightening, as he would have to have done many immoral and revolting procedures in each failed experiment within that long time span. It also seems that Victor has failed to consider the consequences of his actions.

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"Now I was led to examine the cause and progress of this decay and forced to spend days and nights in vaults and charnel-houses" (p4). This is disturbing for the reader as the very thought of being in the presence of dead bodies is sickening, never mind watching and recording their decaying process. Victor says he was "forced" to research in tombs and rooms where bones were stored, when it is obvious he forced himself to visit them. This is an example of his own ambitions and obsession as he spent so much time in unnatural places. We also wonder how any sane person could cope being among the dead, but then Victor tells us, "a churchyard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of life." (p4), so we can conclude that he shut off all his emotions and his fear. It is rather horrific that Victor did not consider a graveyard as sacred or holy, but a place for materials, and those bodies to him were just parts and not deceased human beings. We can see that he has a lack of respect for the dead and possesses purely immoral thoughts.

In regards to the grave digging he carries out, he says, "I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave" (p5).

This is a disgusting image as it suggests that Victor frantically dug into the ground with his hands in order to obtain his human materials. The word "dabbled" is usually associated with sorcery, which suggests he is evil. Victor tells us he, "…tortured the living animal to animate the lifeless clay" (p5) which gives an image of him finding other creatures like worms and he disturbed their habitat just to get body parts.

Shelley gives us a horrific, detailed description of his workshop and how he hides his work from everyone on page 5, "I collected the bones from charnel-houses… I brought my work near to a conclusion". Victor acknowledges his workshop as a "slaughter-house", "dissecting room" and "my workshop of filthy creation". The fact he calls his experimental room these names suggest he's aware what he is doing is wrong and gives various disgusting images to the reader. The slaughterhouse reference makes us think of slit throats, and therefore a visual image of blood covering the laboratory. The dissecting room reference shows that he cuts up bodies for research and this makes us feel uneasy as it suggests that body parts were lying around the room, decaying naturally, and therefore giving off a nauseating smell.

We now view a different side of Victor than was seen at the beginning of the book, when he was content and respectful. Victor tells us that throughout the two years of research, "I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived that I had become; the energy of my purpose alone sustained me" (p54).

Throughout Chapter 4, we are given many images of pregnancy and birth, as the creation of the being is compared to being born. These images are not necessarily directly connected to the being's creation, sometimes with actions of Victor himself. Images of the baby growing inside the womb and the conception process are given by phrases such as, "Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil" (p5) and "I did not watch the blossom or the expanding leaves" (p5). Images of labour are given by quotes such as, "unrelaxed and breathless eagerness" making us think of giving birth and "a resistless and almost frantic impulse urged me forward" (p5), which makes us think of contractions.

The work Victor carries out is frequently referred to as labour, which suggests he considers it as painful, taxing and tiring as the labour a woman goes through. For example, "After days and nights of incredible labour and fatigue, I succeeded in discovering the cause of generation and life" (p50), "my painful labour" (p50), "inconceivable difficulty and labour" (p51) and "my labours would soon end" (p54).

We are also given images of actually giving birth, "No one can conceive the variety of feelings which bore me onwards" (p51) and "I could not tear my thoughts from my employment" (p5).

The power of pregnancy is conveyed as the being Victor brings to life is referred to a "creation", and suggests the woman is powerful as she has the ability to create a new life. This is why using all the images of pregnancy are horrific to readers as they are used in comparison with the creation process. Pregnancy is seen as a natural and wonderful experience, but in contrast Victor's creation of the being is unnatural, immoral and disturbing.

On the actual night of Victor giving the body life, the atmosphere which exists is frightening and is enough to make the reader sense something awful is going to happen as a result of Victor's ambition. We are told the date setting is "a dreary night in November" (p55) at one in the morning and that the weather was bad, "rain pattered dismally" (p55). We are also told that Victor worked almost in darkness with the exception of a "half-extinguished light" a candle. Victor later reminds us of the weather as being "dismal and wet" (p57) and when he runs out of his laboratory to avoid his creation he becomes, "drenched by the rain which fell from a black and comfortless sky." (p57).

Shelley does however leave an air of mystery as to how the creature is actually created, this is frightening as it leaves us to our own devices, and the imagination is a powerful tool which could conjure up many horrific theories as to how this deed was done. Although Shelley does suggest electricity is used in the creation process, "I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet." (p55).

The first thing the creature does when it comes to life repulses the readers and makes us feel uncomfortable, "I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open". This suggests disease as it is yellow, and also the thought of being looked at straight in the face by this creature is fear-provoking.

We must also remember what the being actually looks like. The descriptions given, with a few exceptions, describe how a baby looks after being born. On page 55-56 Victor describes his creature's physical appearance. We are told its limbs were in proportion, that it has "watery eyes" (p55) and that its complexion was "shrivelled" (p55). Here Shelley compares the being to a new born baby, which reminds the readers how unnatural and immoral Victor's action were.

We are also told the being was "of gigantic structure" (p51) and "8 foot tall" in Chapter 4, so this is reinforced on page 55. We are informed on page 55 that "his (the being's) yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath", that it had "lustrous" black hair, black lips, and "teeth of pearly whiteness". This description is repulsive in itself, and makes us feel disgusted and sick at the thought of gazing upon this being.

Victor calls his creation many things such as "wretch" (p56), "miserable monster" (p56), "catastrophe" (p55) and "hideous guest" (p5), which give us as readers an idea of how terrifying the creation's appearance is. He also tells us how he feels about the experience and how much he had previously considered this day to be a day that would live in infamy, "I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation" (p55) and how he wishes he'd never brought the body to life, "but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream had vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart" (p55).

The first thing Victor does after bringing the being to life is rushing out of the laboratory, collapsing on his bed and falling into a deep sleep. During this sleep he dreams about his fiance Elizabeth, but has a premonition of her death. This is ironic as his life could be compared to a nightmare and lets the readers decide why the dream is significant.

As soon as Victor awakens from his dream, the creature is standing over him and reaches to grab him. This is a frightening image which has also been portrayed in many other horror novels and films. It is used as it makes the audience or readers feel unsettled and occasionally they would feel the need to look behind them to ensure nothing was there that could harm them. Shelley is suggesting by this image that the creation is a living nightmare from which he cannot escape and emphasises that it will always be around. We can tell that Victor himself is afraid of the creation, firstly because he calls it hideous and ugly, and secondly due to the detailed descriptions of the physical symptoms that he experiences, "I started from my sleep with horror; a cold dew covered my forehead, my teeth chattered and every limb became convulsed" (p56). These symptoms make readers empathise with Victor and we can almost feel his fear. Victor then describes how he's feeling and the position he is in by quoting a stanza from the poem 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' on page 57. This shows that he cannot find the words to express himself and so must use the words of another. The line, "…a frightful fiend/ Doth close behind him tread" describes how Victor feels about the creation. He knows it will never leave him in peace and he will always have to look over his shoulder.

Victor then runs into his old friend that he hasn't seen since he started his research, Henry Clerval. This meeting takes Victor's mind off what has happened briefly as he feels "calm and serene joy" (p58) but this emphasises to us as readers how unusual what Victor did was and the fact he comes across a scientist who doesn't do anything like that, is a contrast. Also the fact he hasn't seen Clerval for two years emphasises how cut off from society and normality he has been. Shelley places the incident of Victor and Clerval immediately after the bringing to life of the creature to give the readers a break from the scary, unnatural descriptions. The tension steadily built up throughout the two Chapters and the meeting can be considered an anti-climax, but the tension re-surfaces as Victor proceeds to bring Clerval back to his apartment. Victor "trembled excessively" (p58) at the thought of his creation being in the apartment waiting for him when he returned. Victor walked back "with a quick pace" (p58) and he tells us "a cold shivering came over me" (p58). He also comments, "I dreaded to behold the monster, but I feared still more that Henry should see him" (p58) which conveys his emotions at that particular moment towards the prospect of the monster anticipating his return.

To add more tension to this moment, Victors tells us he "threw the door forcibly open…but nothing appeared." (p58-5) and he remarks, "I stepped fearfully in the apartment was empty and my bedroom was also freed from its hideous guest." (p5). This gives the readers a sigh of relief, but they know that the creature will return in some form. It also gives them an incentive to read on and they await events in Victor's future regarding the 'miserable monster' he has created.

In conclusion, I feel Mary Shelley achieved exactly what she set out to do. She wanted to write a story to "awaken thrilling horror one to make the reader dread to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart" (p7) and with the evidence I have gathered, I feel she has done just that mainly with the use of language and her gory, terrifying descriptions of research, creation and what the creature does once it has been given life. It is a well-written and enjoyable book with a sense of horror throughout.

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