The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,

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Islam and Modernization

Assignment no.

The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.

Question a) Give differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.

Buy custom The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, term paper

Answer a)

One of the main differences the author points out is the fact that the individuals belonging to the orthodox, strict constructionist school, emphasize on the literal translations on the Holy Texts. Their emphasis is on the "literal interpretation and application" of the word of Allah, the Quran, and the Sunnah, the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH).

Individuals part of the liberal constructionist school, on the other hand, emphasize on understanding the deeper meaning of the Holy Texts. According to the author they emphasize to "comprehend the underlying moral philosophy of Islam…" They instead of literal translation and application, look at the Texts in a more contextual sense.

Another difference lies in the debate over the original intent of Allah's commands. The orthodox constructionists believe that all the laws can be derived from the plain meaning of the Holy Text. Even though there are several verses in the Quran which may be contradicting each other, the individuals following this school of thought do little to reconcile such differences, as they believe that all the answers lie in the literal translations.

The liberal constructionists believe that the verses have to be studied with a much more in depth analysis, and they need to be enhanced with the understanding of the society at that time. According to the author, these individuals believe that "the texts do not speak unequivocally…" by this he means that the liberalists are of the opinion that the Quran speaks ambiguously and thus we cannot rely solely on the pure, literal interpretation of the Holy Texts.

Stemming from the same argument, the author points out a third difference. The liberalists, he says, believe in a comprehensive approach to the interpretation of the Texts. They propose to "recontextualize" the Texts. They believe, that in order to make the Word of Allah "…a living guide for contemporary times…" we need to look at the society at the time of the Revelations, and how it applies to us now, in the modern day. According to the liberalists, certain laws were era-specific, and need to be looked at in a different light to make it comprehensive to us now.

The traditionalists strongly believe that Allah's Word holds true, and "…good for all times and milieu." They do not believe that any law is era specific, and therefore there is no need for to recontextualize. Instead, such an approach according to them is un-Islamic. They believe that there should be no "…deviation from the historical understanding and application…" of the Law.

Question c) Give reasons why Babar feels that the 'institution of ulema' is not desirable. How would a traditionalist respond to such criticism?

Answer c)

Babar feels the ulema have been granted a "…monopoly over religious understanding and interpretation…" The author also states the fact that Islam does not allow any form of institution to "…guard or interpret the message of God." This brings us to the first criticism of the ulema. The ulema, is known to pass fatwas or opinions on the subjects of faith and interpretation. According to the author these "self-styled" ulema, do not provide any form of explanation while passing any of their fatwas. Also the authenticity of the verses maybe questioned. These opinions can very easily influence the Muslims to go against the non-Muslims, in the name of Islam. They can then use Islam as a justification for their various violent acts.

In order to rectify this problem, the ulema have been given ultimate authority on the subject of Shariah and the laws derived from it, on the basis of usul-al-Fiqh (principles used to derive Islamic Law from the Shariah.) This authority, though different from the state and Siyasa (policy), helped in reiterating the authority of the rulers by "…producing convenient interpretations in line with state policies." This led to a branching of the Shariah, and thus a potential conflict between the two. This gave the ulema an authoritative role in the process of interpretation, understanding and application of the Holy Texts while allowing the state to legitimize their actions and policies in the name of religion.

This according to the author has ultimately led to the "cognitive decay" of the modern day Islamic societies. This has been due to the vertical authoritative system put forward by the ulema. This resulted in the stifling of the individual intellect, and the individual Muslim no longer held responsibility in understanding the "eternal truth". Thus no matter what the ulema says, their word is taken as the "gospel of truth". As the author states, the Quran emphasizes the subject of individual responsibility and accountability, and the existence of the ulema discourages the very issue.

Therefore, according to the author, the ulema have been a negative influence on the Islamic societies of today. It has failed to make the understanding of Islam and its Holy Texts easier, and has failed to play a horizontal and cooperative role in the law making. It instead is rigid in its stance and questioning the ulema is like questioning the word of Allah.

Traditionalists' main argument is based on verses such as

"…if you do not know, ask the people of religion…" (17)

The "people of religion" is what the ulema claim to be. They feel that they are the most knowledgeable and pious to have authority over interpretations and application over law making from the Holy Texts. They may argue that they can certainly gauge the gravity of the problems faced by the common man, and it is only them who can pass any form of verdict or opinion. They may argue that the modern man is too engrossed in his material problems, that he is incapable of putting in adequate effort and thought to interpret and apply correctly. It is therefore the job of the ulema to play the role of the religious authority. In the end the ulema may also argue that by passing fatwas, and their authoritative role will eradicate all sorts of confusion the modern Muslim is faced with.

Question d) In your opinion, how can the differences between the liberal and traditional school of thought be bridged as regards the vision of Islam for the individual and collective life?

Answer d)

The differences of the two schools of thought, basically stem from one major fundamental difference of the interpretation and thus the application of the Holy Texts, the Quran, the Sunnah and the Shariah, to the lives of the Muslims today.

The traditionalists believe in the literal interpretation and application of the texts. They believe that the Words of Allah, and His Prophet (PBUH), transcend through space and time. They are unchanging, and apply universally despite the differences in the society and the times. They according to Lone, believe in adhering to "…the principle of interpreting Islam without any foreign influence."

The liberalists on the other hand, believe in the fact that some of the commands given by the Almighty were era specific, and thus the Holy Texts should be interpreted through the historic context, and we should reinterpret them to make them applicable today. As Naim in his article 'Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns', says

"The most that shariah could do… in that historical context…"

And again in the following paragraph;

"…shariah…was justified by the historical context, it ceases to be so justified in the present drastically different context."

Therefore this school of thought refuses to "adhere to and apply literal dictates" basing them on historical context. (Babar)

The traditionalists' main argument lies in the fact that Quran is it self explanatory, and if there is a conflict then we may turn to the Sunnah, the sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). As Imam Ibn Taymiyyah mentions in his article 'How Tafseer is Performed';

"…the best way is to explain the Qur'aan through the Qur'aan. For, what the Qur'aan alludes to at one place is explained at the other, and what it says in brief on one occasion is elaborated upon at the other. But if this does not help you, you should turn to the sunnah, because the sunnah explains and elucidates the Qur'aan." (Taymiyyah, 1)

This is further supported by the following verse;

We have sent down to you the book in truth that you may judge between men, as Allaah guides you; so don't be an advocate for those who betray their trust. [Al-Qur'aan, 4105] (Taymiyyah, 1)

Also;

So set your … There is no altering (the laws) of Allahs creation. …" [Surat Al-Rum0] (Idris, 140)

This therefore supports the view of the traditionalists', that we should only look at the Words of Allah and His Prophet's, without any questioning, and that His laws are immutable.

Therefore in a nutshell the main idea behind the disagreement between the two thoughts is whether or not our present day lives and laws should be dealt literally with regard to the Shariah, or whether the Shariah needs to be rebuilt.

Enver Masud in his article 'Shariah or Islamic Law' defines Shariah as;

"... [Islamic jurists] recognized such a conceptual separation and divided the body of Shariah rules into two categories religious observances and worldly matters. The first,... they observed to be beyond the scope of modification. The second [subject to interpretation] covers the following…" (Masud)

According to him the second category involves criminal law, family law and transactions. Therefore I believe that there are certain aspects of the Shariah that have to be followed without questioning. But also on the other hand there are certain aspects such as those regarding to slavery, women's issues and the issue of non-Muslims. (An-Naim)

The traditionalists could argue to Masud's opinion by regarding those who act in such a way, would be bound to engage in secularism. This implies that for them religion is only a matter of private life and discourages any form of religious intervention in our public lives.

This may not hold true, as what the modernists believe is to reinterpret the existing laws so that they can make current laws in accordance with Islamic understanding. The traditionalists in this context should try and look at things more objectively, and should be prepared to listen to the various points of view put forward by other learned and modern scholars. Debate should be welcomed but within certain boundaries so as to reach a proper conclusion as to what and how should the laws and the Texts be applicable today. Also we know that the Prophet advocated the use of our own intellect in matters where the Quran or the Sunnah may not be able to give adequate answers. We also know that the primary sources of law are the Quran and the Sunnah, thus without the interpretation of these, the Muslim community would be a lost soul. It is also true that pure literal translation can not in come subjects stand on its own, for which we do require the Sunnah, and if that is not adequate we need to delve deeper into the meanin and the contexts od the various Texts. We thus come to the subject of Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtehad, which is collective thinking, and debate. This is necessary for the Modern day Muslim, where both the schools need to sit together and realize their differences, their drawbacks, and discuss within the boundaries of the Quran. We obviously cannot change the law according to our whims and fancies, but there are certain aspects which can be delved into so that we may apply it to our modern day problems.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

• An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed; "Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Idris, Dr. Ja'far Sheikh; "Secularism and Moral Values" Islaam. Rabii Awal17, 140. Gulf Times. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

• Lone, Amar Ellahi; "The Sacred and the Secular." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Masud, Enver; "Shariah or Islamic Law." The Wisdom Fund. Visited on May 1, 00

• Sattar, Babar; "The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Taymiyyah, Imam Ibn; "How Tafseer is Performed." Islaam 1. Al-Hidaayah. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

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Managerial problems - lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally.

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Managerial problems, such as the case study, stem from a range of hidden problems within the company.

These range from lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally. Diversity is a key issue in the ninetys workplace because of the mosaic of people within a broad range of age groups, diverse backgrounds, with different skills, needs and expectations. Fritz, the supervisor had made a personal agreement with Gary regarding working on Saturdays. Fritz recognised the importance of religion to Gary, and that if Gary's need was satisfied ideally his work would be more productive. Gary displayed his commitment to his work by working Saturdays when necessary, as well as his appreciation by offering to work Sundays at Saturday rates. Fritz failed to inform employee relations, and later , Phil, of this agreement. Phil felt his authority was threatened when Gary refused his request to work the following Saturday. Gary, when pushed by Phil, became defensive and not surprisingly refused to work. Suzy was requested to aid in the discussion, but she was not all supportive with the suggestion to fire Gary. This problem may reach its optimal outcome by following a rational problem solving guide as well as investigating how to manage diversity in the workplace.

Workplace diversity is obviously a key issue in this case study. To manage workplace diversity efficiently means creating an inclusive environment that values and utilises the contributions of people of different backgrounds, experiences and perspectives. Diversity relates to a range of variants such as age, gender, ethnicity, religious belief, cultural background, sexual orientation, language and family background. It also incorporates other aspects such as education level, work experience, socio-economic background, personality profile, marital status, geographic location, and whether or not one has carer responsibilities. In reference to the case study this means that the workplace structures, systems and procedures need to assist employees to balance their work and family responsibilities effectively. Vast diversity has produced positive and negative consequences. Diversity sometimes threatens harmony and understanding, as well as co-operation and productivity. However positive results of diversity include increased creativity, enhanced productivity through collaborative problem solving and synergy with multilevel experience sharing. Successful management of diversity in the workplace involves a range of employment practises such as job-sharing, part time work, flexitime and other flexible practices so individuals can manage their family and other commitments alongside their work commitments.

To begin, it is important to seek a plan of action on how to solve the problem. In assessing the problem following Whetten's flowchart, it is a problem able to be solved rationally rather than creatively. The outcomes are predictable, there appears to be sufficient information present and the means-ends connection is relatively clear. Rational problem solving is only useful when the problems are relatively straightforward, alternatives are readily available and when a clear standard of judgement exists against which to judge the correctness of a solution. This falls into the category of "computational problems" of which the main tasks are to gather information, generate alternatives and make an informed choice. However the case study is not strictly a "computational problem", as it involves the complex task of managing diversity.

Custom writing service can write essays on Managerial problems - lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally.

The first priority is to define the problem and specify underlying causes. These appear to be Fritz's failure to communicate with the relevant people about his agreement with Gary, resulting in Gary being underpaid for his work on Sundays. Fritz has followed the natural tendency to select the first reasonable solution that comes to mind Whetten citing March and Simon 158). Phil has not acknowledged the importance of religion to Gary. Suzy , as an employee relations officer does not appear to be well trained. Suzy's offering of advice that "we could fire him if we wanted to..." highlights her lack of knowledge in this area. Suzy definitely needs diversity training. Diversity training teaches people to respect and respond to the diverse requirement and needs of different individuals.

It needs to be examined why Gary should be allowed time off for religion. Gary's desire to practise his religion needs to be supported by the company. Hereit (et al. 1715, cited in Fulop 1 84) research in the UK of the ideals that both employees and organisational representatives deemed to be the "organisational obligations." Both the employee and organisational group believed that "Need - allowing time off to meet personal or family needs" are of importance, and had similar statistics of 5.77% and 4.88% respectively. This highlights the need for Gary to practise his religion, which appears to play a large role in his life. It is therefore not surprising that Gary, when questioned by Phil, was not willing to be flexible, nor maintain his commitment about working the following Saturday. This could be described as a "Violation." (Fulop 1; 86 citing Morrison and Robinson 17; 0 -1.) Fulop defines violation as " the emotional or affective state or experience that can also accompany one's belief that there has been a failure by the organisation to fulfil a psychological contract." According to Morrison and Robinson, "violation creates feelings that involve disappointment, frustration and distress stemming from the perceived failure to receive something." It is therefore a high priority that Gary not be left feeling violated, in order to be a productive member of the company.

The consistency of company policy needs to be monitored more closely. Gary had discovered that a relative of the same religion, an executive in the same company had reached some type of agreement to allow him to practise his religion on Saturdays. This agreement had actually been made to make it easier for Gary's uncle to have access to his religion. To Gary it may appear that his Uncle received special treatment because he was an executive, and Gary's desire not treated as important because he is a process engineer.

The second step in rational problem solving is to generate alternative solutions. This would involve a meeting with Phil, Fritz, Gary and Suzy, with ideally all parties suggesting alternatives that are consistent with the goals that Gary still be employed, have access to his religion and complete all work. Short term and long term alternatives must be discussed. It is important to consider that Gary is an inexperienced trainee who currently needs more time for planning. Therefore in the long term will not need as much time for efficient planning and as a result not required to work as much on weekends. However in the short term he will still be required to do so. Although the arrangement will have to allow for both the long and short term solutions.

A solution needs to be evaluated and the alternative selected. Gary needs to practise his religion and should not be disadvantaged because the day of worship is a Saturday. It is important to remember that calendars are based upon the Christian and Catholic religion, which recognises Sunday of a day of rest and worship. Continuing on that note, the company should agree to allow Gary to have the majority of Saturdays off. If he has not completed the planning for the week, he should be given the opportunity to complete it on Sundays. However, if Gary will need the whole weekend to complete his work, if absolutely necessary, Gary will need to work on a Saturday. This should not exceed one Saturday a month, thereby still allowing Gary the majority of Saturdays off. This policy of allowing time off for religious and family needs should be extended for all within the company whether it be executives or process engineers. It is a priority that the company show flexibility for issues of personal importance such as religion. Suzy, in employee relations will need to be informed of the decision in order to use this case as a precedent. She would benefit from more training on diversity and in general improving employee relations. The main effects of this decision may be that Gary works overtime during the week , or harder to complete his planning on time. This could in fact be an incentive. It is to be hoped that Gary will feel pleased with this decision and remain loyal and committed to the company. As a result of these feelings will work obliging on Saturdays when necessary. Phil will perhaps be somewhat annoyed at this decision, but he may need to revise his view of diversity, and policies to ensure a committed and positive workplace. The side effects will be that Gary earns double rates for Sundays rather than one and half rates for Saturdays, therefore earns a higher salary. Another side effect is perhaps more employees will request more leave for religion or family needs. This is part of improving the management of diversity, by acknowledging and accommodating these needs.

The final step in rational problem solving is to implement and follow up on solution. The solution should be discussed with Suzy, Gary, Phil and Fritz.. Fritz has agreed to work the next Saturday , and the solution should be brought in for the following week. Everyone involved should be given opportunities for feedback. Perhaps scheduling a meeting a month later to discuss whether or not the solution is proving effective, and suggestions for any improvements. An improved method of communication, and consistency of company policy should also be investigated. It is a good idea that the company review all of its policies in regard to diversity management. This involves a commitment from top management downwards with a spectrum of initiatives such as diversity training programs, employee support groups, recognising and allowing for family and religious needs, communication standards, and perhaps even a manager accountable for diversity management success within the company.

The management of diversity in the workplace is by no means easy and straight forward. However with communication and understanding diversity can intervene in situations involving potential discrimination, such as the case study of Gary. Gary's need to practise his religion needed to be acknowledged, and his workload flexible to allow him to pursue this whilst still maintaining his commitment to the company. Diversity management involves commitment and support for flexible practices and approaches to working which respond to the various needs of working individuals. It is to be hoped that the solution would serve as an example of recognition and support of diversity. By which it is enabling individuals to make full use of diverse talents, work schedules and experiences they bring with them to the workplace.

Bibliography

1. Australian Public Service Commissioner last updated Feb. 6th, 18.

(http;//www.psc.gov.au/publications8/managingdiversity.htm)

. Balkin, B. And Cardy R. (18) Managing Human Resources (Second Edition) Pittsburgh, USA. Prentice Hall Publishing.

. Cox Jr, Taylor and Beale, Ruby L. (17) Developing Competency to Manage Diversity; Readings, Cases and Activities, Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc., San Francisco, California. (CASE STUDY)

4. Diane Bailey Associates (DBA), Training Design Consultancy last updated August th, 1. Lancs, England. ( http//www.dba.co.uk/diverse.htm)

5. Fulop, l. Linstead, S. (1) Management, A Critical Text. South Yarra (where is that?), Macmillan Education Australia

6. Module by Ella L. J. Edmonson Bell, Ancona, D. Kochan, T. Scully, M. Van Maanen, J. Dr Westney, E. ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (16) Managing for the Future, Organisational Behaviour and Processes, Managing Cultural Diversity, Ohio, USA, South Western College Publishing - An International Thomson Publishing Co

7. Linstead, S, Grafton Small, R, Jeffcutt, P. (16) Understanding Management, London, Sage Publications Ltd.

8. Kyambalesa, H.(1) Business Innovation and Competitiveness in the Developing World. Aldershot, England, Avebury.

. Sitterly, C. (11) Learning Guide to Accompany Kossen The Human Side to Organisations, New York, HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

10. Smith, B.(Ed) (1) Management Development in Australia, Marrackville NSW, Harcourt Brace Jonavich Group Pty Ltd.

11. Whetten, D. Cameron, K. (11) Developing Management Skills (Second Edition)New York, HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

1. Australian Public Service Commissioner last updated Feb. 6th, 18.

(http;//www.psc.gov.au/publications8/managingdiversity.htm)

1. Worthington, L. "Workplace Diversity" last updated 18th Jan, 1.

"http;//www.lworthington.com/managemnt/wpdurst.htm

Please note that this sample paper on Managerial problems - lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Managerial problems - lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Managerial problems - lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Globalization and the United States

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Part 1

Introduction

Globalization is about worldwide economic activity

As all of you know, globalization is about open markets; competition and the free flow of goods, services, capital and knowledge. In other words, the world as we know it is getting increasingly smaller with the advancement of technology, i.e.- the Internet, and planes and soon to come out, telecommunication over the Internet, but that's another story. Because of this technology people around the world are more connected than ever to spread new ideas.

Information technologies are the key driver of globalization, they open up a huge potential for greater efficiency through e-commerce, the Internet and the instantaneous delivery of information anywhere in the world, at any time. They also provide greater access to information and knowledge, THEY are the raw materials of innovation, and spread the free flow of information from all sources, which authoritarian regimes cannot stop even if they wanted to. Technology and innovation cut costs to the direct benefit of consumers. Some view it as a process that is beneficiala key to future world economic developmentand also inevitable and irreversible.

Yes this is globalization, but what is the role of the US They are the big brother, they are the ones who can prosper without global trading…it is the developing countries that truly depend on the United States

Kevin A. Hassett and James K. Glassman explain that

Rarely in history has one nation been as dominant in the world economy as the United States is today. The U.S. (GDP) -- exceeded $10 trillion in 00. Thats greater than the total GDP of the next five countries combined. All told, the United States, with 1/0th of the worlds population, accounts for one-third of the worlds output and, last year, more than three-fifths of its growth.

The U.S. economy is so large that its metropolitan areas produce more than entire countries. For example, in 00, Chicago had about the same GDP as Australia. Boston had the same as Taiwan; Dallas, the same as Saudi Arabia; San Francisco, Hong Kong; and Milwaukee, Pakistan.

Its only natural that such a dominant position can sometimes provoke envy and anger from other nations, but the truth is that economics is not a zero-sum game. In a world that is tied together by trade, the United States wins when other nations prosper -- and other nations win when the United States prospers.

The notion that wealthy countries and big businesses are the main beneficiaries of global free trade is flat-out nonsense. The United States could continue to prosper if it backed away from the world-trade stage. Even if it stopped trading altogether, the United States would continue to enjoy a high standard of living, with a GDP of more than $0,000 per person. Americas lifestyle might slip from 00 levels to mid-10s levels. Thats all. But if trade stops or even slows down, developing countries would be devastated. No longer would citizens be able to get quality goods at bargain prices. No longer would smaller nations be able to increase their markets on a vast scale.

But the United States understands the responsibilities that come with being the worlds largest economy.

Does the US take advantage of their position?

They must be if sweatshops exist, I mean, why do they exist

US Companies Profit From Chinese Sweatshops

By Jim Lobe, IPS, 1 March 18

WASHINGTON, Mar 1 (IPS) - U.S. clothing and footware companies, which import more than 15 billion dollars a year in Chinese-made goods, are profiting from sub-contractors whose mainly young, female workers toil in sweatshop conditions, according to a new report released here.

The report, which covers 1 factories in China, found that the foreign-financed boom in southern China is being fuelled by poorly-educated women from rural areas, who are unaware of their legal rights and forced to work up to 1-hours-a-day, seven days a week - for as little as 1 cents an hour.

Working conditions in China actually violate Chinas own labour law and internationally recognised worker rights, as well as U.S. coprorate codes of conduct, according to Charles Kernaghan, director of the National Labour Committee (NLC) which released the report Wednesday.

Yet the workers - whose conditions approach indentured servitude - have no independent unions, human rights, womens or religious organisations to protect them, and US companies take advantage of their vulnerability, said Kernaghan.

Kernaghan used the release of the report, Made in China Behind the Label, to launch a national campaign to press these companies, which include some of the US most fashionable labels, to fully disclose the conditions under which their merchandise is being produced.

The public has a right to know in what countries and in what factories American corporations are producing and under what human and labour rights conditions, he said.

Several Democratic lawmakers have pledged to push for legislation this year that would ensure greater disclosure(discovery). The bottom line is that the American people should not, unknowingly, be purchasing products made in sweatshops, said Rep. Bernie Sanders.

Named in the report are such companies as Ralph Lauren, Ann Taylor, Kathie Lee, Wal-Mart, Liz Claiborne, Esprit, J.C. Penney, The Limited, and K-Mart. Most of these firms maintain that they monitor factories where their merchandise is made, but investigators from the Hong Kong-based Asian Monitor Resource Centre and China Labour Bulletin found evidence of widespread, unregulated subcontracting among the sector of foreign, privately- owned factories booming in the south of China.

These factories operate in climate of secrecy, according to the report, often with no signs posted and frequently not even listed in business directories.

American companies are actually lowering standards in China as they shift their production from publicly-owned factories in the north to private, foreign-owned sweatshops in the south, slashing wages in the process, eliminating benefits, imposing excessive mandatory overtime hours, and tolerating widespread arbitrary firings and unsafe factory and living conditions, said Kernaghan.

In the Liang Shi Handbag Factory, which makes Kathie Lee handbags, for example, a work week consists of seven 10-hour days for wages as low as 1 cents an hour, according to the report. The factory has no fire exits and workers are housed in dirty, cramped dormitories, five to a room. After paying for one weeks worth of food and lodging, workers are left with only .44 dollars.

In the Yeu Yein Factory, which makes Nike and Addidas shoes, 50,000 to 60,000 young women ages 18 to work six or seven days a week, 10 to 1 hours a day, for 1 cents an hour, the report said. In some cases, workers living in factory-built dormitories are subject to constant surveillance.

Independent unions are illegal in China where, according to Sally Chun of China Labour Bulletin, workers lack minimum social guarantees and ...are subject to government repression and violence when they voice their demands.

She and Apo Leong of the Resource Centre expressed scepticism about the effectiveness of US corporate codes of conduct which have become more widespread in recent years, in part because of publicity generated about apparel-making sweatshops discovered in Central America and the Caribbean by Kernaghans NLC.

In an open letter to the White Houses Apparel Partnership, Kernaghan called for an immediate review of factory working conditions in China for their compliance with international standards and a ban on unregulated subcontracting. He also called for companies to ensure that their codes of conduct are posted in subcontracting factories and that human and worker rights groups are given access to workers.

The Partnership, which consists of six rights groups, two labour unions, and eight companies, including several of those named in the new report, has spent more than a year negotiating the mandate of an association that would certify companies compliance with a tough code of conduct. Such a certification would then permit them to tag their merchandise with a No Sweat label.

The Partnership has agreed to the elements of such a code, which includes virtually all of the demands put forward by Kernaghan, according to its co-chair, Linda Golodner, who is president of the National Consumers League.

The Partnership still has to work out details on what constitutes a living wage and how the code should deal with countries, like China, which do not permit freedom of association. Once these matters are resolved, it hopes that most other companies in the apparel and shoe industry will join the effort.

This reports poses a lot of very important questions for the companies and our own government to look at, said Golodner told IPS. She noted that Washington has done nothing to discourage companies from investing in China, despite the absence of workers rights there. This needs to be looked at very seriously, she added.

At the Tianjin Yuhua Garment Factory in China a young woman earns cents an hour. For over 60 hours a week she sews clothing to be sold in Wal-Mart stores across the U.S. She works in a sweatshop, but the profit margins from her sweat are not enough for some. Soon she may be laid off, as Wal-Mart moves its contract to a privately owned factory in the south of China with less regulations and even lower wages. There, Wal-Mart's contractors can pay workers as low as 1 cents an hour to sew the same garments. Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the world. They control almost 15 percent of the US retail market. And selling goods made in sweatshops helped their 18 revenue rise to $11 billion$4 billion more than Canada's 18 revenue.

Those who are accused of exploiting workers to maximize profits often respond by calling sweatshops an unfortunate, but necessary evil of economic growth and free markets. Claims are made that sweatshops are the only way to meet consumers demand for low-cost goods and that they provide jobs that otherwise would not exist.

And yet, sweatshops are not inevitable. They are not a necessary by-product of economic growth or the intended outcome of some dangerous force in the economic universe. They are the result of corporations single-mindedly seeking the fattest bottom line. This race to the bottom line squeezes out savings and profits at every level, but ultimately, from the sweat of the workers squeezed at the bottom of the cycle.

These factors drive demand for sweatshops Corporate greed U.S. and manufacturers have found that they no longer need to operate their own factories. In a world virtually free of borders, they look for subcontractors in countries where regulations are weak and labor and operating costs are lowest.

International policies

Governments, international trade regulatory agencies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank and other foreign lenders create international trade laws and lending policies requiring developing nations to bolster their economies by creating export industries regardless of implications for social justice and environmental sustainability. And Third World countries desperately need the foreign money. But these policies have created a excess of manufacturing plants and plantations (often in countries with poorly developed labor and environmental laws), which allows U.S. corporations to dictate their purchase prices.

More specifically

ESPN Exposes NIKE

On April , ESPNs Outside the Lines ran an hour-long show on Nike and Reebok sweatshop abuses in Vietnam.

The crew also interviewed a 5-year-old female worker who - just a week prior - was grabbed around the collar and hit on the head by a male Korean guard as she departed a Nike factory during a shift change.

Some of the problems at the sneaker factories appear to be caused by language barriers. Many of the supervisors speak little or no Vietnamese. And some of them prefer a militaristic approach in dealing with workers.

When asked to account for these instances of abuse, Nike executive Tom Clarke kept talking about these events being taken out of context. He failed to explain what sort of context might justify physically abusing workers.

Aside from the physical harm in these sweatshops workers have to deal with ridiculous conditions

Workers in the Nike and Reebok factories breath a toxic mix of chemicals with only useless cotton masks for protection. Dara ORourke, an environmental consultant for the United Nations and human rights activist who has visited several Vietnamese shoe factories, says Wearing a cotton mask to protect yourself against hazardous solvents is like wearing flip-flops in the NBA, she said. It just doesnt work.

Nike says that it is working with its subcontractors to offer an environment that protects the workers health and safety. Health concerns were raised, however, when an inspection report that was prepared for Nike was leaked in November to the New York Times. Ernst & Young found that workers at one factory were exposed to a chemical that exceeded legal standards by 177 times in parts of the plant and that 77 percent of the employees suffered from respiratory problems. Although Nike says those readings are impossible, it was Nikes own accounting firm, Ernst & Young, which documented the readings.

There are other people that oppose world integration because they feel that it is another way of saying Americanization

Have you heard the word Americanization? In the early 100s Americanization meant taking new immigrants and turning them into Americans...whether they wanted to give up their traditional ways or not.

Critics now say globalization is nothing more than the imposition of American culture on the entire world. In fact, the most visible sign of globalization seems to be the spread of American burgers and cola to nearly every country on earth.

Even globalization champions like Thomas Friedman see it. In a recent column describing why terrorists hate the United States, Friedman wrote

...globalization is in so many ways Americanization globalization wears Mickey Mouse ears, it drinks Pepsi and Coke, eats Big Macs, does its computing on an IBM laptop with Windows 8. Many societies around the world cant get enough of it, but others see it as a fundamental threat.

Please note that this sample paper on Globalization and the United States is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Globalization and the United States, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Globalization and the United States will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Stemz

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on stemz. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality stemz paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in stemz, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your stemz paper at affordable prices!

stemz, lack of everything

yes yes i know i am prolly the laziest person i earth and it shows with the lack of updates on this site. I keep promising that im gunna put shit up and i always put it off until later then i usually dotn do it or wait like days. Well its not all my fault, i do gotta life now. Im not like most webmasters who sit at there computer all day and devote there life to there website and jacking off. Well on friday i chilled with ed and britney that was pretty chill. today i went to the New jersey devils game (big fan). and watched the devils kick the shit outa the senators 5-. I made it on TV prolly with my h4x0r hat cuz i was right behind the net. The ride to newjersey is a bitch but i guess it was worth it. tonite i aint sure wut im doing. I have neglected to call carmen in the past couple days cuz she lives like 40 mins from me and another sign of my laziness shows. I promise ill snap outa this laziness spree soon and everything will be up. Well acutally i take that back, i dont PROMISE but ill do my best. ganja good job with all ur posting and same you joe. Feel free to send me some freestyles u wanna make and ill gladly upload it for u. I think its about that time when i gotta call carmen or else im gunna waste my saturday night and i really gotta tap that ass. pz

posted on 05/17/0

Order custom research paper on stemz

ganja, the Kamo Diss lyrics

R KELLY LYRICS

Ignition (Remix)

Now,um,usually I dont do this but uh....

Go head on and break em off wit a lil preview of the remix....

No Im not tryin to be rude,

But hey goofy kid you smell crude

The way you do the things you do

Remind me of a big fat poop

Thats why you need some mouth wash

You wish you had my mustache

You must be a lump a dog shit

The way you attractin flys quick

So nick get deodorant

And some crest tooth paste

brushin your teeth once a week

wont go to waste

While they say on the radio...

This is the remix to ignition

Hot and fresh out the kitchen

Nick smellin like shit

you know you have a big furry clit

7th grade science you are dumb

Im like wow what a bum

Its the freakin weekend kid

and that dick in ya mouths about to cum

Shower Shower Shower Shower Shower Shower Shower

Bathe Bathe Bathe

Now its like ya nose is getting bigger

Gap clothes you're a wigger

Privacy is on the door

Gay porn you screamin fa more

Nick I know what you thinkin

No more hopin and wishin

Im bout to pay the doc so

you can get that beak a fixin

So nick get deodorant

And some crest tooth paste

brushin your teeth once a week

wont go to waste

While they say on the radio...

This is the remix to ignition

Hot and fresh out the kitchen

Nick smellin like shit

you know you have a big furry clit

7th grade science you are dumb

Im like wow what a bum

Its the freakin weekend kid

and that dick in ya mouths about to cum

Add some feathers and two wings Ill call you a bird

the only other kid whose nose

is bigger is Pollina, werd

We can fix that honker of yours

just give me a chance

ya shits taller than the iffel tower monument in france

Then after the surgery its the (ER lobby)

And after the lobby its the (shnoz party)

Because without your nose you wont kill nobody

You suck because you still smell like a dirty potty

So nick get deodorant

And some crest tooth paste

brushin your teeth once a week

wont go to waste

While they say on the radio...

This is the remix to ignition

Hot and fresh out the kitchen

Nick smellin like shit

you know you have a big furry clit

7th grade science you are dumb

Im like wow what a bum

Its the freakin weekend kid

and that dick in ya mouths about to cum

This is the remix to ignition

Hot and fresh out the kitchen

bro you betta do something quick

man I really am wishin

Ya breath smells like dung

Makes me wanna turn and run

Its the freakin weekend kid

but It makes me wanna shoot myself with a gun

Invizible out a this bitch

Take my advice

Brush ya teeth Wash ya head

You dirty kid, that how you got lice

Listen to this

and you might get some chicks without dicks

posted on 05/14/0

ganja, Well I am Sick

Sick as a motha fucka and this is madd weak cuz I jus finished coughin up one of my lungs. If y ou wanna see pics of it Ill send them to you. Anyways I feel like shit and Im without any energy but I get some benefits because Im about to go watch Cool Runnings~ Illest jamaican bobsled team around. I hope stem and everyone is having a grand old time in school while Im sittin at home juz chillin. Invizible Iz werkin on a new track and I have the preview, kinda shitty but its gonna rip the shit out of all the old shit you can find it at soundclick.com/bands/invizibleemcees. Yeh Im madd tyred of gay girls so if there are any reall women who aint fuccin tricks who are seein this Email me for mah pic. Oh by the way... Im gonna be DJing at the Massapequa or Rosyln Jewish Community Centers party this saturday if anyone wanna come check what Im spinnin feel free to ask me about it. Hopefully by the time Ill be buggin out. If not, Then that night me an stem gonna parrtay.

Aight Im boutta go watch that Flick.

~Ganja

One lass note, Im going to be on Jury duty tonight in the 5th precinct for gettin arrested in November or sumthin. This is gonna be funny shit because when I went to the peer court It was a fuckin joke aight payze

posted on 05/14/0

stemz, kickin it

well well well, what it is now niggas. The site is moving along as planned and things are goin smoothly. This weekend was pretty sick. I chilled with some firends on friday and fucked around by the movies, almost got caaught (more details will be in the weed story section). Saturday i cabbed to islip to see my carmen grins and chill with my cousin. I was mad pissed at my fmaily thouygh they were ditchin me all weekend and i was left on my own to get my own rides with cabs or friends. Anyway chillen with carmen on saturday was the best part of my weekend wont go into too much detials but it was a good time. Sunday was my chill day i stayed home for the most part and rode around a lil bit cuz i got a lil bored. Im gettin my permit in a couple months so thats gunna be hot i wont have to steal my dads car in order to get around or bum rides off firends. well ima go now ill add some shit tonite aftet i get back form anger management pZ.

posted on 05/1/0

ganja, well now we got some new sections up

So feel free to drop somethin because Weed stories are the best. An I got many many many of them So I shall be posting them eventually. Me and Stem Own J00bies. Oh by the way Heads up on Cannibus flavored toothpicks Supposedly they are the shit. Anyways .. . . If you wanna hear the Kamo diss go to this Tha Diss

~Ganja Has Spoken~

posted on 05/1/0

immature, mothers day..

mothers day... yeeaaaah mhm... sounds exciting dosent it.. for some reason mothers get their own very special day where u have to rush ur ass all over the place just to make em happy on mothers day... hmm i say FUCK THAT.. wheres my day i dont see no... Josephs Day so fuckit... today was pretty borin i went to sleep at about eight in the god dam mornin.. it was nice and light out by the time i went to sleep... i hadda wake up at like since i had company coming over for this day which was pretty boring.. i sat up here all day playing diablo wo0ot... i pwn at that game ) . I cant wait till the freestyle section comes up or comes back up ill be posting my rhymes up there like fuckin crazy.. even though i do suck pretty bad..... (im white) fuuuuuck - not fair. well im going on the phone wit some hot chick now. late snooties

im finished with this mutha fuckin post

you dont like it keep it shut or youll fuckin roast

posted on 05/11/0

stemz, okkk

yo were back again and ill be more in detailed later tomarrow in flex but for now just know that we are backkkkk.

posted on 05/11/0

immature, wo0rd?

ahhh wooord.... i guess ill post about an exciting day i had yesterday.. woke up at coreys house fuckin was bored so i called katie to go driving..... we went to this kid dennis house and i started driving (i didnt even have my permit wimme) so he jumps on the roof like an idiot and i go drivin wit him on it..... i made him bobble all over the fuckin place so i went on and let him drive. he takes a quick ass turn and my ass comes splatting onto the fuckin concrete... god dam.. splat well before i even had gotten up the neighbor called me a fucking idiot... and called the cops so i bounced i was all fucked up... i fucked up my wrist bad.. i have cuts on my elbwos knees and my rib nasty shit... o well man it was fuckin worth it ;] my mom thought i got shot haha stupid bitch late )

i fell off a fucking car roof

by the time i got up the car went poof

stupid muthas fuckas just drove away

they didnt even have nuttin ta say

cuts from my arms to legs

alls we were tryin to do was deliver those eggs

i fucked up my whole rist

now im fucking pissed

im sittin here wit a fuckin brace

start some shit and youll get punched in the fuckin face

my cripple freestyle 05-04-0

posted on 05/05/0

stemz, tisk tisk tisk

Hmmp... long ass weekend. Long yet fun. I guess i needed to recover from the field trip and there wasnt much to do cept chill at the house or with carmen. Both, i guess, were pretty sick. I started crackin aims again and i picked up my new aim antwan since aol raped me in the ass, suspending just about everything i owned. So if you wanna find me ill be at the aim antwan. Ill prolly get some of my old aims back after they were reset cuz i got most of them protected. But im really pissed cuz im not gunna get tony back. Being that tony is my name i wanted it over anything. I got it for like weeks and it was keep getting reset and shit but i kept getting it back. But aol smartened up and slapped a nice big permawarn on my sn so i couldnt sign on aim with it i could only sign on AIMchange. So i wasnt able to keep the emails pending so i eventually lost it. Anyway who gives a fuck about aims they mean nothign right? Really im not a fag who sits home and calls in names and runs his cracker just to get some leets. I used to like have nice sns but now i really dont care. I just wanted a couple that have my name in it. I updated the index page a lil bit added a couple for features and gave some more of the pages a nice tune up. All im really concerned about now is the files, i really have no where to keep them and since i have cable internet its a bitch point five to run a server off one of my shitty comps. Well im in flex now with my person flex and im bored as a mother fucker i took a break from this post times to play BS (which i lost all three times). I guess life is getting a bit better since it cant quite get worse from where i was at. Ima go now since the period is almost over and i gotta go visit someone - pz and love

posted on 05/05/0

stemz, niggas and bitches

Good stuff going on around this peace so far. Ill start with the bad though, it seems that i cannot find people that are gunna post with me constantly like i wood like them too. I wish i can get it back to the stemz.net days where it was me and klear bitchin everyday at this. Now im lucky to post times a week at best. Im asking around for all my friends (on/off line) to help me out but so far i havnt got many people that wanna help out. Its really not that hard all im askin is for is a simple post like - times a week. but anyway here is the good news, i put up alota jokes and the hosting section is now back so quick and jump on that while its hot. Im still working on content and the downloads section on almost but not quite done. someone please send me some jokes cuz i need some funny ones and ill give yoh full credit if u get me a hot one. I might be putting a up a contest like i did on my first site cuz that brough me alota hits so ill look into that only this time i dunno wut i want the contest to be. Lots of work to be done and ill slowly get there and eventually this site is gunna be the hottest e/n site out there cuz of its originality and the other shit thatll be goin on around here. Hmm well last night i chill with my latin princess carmen and my lord that was a fucking good time. Maybe it wood be a bit explict to mention the particulars but maybe one day ill share a bit more. im so not into my school anymore (not that i really ever was). Everyone is so gay in my school , sooooo immature. Thats why latly ive been finding that im having some great times chillin with carmens crew. Maybe ill find more chill peeps next year but till then im fine with where im at. i think im gunna take a cab to carmens cuz i got some leftover money from my shitty trip to cape cod so im outa here. pz and love

posted on 05/0/0

stemz, aite

Well this is the third time i am trying to post cuz when the server got hacked and the everything was lost i didnt save a copy of the my news program shit so i guess ill start this shit over. heres the scoop tho, i gotta new staff member (joey) and he is gunna be chippin in around here with like the shit he did with the nav and posting cuz that is wut i hear is his speciality. I just got back today from the worst fucking field trip in the whole history of fucked up trips. I picked up a nice fat suspension during the trip so monday ill prolly be stickin around. I cant believe summer is here so soon and this summer is gunna be sick. Im plannin to be goin alota places. damn i cant wait to chill with carmen this weekend smerks that i know will take my mind off my shitty week for at least a little while. im trying to think of shit to put on here and me and me and a couple people are gunna make a pranks sections since we do it alot anyway. along with the apps section im gunna be including cuz i found a host that will take my shit so i think this site is gunna be kicking it at the most is like a month or so i can prolly get it up in one night if i really cared that much. but i got much better things to do. im fuckin tired niggas so ill catch yall in the AM. pz and love

posted on 05/0/0

Please note that this sample paper on stemz is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on stemz, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on stemz will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Ford vs. Firestone

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Ford vs. Firestone. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Ford vs. Firestone paper right on time.

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The two companies I chose for this assignment were Ford Motor Company and Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc. Despite the fact that the two companies operate in different industries, they complement each other very well. The reason why I chose Ford Motor Company was because they are thought of as leaders in their industry for total quality management. The minute I decided to use Ford Motor Company as one of my companies, the Firestone tire recall of August 000 was the first thing that popped into my head. Because the recall made such a huge impact on Ford Motor Company and individual consumers, I felt that it would be a perfect company to use to demonstrate the aspects of poor total quality management versus superb total quality management and how that affects not only individual consumers but also business consumers.

Ford Motor Company began a manufacturing revolution with its mass production assembly lines in the early 100s. Now the company is firmly entrenched in the status quo as the worlds largest pickup truck maker and the # producer of cars and trucks, behind General Motors. It makes vehicles with such brands as Aston Martin, Ford, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, and Volvo. Among its biggest successes are the Ford Taurus and F-Series pickup. Ford owns a controlling % stake in Mazda and has purchased BMWs Land Rover SUV operations. The finance subsidiary, Ford Motor Credit, is the U.S.s #1 auto finance company. It also owns Hertz, the worlds #1 car-rental firm.

Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc., the North American subsidiary of Bridgestone Corporation, makes Bridgestone, Firestone, Dayton, and private-brand tires for cars, trucks, motorcycles, tractors, and earthmoving machinery. They also make air springs, roofing materials, synthetic rubber, and industrial fibers and textiles. The company is trying to regain traction after recalling 6.5 million of Firestone ATX, ATX II, and ATX Wilderness tires, primarily the ones on Ford Motor Company's Ford Explorer, due to the allegations that the tires fell apart at highway speeds. This recall ended Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc.'s 5-year relationship with Ford Motor Company.

There are several differences between the manufacturing processes, corporate culture, and the performance results of Ford Motor Company and Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc. that distinguishes one as a quality company and the other as one of the opposite. Ford concentrates more on the elimination of waste, prevention, and continuous improvement versus Bridgestone/Firestone's attitude of tolerance of waste, inspection, and fire fighting. Ford's rebuilding strategy has an explicit focus on improving quality and building on work in progress to improve quality in their design, sourcing, and production processes. They are using 6-Sigma processes to identify and resolve quality issues in their manufacturing and business processes. This is an extensive quality improvement initiative designed to reduce variability and improve efficiency. One way of enhancing their current manufacturing processes and reducing variability in their systems is through the new Ford "Quality is Job1" 00 standard. Since its inception, Ford Q1 certification recognizes supplier facilities and organizations whose quality systems meet stringent prerequisites. It builds on existing requirements and stresses continual improvement, consistent metrics, manufacturing discipline, variability reduction and customer satisfaction. These Joint supplier/Ford 6-Sigma projects are producing improvements in both customer satisfaction and waste elimination.

Custom Essays on Ford vs. Firestone

Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc., however, is doing the complete opposite of Ford. Instead of using its efforts to eliminate waste and strive for continuous improvement, Bridgestone/Firestone is tolerating waste and confronting problems only as they occur. According to USA TODAY, there is evidence that the tire company did, in fact, recognize a problem well before the recall. The Bridgestone/Firestone documents showed that it tracked ATX tread-peeling problems since 14. The ATX tires accounted for 4% of property-damage and personal-injury claims among light-truck tires in 14, up from just 1% in 1 (Healey, 000). Eventually, the ATX tires accounted for more than half of the companys light-truck-tire claims. In spite of all that, the company decided to increase the production of the ATX tires so that its prominence in the claims didnt raise a flag. Even though the executives and managers across the company knew about the consumer claims for reimbursement for damage caused by peeling treads, it didnt trigger alarm bells because the industry uses warranty claims to measure tire performance. On top of that, eight former employees of Bridgestone/Firestone confessed that they used out-of-date rubber stock for their tires; that radial coils were exposed to high humidity from a lack of air conditioning, making it more likely that corrosion would occur on the brass-coated steel in the steel-belted radial tires; and that final inspections were done too quickly. According to the Washington Post, some Decatur employees would engage in practices, such as puncturing bubbles on tires, to cover up flaws on products that should have been scrapped (Grimaldi, 000). As a result, Bridgestone/Firestone didn't confront the tire problems until it was too late. It wasn't until people's lives were lost did they recall 6.5 million tires.

In addition to the manufacturing process differences, there is also a difference in corporate culture between the two companies. Ford Motor Company presents itself as an extremely customer-driven company whereas Bridgestone/Firestone is more company-driven. Ford focuses on measuring customer satisfaction in many ways, including surveying customers about the appeal of their products, their satisfaction with the sales and service experience and the quality of the product throughout the customer's ownership. Studies are done as early as 0 days and as long as four to five years after purchase. These studies enable Ford to build future vehicles to the customers' specifications. Ford also tracks the percentage of first-time and repeat customers each year. Ford Brand sales and service satisfaction continues to improve every month and, so far, both measures are indicating an all-time high.

Bridgestone/Firestone, on the other hand, focuses more on productivity and financial results rather than the customers. The Firestone plant in Decatur, Illinois that manufactured many of the 6.5 million tires recalled was rife with quality control problems, with workers using questionable tactics to speed production and managers giving short shrift to inspections. In order to meet stringent quotas, inspections of finished tires were for 0-0 seconds or often virtually nonexistent. A retired Bridgestone/Firestone employee, Joe Roundtree, stated, "If you got behind on the lines, some of the tires would pass without being inspected" (Grimaldi, 000). Employees also had powerful financial incentives to release botched tires to the motoring public. Quality was definitely being sacrificed for quantity.

On top of that, there is also a distinct difference in the value placed on employees between the two companies. Ford, who operates in a leadership style, realized that in order to be successful in any business, their core assets, their employees, must be taken care of and valued as an important part of the company. So to show part of their appreciation to their employees, Ford has established some programs and strategies that help better the lives of their employees. They have created a program that enhances worklife integration through the Family Service and Learning Centers. More than 00,000 active employees, retirees and their families will benefit from childcare, before- and after-school programs, teen programs and adult and family education classes. A volunteer support network also will allow families to contribute to their communities. With regards to stress, Ford formed a program that made significant efforts to address job-related stress and workload issues. Ford remained committed to the process of feedback, action planning, communication, and management initiatives to reduce levels of stress throughout the year. In addition to employee stress reduction, Ford has also established accountability for health and safety performance. They measure health and safety performance according to several standard indicators including lost time injuries and severity rates. They use indicators of their capacity to manage health and safety effectively to prevent accidents and improve continuously. Through the Ford Production System, they conduct periodic safety and health audits of the management systems and procedures globally.

Besides taking care of the employees, Ford has also empowered its employees by letting them be a part of the company through communication and decision-making. They communicate with their employees through email, intranet and television broadcasts. The managers use a cascading process to share and discuss key decisions and initiatives with all of their employees. They work closely with union leaders to identify and address issues of concern to their hourly workers. They also recognize the need to go beyond communication to true engagement by providing means and opportunities for employees to contribute their views before important choices are made. A process of this type already is in place in Europe where Ford has well-established arrangements for consulting with employee representatives on a wide variety of matters including restructuring.

Bridgestone/Firestone, however, doesn't seem to place significant value on their employees. They operate in a more management style in which they treat their employees as mere workers and not valuable assets. The workers at a Bridgestone/Firestone plant in Decatur, Illinois were on strike during the time many of the 6.5 million tires recalled were made. Labor discord flared at Decatur after Bridgestone/Firestone demanded concessions from the union in 14, including a move from 8-hour work shifts to rotating, 1-hour, day-and-night shifts. When the union struck, the company hired lower-wage replacement workers. The union eventually capitulated in 15, and union members began returning at reduced pay to work 1-hour shifts alongside replacement workers. Besides the long work shifts and low pay, Bridgestone/Firestone employees also worked in poor working conditions where there were high humidity and no air conditioning. Employee empowerment was also unheard of at Bridgestone/Firestone. Employees felt intimidated by management. The intimidation was so overwhelming that the employees felt that they had to do whatever to meet production quotas, even if it meant producing poor quality tires. Rather than encouraging input from their employees, Bridgestone/Firestone management told the employees what to do and how to do it. There is evidence that suggests that the 10's labor dispute and poor working conditions at the Decatur, IL plant contributed to the production of the many defective tires

As a result, because of Ford's superb total quality management, the ,500 6-Sigma projects that they undertook in 001 resulted in customer satisfaction improvements in many vehicle lines and $5 million in cost savings. A recent study done by the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration showed that not only did Ford have fewer safety recalls than its major competitors, but significantly fewer vehicles were affected. In addition, employee satisfaction is slowly improving. Compared to global blue-chip companies that employ at least 10,000 employees, Ford's favorable ratings continue to exceed similar manufacturing companies, including many of their competitors, by an average of nearly seven percentage points.

Bridgestone/Firestone, on the other hand, suffered tremendously from their poor total quality management. Because of the poor quality of the tires, 148 lives were lost and 55 people have been injured. In addition, they had to spend $750 million in direct costs for the recall and on legal settlements. They also ended up sabotaging a 5-year supplier relationship with Ford, one of their biggest consumers, and they lost confidence from their individual consumers as well. Things had gotten so bad that the company's own public relations agency, Fleishman-Hillard, had to dropped them. A recent CNN.com poll asked, "Would you ever buy a Firestone product again?" More than 6% answered "No" (CNNMONEY, 000). According to Rod Lache, automobile industry analyst at Deutsche Banc Alex, the Firestone brand is damaged beyond repair.

In conclusion, it is obvious here on how important it is to have total quality management in every aspect of your business. Even though implementing a total quality management system is expensive and seeing results is a slow process, in the long run, it is extremely profitable. Ford is an example of how patience is rewarded in the long run with quality products and high customer satisfaction. It was too bad, however, that Bridgestone/Firestone had to learn this the hard way. They had to learn that in order to satisfy external customers, they had to satisfy their internal customers, their employees, and their internal processes. However, by the time they found this out, it was too late. Because of their neglect and out-dated management style, the Firestone brand is forever damaged in they eyes of their consumers.

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Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation.

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As Eric Shaw rightfully points out between 17 and 18 Labour was "wrenched apart by ruptures of an unprecedented ferocity which inflicted enduring harm on its public image and contributed to the electoral disaster of 18." (Shaw, 16) After the General Election defeat in 17, the Labour party began to follow the outmoded ideas of the left-wing tradition touted by Tony Benn who had stepped in after the 17 defeat to fill the intellectual vacuum that existed within the Party. At this period in time, the party was in virtual civil war. With the Bennite faction gaining important foot holds in policy formulation at the Blackpool Conference of 180 (Unilateral Disarmament and withdrawal from the Common Market) and at the Wembley Conference of 181 (Electoral Collage), the fateful decision was taken by a group of right-wing MPs (known as the 'Gang of Four' - Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, David Owen and Bill Rogers) to set up a breakaway party the Social Democratic Party (SDP). The balance had been tipped in November of 180 when Michael Foot narrowly beat Dennis Healey to the Labour leadership. It was at that point really that the four eventually gave up the party as a lost cause. The SDP breakaway and the formation of the Alliance was, as Giles Radice concedes, "an unmitigated disaster for the Labour Party", and one which he believes that they did not recover from until after the election of 1. (Radice, 4) The SDP were to have an impact not only in strengthening the 'third force' in British politics, but it would also have an effect on the structural framework of the New Labour Party in 14/5.

Under the ramshackle leadership of Michael Foot, the Labour Party entered the 18 General Election dubbed by both Tories and the press as the 'Looney Left'. The manifesto dubbed by Gerald Kaufman as 'the longest suicide note in history' lead Labour to a crushing defeat, with the party vote dropping to a mere 7.6% its lowest level since 118. The time had come to revitalise the party, and sow the seeds that would put it back on the road to electability and power.

The election of Neil Kinnock, as I think we now see in hindsight, was a crucial step forward for the Labour Party. Kinnock, essentially a pragmatist, was now the new leader of the Opposition with a monumental task ahead of him, one which Pearce and Stewart believe that he shouldered willingly. He had to make the Party re-elect able, but before he could do that he had to win the trust back from the electorate, and show them that the Labour Party was a responsible and moderate party. (Best emphasised in his 185 Fabian lecture 'The Future of Socialism' Pg.115 & 116 of Tudor Jones) Between 18 and 187 he did this in a number of ways

1. The 184 Miners Strike Kinnock although sympathetic to the plight of the individual miner, did not support the strike. (Scargill had not balloted all the members and had adopted a creeping strategy based on individual pits joining the struggle). It was Kinnock's belief that the strike was less about mining and more about an ideological struggle.

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. Militant Kinnock felt that the antics of Militant Tendency within the Party was highly damaging to the Party's image and the electorate's perception of it. He was forced to act, and at the 185 Bournemouth Conference he criticised the individuals concerned (one being Derek Hatton) from the platform. He began to expel them from the party in 186 (starting with 8 from Militant, he would eventually remove 50 members from the Party including to MPs David Nellist and Terry Fields).

. Organisational changes The main thrust between 18 and 187 general elections where organisational. In June 185, Larry Whitty began to rationalise the Labour Party organisation and replaced the ten departments with three directorates covering administration, publicity and research. In addition policy formation began to shift away from the traditional focus of the National Executive Committee (NEC) to inner circles of policy advisors, with the leadership taking a more directorial role in this area. (Pearce & Stewart, 00).

Yet with another large defeat to the Tories in the 187 General Election (101-seat majority) it was hard to hide the bitter disappointment of a Party that fought a very sleek and choreographed campaign. Ben Pimlott summed up the problems that Party came up against at the election

Labour fought a brilliant campaign but its policy base was weak and the product kept on showing through…much in Labour's manifesto was merely negative resistance to Tory measures or the half apologetic playing of ancient tunes. Gone were the acute embarrassments of 18. In their place was a designer socialist blandness.

The many traditionalists in the Party claimed that the Armani suits and the portable telephones of the 'socialist yuppies' risked undermining what the Labour Party stood for since its creation. Others, most notably the new generation of 'modernisers', did not agree and pointed to a third successive defeat if they reverted back. A situation reminiscent of 15 took shape. The leadership was clear in its own mind that either Labour broke out of the electoral doldrums in the 10s or it risked disappearing as a viable political force altogether. It was in this vein that Kinnock established the Labour Party Policy Review, under the directorship of Tom Sawyer, within days of the 187 defeat. Within two years the Review had turned around the most damaging policy lines that had contributed to the last three general election defeats. In the newly published policy document entitled, 'Meet the Challenge, Make the Change', unveiled in 18, the first signs of what has become 'New' Labour could be seen

• Out went uni-lateralism and in came multi-lateralism.

• In European terms was now a supporter of continued membership as well as closer ties with Britain's European partners.

• There was a shift towards an acceptance of the new economic landscape in Britain. Labour was now looking to run a capitalist market economy better than the Tories.

• Acceptance of the irrevocable shift into the privatised world of many previously government-owned and controlled companies and utilities (even the idea of 51% were abandoned by Labour in the early 10s).

• Acceptance of some of the Tory Trade Union legislation (especially when it came to the balloting of members over important issues).

• Taxation was to be progressive but the higher bands were to be limited.

• Some of the traditional elements did still remain commitment to full employment and Clause IV (though Kinnock was unsure of its implications on a rapidly modernising Labour Party).

• Further changes flagged by Kinnock OMOV at the 187 Brighton Conference.

There was no doubt that by the General Election of 1 Labour were a new political force, it was now a credible party machine. Yet there were still a number of key elements that troubled the party which included tax and spend policy, where the Labour Party capable of running a sound economy that was just tax and spend? And the eligibility of the Labour leader was also a telling question could anyone see Neil Kinnock at No.10? Unfortunately for Kinnock the answer was no. Kinnock's second defeat saw him stand down immediately, and look for a career elsewhere.

The Party once again needed a new leader, but this time one candidate seemed to emerge with overwhelming support. John Smith was MP for Monklands East and was also the Shadow Chancellor. He won a resounding victory over Bryan Gould taking 1% of the vote. There was no doubt that Smith was going to continue where Kinnock left off and would take the modernisation of the Party forward. Smith chose the further democratisation of the Party and launched into a campaign to bring about OMOV. The issue was taken to conference in September 1 and Smith won by a very small margin. He had secured a reduction of the Trade union vote from 40% to .% and individual voting rights for all party members. Whether or not Smith would have gone from here and continued the pace of change we will never know, for his career came to a tragic end with a fatal heart attack in May 14. Once more the Party need a leader of a new generation that would continue the momentum forward.

Tony Blair, who came through the leadership contest by beating Prescott and Beckett, was the first leader to be voted in by OMOV rules. He had heavy support amongst the PLP and the CLP rather than through the trade unions and levy payers. But the pace of change would not slacken under Blair. Modernisation for him, as he later explained, was 'about returning Labour to its traditional role as a majority mainstream party advancing the interests of the broad majority of the people', a role which, in his view, the Party had abandoned after 17, when the 'activists steamrollered the leadership and put about the myth that we lost because we were not sufficiently traditionalist socialist.'(Jones, 15). Blair was ready to do what Gaitskell tried and failed, and Kinnock and Smith secretly thought about but had not dared to try. He was prepared from the out-set to re-draft the Party's fundamental statement of aims including the sacred Clause IV. In 15 he gained the backing of conference and replaced Clause IV with a new aims and directives. The 118 constitution was the basis of 'Old' Labour, whereas the 15 equivalent was the basis of Blair's 'New' Labour.

By 16 Labour had been out of office longer than any other mainstream left-of-centre party in the Western world. Blair put this situation in simple terms, 'The reason for our decline was simple. We lost touch. Society changed but we did not. Out structures were out of date.' By this time Blair was constructing the rhetoric of the co called 'Third Way'. He saw the twentieth century develop in three key stages

• The first, symbolised by the Labour Constitution of 118, was the growth of the collectivist state. It roots lay in the early twentieth century but it had seemed to have reached notoriety in the post-war world.

• The second stage, which began to emerge in the 170s, but is identified with the Thatcher years, was a reaction to the first stage. There was growing criticism of the overbearing and deadening hand of the 'Nanny state'.

• The third stage Blair saw as moving both beyond the crude individualism of the Thatcherites and the old collectivism of the consensus era. In his own words he claimed, 'My generation stands at the intersection between the old and new.' 'New' Labour wanted to reconcile individualism with community, blending care with enterprise. In place of the inadequacies of state socialism, Blair wished to embrace the fundamental ideas of early ethical socialism including its emphasis on the need of society to act together to achieve what the individual cannot do alone and its advocacy of the use of the power of society to protect and advance the individual and then to apply such ideas to the conditions of modern British society.

For Blair, modern socialism consisted not in a particular form of economic organisation based on public ownership but rather in a collection of values such as community and mutuality which were strengthened by the over-reaching concept of the public interest invoked in support of the individual. The primary task of Labour's new agenda was to translate that concept into practical methods of public action aimed at enhancing the individual's freedom and interests.

The main features of the ideological revision which Blair was advocating as the 'governing philosophy of today's Labour Party have become reasonable clear. They appear to compromise an espousal of the idea of an inclusive community promoting the public interest, a rejection of the elevated status previously ascribed to public ownership, and an unequivocal defence of the merits of a competitive market economy, once regarded by socialists as incompatible with their communitarian beliefs. (Jones, 16).

This was the theory that was peddled just before the 17 general election, and it was no doubt pragmatic to the point of being all things to all men and being New Labour all women too. Whatever the theory behind the pronouncements and changes at the time, there was no doubt that the Labour Party was ready to fight a general election. It also had a clear idea of what it needed to do to win. These factors coincided with one of the most weakened governments of the recent past calling the election itself. The outcome was a resounding victory for New Labour with the largest majority of any party this century.

Please note that this sample paper on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation., we are here to assist you. Your college paper on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Modern Theatre: The Rise of the DirectorBertolt Brecht

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Brecht is one of the greatest influential theorists, but also one of the most misunderstood. To think that Brecht's theatre was fun? Well why not? It was imaginative and intelligent, educational, meaningful and different - the word fun doesn't just relate to escapism and naturalism, but to any type of theatre which engages the audience. Bertolt Brecht first set down his ideas on Epic Theatre in the 10's. Current events, his own upbringing and circumstance helped shape Brecht's personal philosophy and his theory for the stage. In the earlier days, his purpose had been primarily political he had intended to "turn a means of enjoyment into a lesson to be taught, and to transform certain situations from places of entertainment into organs of publicity. Epic theatre evolved as a movement against the naturalist ideas of Stanislavski, which were seen by Brecht as very passive and easy to watch, where the real message of the play was usually ignored by the actors and the audience. Brecht's unique theory of the stage rejected previous theatrical traditions. He created his own style of theatre, which called for an alert, questioning and critical audience. So Brecht developed a range of techniques and devices (which became his distinguishing theatrical features) to intellectually stimulate and politically motivate his audience. A common misunderstanding is that Brecht was more concerned with instruction and education than fun. This is not true. He realised early in his career that audiences still sought out the escapist theatre he had opposed of and as a result was forced to make his theatre entertaining to compete with it. He was, fortunately, a man with an innate understanding of how to entertain and this came through in his plays. He, in fact, believed that entertainment was an undeniable function of the theatre and, like emotion, could never be removed. It must, however, be seen as a requirement, rather than the main objective in an instructional theatre. He never extracted his natural showmanship from his work and indeed the balance between instruction and entertainment became more evident in his work as his career went on.

Brecht defined the word 'epic' as "a sequence of events narrated without artificial restrictions as to time, place, or relevance to a formal plot." Essentially, epic theatre appeals less to the feelings than to the spectators reason, "Instead if sharing an experience the spectator must come to grips with things." Brecht was well aware of the problems in his society (political, social, and economical) and motivated by them, Brecht invented his theatrical features to allow audiences to view real life and real issues. His features included the use of a narrator, a detached acting style, symbolic sets with minimal props and costumes, signs and slogans, songs and exposed lighting. His theatre was based on fact not fantasy. A dialectical structure with a narrative punctuated by commentary in which song, dance, and projected films, stills or photos could alternate with speech. Brecht structured his plays around the term epic which he saw as a narrative not to be tied in to time. In epic theatre human thinking is conditioned by their social situation and will change if that changes. The idea was to make the audience aware of this serious issue and persuade them to try and prevent it. During Brecht's experimenting with theatre, two different ideas were explored, "In my view these experiments were pursued along two lines which occasionally intersected but can none the less be followed separately. They are defined by the two functions of entertainment and instruction that is to say that the theatre organised experiments to increase its ability to amuse, and others which were intended to raise its value as education."

Brecht called his theatre presentational theatre because it aims to present ideas. The interruption of action is one of the principal concerns in epic theatre. "Let us treat the theatre as a place of entertainment, as trues aesthetics should, and let us find out what sort of entertainment appeals to us."

Epic theatre relies on the audience constantly being aware that they are watching a performance. To achieve this, Brecht used one of his most distinguishing theatrical features, alienation. He used the Verfremdungseffect, a term used to describe the theatrical effect by which the familiar is made to appear strange. The aim is that instead of responding emotionally to a performance, the audience members will engage their minds with the subject being presented, "I'm forced here simply to state our belief that we can encourage artistic understanding on the basis of alienation."

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The message was the most important element of the play and Brecht wanted his audience to walk away after the performance having learnt something about the world, and really thing about and analyse the performance they have just seen. Brecht intended to his show his audience the faults within society, and then persuade them to go out and change it, "Nothing is irrelevant to society and it's affairs." The audience was to be like a group of observers watching the events of the performance in a completely detached and logical way. His plays moved in a series of detached scenes, sometimes skipping years and time moving from place to place. This technique, along with Brecht's acting style, disengaged the audience from the performance, thus preventing the audience to feel empathy for the characters. The dialectical sense runs through Brecht's theatre the actor who impersonates the character, yet remains them self; the stage which represents reality, yet remains a stage; the characters who are themselves, yet can be something else.

In Brechtian theatre the actors were not to become involved with their characters. The are simply there to demonstrate the words and actions of his/her character. Brecht described this feature using a car accident, "Even the experience of the driver and the victim is only partially communicated by him (the actor), and by no means tries to turn it into an enjoyable experience for the spectator, however life like he may make his demonstration." Brecht described the actor's role as being like an 'eyewitness' at an accident. At no time should the actor, or his audiences, identify with the character. Emotionally everything must be externalised. Brecht would terminate a scene before it's climax; at appropriate intervals slides could be projected bearing a message, which served to underline the point of the scene.

One of the most important features was Brecht's use of a narrator. He used the narrator to comment on the action, emphasise the main ideas of a scene so that spectators cannot fail to miss them, and to reveal the plot so an audience could spend it's time concentrating on meaning rather than what was to happen next. The epic-device of a narrator who is involved in the action, but who stands apart from the rest by addressing the audience directly, destroys the cosy illusion of naturalistic realism. Brecht also achieved this through historification. He set the current subject matter in the past, removing an illusion from the stage. Film and slides were used in conjunction with or without the narrator to again re-emphasise ideas or plots.

Brecht incorporated other important features to blend in with the disjointed acting style and presentation. One of these features was the use of song, which enabled actors to remind the audience that they are demonstrating not acting. Brecht removed all curiosity by using titles to inform the spectator of the events to come. Brecht decided to make an episode dramatically complete in itself. So the suspense of 'what's going to happen next?' is gone, "In the Threepenny Opera the educative elements were so to speak built in they were not an organic consequence of the whole, but stood in contradiction to it; they broke up the flow of the play and it's incidents, they prevented empathy, they acted as a cold douche for those whose sympathies were becoming involved. I hope that the moralising parts of The Threepenny Opera and the educative songs are reasonably entertaining, but it is certain that the entertainment in question is different from what one gets from the more orthodox scenes. The play has a double nature. Instruction and entertainment conflict openly." The use of titles allows the details and implications of the scene to be seen hand to be more carefully perceived. The simplistic, stylised sets were also used to alienate the audience. Scenery is changed in full view of the audience, reminding the public that it is being staged. Brecht wanted the audience to be constantly aware that they were sitting in a theatre, so he used exposed lighting. The use of harsh white light made the actors on stage look unreal and unnatural. Brecht wanted his spectators to realise that they were in a theatre and at times it was an uncomfortable place to be. The audience could not relate to this, thus creating another form of alienation.

Brecht's main concerns were classism and power, injustice and inequality. Classism and power is used to show the different groups of people within a society, which cause a minority higher group who control and effect the lives of the majority lower group. He based his theatrical productions by his personal feelings. Brecht's productions satirised, questioned and criticised the prejudiced political/social structure of the day and the decay of human and social values. Brecht intensely felt the inequalities of society where those of a higher class were able to use their power to pursue injustice of the lower class. "Enjoyment of learning depends of the class situation. Artistic appreciation depends on ones political attitude, which can accordingly be stimulated and adopted. But even if we restrict ourselves to the section of the audience which agreed politically we see the sharpening of the conflict between ability to entertain and educative value. The more we induced the audience to identify its own experience and feelings with the production, the less it learned; and the more there was to learn, the less the artistic enjoyment." Brecht wanted to bring about social change through the medium of theatre, to challenge people's thinking; arouse their anger so they might improve their world. Each character in The Caucasian Chalk Circle only had one costume, but her the emphasis is always from the minimalistic and is even over the top for the rich/wealthy characters in the play. Thus Brecht has created his own distinguishing theatrical features to emphasise his points. As Brecht once said, "You feel great, but how's the world?"

Brecht Ronald Gray

The Threepenny Opera, with it's mixture of wit, facetious clowning, brash popular numbers, occasional sharp prickings of the audience's conscience, and ultimate vagueness and irresponsibility, to this downright propagation of an ideal. Pg 11

Brecht's view of the function of theatre had changed. It was no longer to be directly political, but rather, as he wrote in the Little Organon of 148, a place which the worker might "enjoy his terrible and never-ending labours as entertainment together with the terrors of his ceaseless transformation." Pg 15

The difficulties have arisen, as will be seen, from the contradictory theories expressed by Brecht at different periods of his life like his plays, his theory changed considerably in exile.

In the earlier days, his purpose had been primarily political he had intended to "turn a means of enjoyment into a lesson to be taught, and to transform certain situations from places of entertainment into organs of publicity. Pg 70

The theatre was to be neither moralising or didactic; it was merely to detach itself from the classical models that had suited former ages, and produce entertainment adapted to our own age. In other words, it was to be a theatre scientific in mood. At this point, Brecht ran into a certain amount of self contradiction. Pg 71

Picasso has explained his own policy in art in terms closely similar to Brecht's. "My Landscapes," he writes, "are exactly like my nudes and my still lifes; but with faces people see the nose is crooked, whereas nothing shocks them about a bridge. But I drew this 'crooked nose' on purpose. I did what was necessary to force people to see a nose. Later on they saw - or they will see - that the nose isn't crooked at all. What I had to do was to stop them from going on seeing only 'beautiful harmonies' or 'exquisite colour'.

To Brecht and Beyond

By the end of the 10's, Brecht had in his lyrics and dramas, as well as in his theoretical writing, recognised that his own work was also pleasurable - if pleasure were no longer opposed to learning.

The time has come to give art, by a pitiless method, the precision of the natural sciences. But the principal difficulty for me is still the style, the indefinable Beauty resulting from the conception itself.

(Flaubert, Correspondence) pg 11

Brecht called the greatest art - the art of living.

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