King Lear-Psychoanalytical View

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King Lear Essay 06 words.

Viewed from a psychoanalytical perspective, King Lear is a Shakespearian tragedy involving madness, in more than one sense, and the causes and effects of this. There are many individual concepts to explore, and this exposition will investigate the following the madness in Lear and how it progresses, absence of the mother, and the sexual relationship between Lear and his daughters. Lear lacks responsibility in terms of actively and willingly approaching his situations and confrontations blindly. This and his lack of self awareness and lack of awareness toward others, prove that the king is not a man "more sinned against than sinning".

It seems quite clear that Shakespeare uses the word 'mad' for at least the first part of the play in the sense of 'extremely angry', and only later, when Lear does lose touch with reality, does it then mean 'not in his right mind' (insane). Lear is moving on a continuum that begins with extreme anger and progresses to a hallucinatory world. It is here Lear begins to recognise his wrongdoings, and why he is not a man "more sinned against than sinning".

Lear's madness is often seen simply as a man losing his head, but a closer psychoanalytical reading suggests that Lear's madness is much more sharply focused in cause and effect, a particular manifestation of psychological breakdown carefully developed by Shakespeare. The following statements justify Lear's madness, and although tragic, his mental state is a contributing factor in the King's rash decisions and how he is not a man "more sinned against than sinning".

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The very first suggestion that Lear is confusing reality is in fact a jest. He pretends not to know Goneril "Your name, fair gentlewoman?" (1.5.). He is actually playing the fool, with the Fool, and continuing the fool's jesting. The next is a critical line "Let me not be mad/keep me in temper" (1.5.7). Obviously Lear is using the word 'mad' in the sense of extreme anger. Willing to expect loss of temper, the selfish king is not a man "more sinned against than sinning."

It is Edgar who first introduces the idea of genuinely mad people - "The country gives me proof and precedent Of Bedlam beggars, who with roaring voices strike…" (..14-15) (Bedlam means lunatic asylum) The disguise that Edgar adopts of a 'lunatic' is materially different from the 'madness' that Lear will descend into. As is clear from the lack of coherent deductive content in Edgar's feigned speech, he is taking on the disguise of someone who, in contemporary times, has an inherent severe mental disorder.

Lear at this stage is simply under the sway of extreme anger. Lear himself then makes this distinction, talking about Cornwall - "We are not ourselves/When nature, being oppress'd, commands the mind/To suffer with the body." (.4.100-10) The point is that physical or emotional suffering comes before the 'madness' and is a cause of it. In a way Lear is allowing this destruction, and this weakness in his character suggest a man who is not "more sinned against than sinning".

It is Regan, talking to Lear, who actually makes the connection between extreme anger and the loss of reason that can result - "Nature in you stands on the very verge of his confine" (.4.1-140). (Evidence supporting Goneril's dislike of her father - "Of other your new pranks" (1.4.1) Goneril's terminology reflects her attitude toward her father, and how she feels he misbehaves childishly.)

In the same scene Lear still fears uncontrollable anger "I prithee, daughter, do not make me mad" (.4.11); this concept of extreme emotion, rather than biological loss of reason is reinforced by two other characters.

Gloucester points out "The King is in high rage." (.4.88) and Kent combines cause and effect in his comment to the Gentleman "…how unnatural and bemaddening sorrow/The King has cause to plain" (.1.). The King's madness at this point suggest he is not a man "more sinned against than sinning".

Later in the play, Albany will recognise the connection between 'mad' as extreme anger, and 'mad' loss of reason as the consequence of that extremity, when he accuses Goneril of making Lear mad (5..). Lear recognises the danger of extreme anger turning into loss of reason. He says to the fool "O fool, I shall go mad!" (.4.). Take note of the critical change of language here. 'Mad' has been used in conjunction with "make me mad", make me really angry, as in our modern sense an outside person or factor causing the extreme anger. Here Lear uses the expression "I'm going mad." The factor is internal , and just as we would use this to express a fear that we are losing our reason, so surely Lear at this moment is using the word not in the sense of extreme anger, but in the sense of the loss of sanity.

Lear then starts his descent into a loss of connection with reality.

He himself recognises this "My wits begin to turn" (.1.65). This is very different language to describe his state of mind, and for confirmation, this is exactly the point where the storm, symbol of transformation and of raw nature (as opposed to the more rational, human-created environment of the castle/court he has just left) starts to work on him. His inability to overcome this state of mind proves Lear is a man not "more sinned against than sinning".

Indeed, Lear equates the storm with his state of mind - "The tempest in my mind/Doth from my senses take all feeling else/Save from what beats there." (.4.1-15). That the transformation is not complete, but a gradual one, is indicated by Lear's own recognition of the dangers of extreme anger unhinging reason "O, that way madness lies; let me shun that!" (.4.1).

The real sign that Lear's outwardly directed emotions are turning inward into a state of mind that loses connection with external reality is his single-mindedness in talking about the wickedness of his daughters, when with Edgar and the Fool in .4. He has lost connection with those he is talking to, this being evidence for the statement he is not "a man more sinned against than sinning". This situation is made all the more disturbing by the presence of Edgar feigning a different kind of madness.

To confirm the situation, Lear then tear's off all his clothes. Kent now recognises that the situation has changed, in language that makes this change quite clear "His wits begin t'unsettle" (,4,146), and then tells us of that continuum from extreme anger to loss of the sense of reality "All the power of his wits have given way to his impatience". (.6.5). By .6., Lear has lost all connection with reality, and by 4.6. he has totally withdrawn into an imaginary world of his own.

A pattern of ageing is evident in King Lear, he is moving from the first half of his life into the second half of his life. This movement is characterised by Jung as a reversal of everything held consciously true in the first half of life. Lear begins this journey as a contrasting example of Jung's "extroverted, thinking" type, and so must become the opposite "introverted, intuitive" type. This general guideline effectively informs "Lear's transition from a wilful, almost tyrannical figure, who desires to control the reality of the external world by imposing his rationality on those around him, to a withdrawn old man who is unconnected to the external world." The King's egotistical actions led him to a dysfunctional mental state, justifying that he is in no way a "man more sinned against than sinning".

Perhaps Lear acts the way he does because of the absence of having a mother, he may have missed out all together on Freud's theory of the "Oedipal" stage. (stage in early childhood where young child's sexual desire for the parent collides with the competition, rivalry and overwhelming power of the parent of the same sex. According to Freudian theory, the ghosts of this Oedipal crisis haunt us our entire lives. ) All his earlier noted childlike deranged behaviour and statements make for good evidence to support this theory, and the statement that he is a man "more sinned against than sinning".

"Despite the absence of literal mothers, King Lear records the horrific discovery of the suffocating mother at the centre of masculine authority and the terrible vengeance taken upon her. Lear's confrontation with his daughters "leads him to the mother ostensibly occluded by the play in recognising his daughters as part of himself he will be led out to recognise not only his terrifying dependence on female forces outside himself but also an equally terrifying femaleness within himself a femaleness that he will come to call 'mother' (.4.56). Lear's "naked vulnerability" can only be expressed by simultaneously allowing the self-preserving and self-enclosing male rage that provokes it."

A Freudian argument is that Cordelia, as the third daughter, is death itself, and that the "silent goddess" who destroys Lear is the last of the three forms his relations with women must take. Since nearly everything in Freud's database relates back to the Oedipal theory, it's not surprising that Lear, an elderly patriarch who manages to attain a true transcendence of his personal miseries, should nevertheless be seen this way "it is in vain that the old man yearns after the love of woman as once he had it from his mother; the third of the Fates alone… will take him into her arms.

In the many notes available on King Lear, it is often after the above theories where another idea, the one of Lear's sexual indications with his daughters, begin to be questioned.

In the beginning of the play, Goneril and Regan use their sexuality, flattery and false praises to manipulate Lear into seeing them as loyal and honest, which are actually true qualities found in their banished sister, Cordelia. Goneril reflects and plays upon her father's desires when she pledges to her father a love "that makes breath poor, and speech unable" (1.1.55) And Regan promptly chooses to follow her sister's footsteps by focusing on "my very deed of love" (1.1.66) Lear's accusations invariably sexualize his daughters when they refuse to defer him, although he was the one who commanded them to perform their love for him. This in terms of society is definitely a sin, and King Lear is definitely not a man "more sinned against than sinning".

An argument put forward by Janet Alderman reads that Goneril and Regan are "invented" by Lear's "need", and she argues that they are "the cannibalistic children that Lear's own rage has made. They are distorted children of his own appetite, born from his hunger for Cordelia". Again his greed represents the reasoning for the statement that he is most certainly not a "man more sinned against than sinning."

It does not seem totally clear why the sisters' cruelty to their father should be related to sexual desire, or why Lear should speak of 'divorcing the tomb" of his dead wife, unless madness may be used to account for all his excesses. Yet he is not 'mad' in the first act of the play, in which he threatens Goneril with the 'kindness' of her sister "I have another daughter/I have cast off forever" (1.4.7)

Lear is not "more sinned against than sinning". He has managed to reduce himself from a noble King to a shelterless victim of his own misjudgements. He comes to realise that he is a mere mortal capable of mistakes. All of his own choices lead to his tragic misfortune, and not being "more sinned against than sinning". His journey from sane to insane is parallel to the subplot. Lear is blind to his enemies deception when he holds the throne, yet after enduring months of painful realisation he manages to see the wrongdoings in Goneril and Regan, and his foolishness in banishing his truly loyal Cordelia. In this sense, King is not a man "more sinned against than sinning", but certainly suffers by having to watch his favourite die.

"Those who are most sinned against are sinners in return." Janet Alderman

Alderman Janet, "Shakespeare"

Oates Joyce Carol ,"King Lear"

N.B. All references to King Lear are from J. L Halio's edition "The tragedy of King Lear".

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Explore the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra and why it leads to tragedy.

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The relationship between Antony and Cleopatra is one of great complexity. Both Antony and Cleopatra have personal faults, which contribute both to the downfall of their relationship and eventually the true tragedy, of their deaths. Many events are called tragedies but few deserve this title. A tragedy occurs when a noble character falls from a position of grace due to faults inherent in his/her own character or that of the society in which he/she live. Unfortunately once the events are put in motion nothing can stop the inevitable consequences. There is no question about the extent of their love towards each other as it is clearly evident that they adore and crave the other, it is just their inability to commit that creates the ultimate problem. Their love is apparent from the very first occasion on which Cleopatra initially attracted Antony. Her true beauty could be no better displayed than on that night as Enobarbus describes.

The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne

Burned on the water. The poop was beaten gold;

Enobarbus describes it as though it was a magical, charming event and is complimentary towards Cleopatra. Agrippa, however, views the queen as some what different to that

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He ploughed her, and she cropped.

These two contrasting views truly reflect the conflicting personalities of Cleopatra which eventually eradicate their relationship. One description being of a charming nature, the other of Cleopatra being nothing more than a sexual object. Agrippa is commenting on Cleopatra's relationship with Julius Caesar, and is well aware of her seductive nature and has little true respect for her

Royal Wench!

Antony is a figure of great importance to the entire Roman Empire as well as Cleopatra and therefore has many commitments, all of which are demanding on his time. Antony won his position as one of the three rulers of the world by conquering the deceitful Brutus and Cassius. One aspect of Antony's appeal is that of his reputation. Just as Caesar portrays, Antony as a great man at war, Cleopatra views Antony as a hero and a superior man in comparison to others

… Thou didst drink

The stale of horses and the gilded puddle

Which beasts would cough at.

.Throughout "Antony and Cleopatra" Antony prioritises his time inappropriately, devoting more time to that of pursuing his love, Cleopatra. Even when Antony is concentrating on matters such as war, Cleopatra interferes with his judgement and distracts him. Such concerns are echoed by Enobarbus

"Your presence needs must puzzle Antony"

Enobarbus is proven correct when Antony decides to fight at sea instead of at land which he is strongest at. Cleopatra of course supports this because the Egyptians are strongest at sea and Cleopatra, although with her inexperience of tactical ability at war wishes to be a part of Antony's cause. The result of this was to have Cleopatra sail away from war knowing all too well that Antony shall follow. When Antony confronts her she behaves in an innocent manner. Cleopatra, one of many different aspects of her character which are to be displayed throughout

O my lord, my lord, forgive my fearful sails!

I little thought that you would have followed

Antony has an uncontrollable passion for Cleopatra, and he uses the language of affection when talking about her and to her

Now, my dearest queen...

Most sweet queen…

It is this passion which clouds his reasoning, resulting in him deserting his duties to his people. Antony is throughout most of the tragedy dividing his time between being in Rome and then in Egypt. This is true to such an extent that sometimes even within one scene Antony has made the trip from Rome to Egypt and vice versa. Whenever he demonstrates such passion towards Cleopatra he degenerates into a love struck fool. It isn't that Antony is incapable of balancing both duties, it is because such a task would require super natural powers, and however great Antony is perceived he is only human. Cleopatra has such a demanding nature that it would take all of Antony's efforts to please her. Controlling an empire is equally as demanding. Instead of focusing his efforts on one of the two tasks Antony attempted to juggle them both, this is a key factor in the breakdown of their relationship. Antony complicates his mind as he is unable to decide who to devote himself to. Consequently he is torn between a world of love and passion with the queen of Egypt and his role as a Triumvir.

Cleopatra is a very glamorous and regal queen; she has a sincere obligation to "her" Egypt so much so that she is at times unable to even recognise the intentions and needs of Antony. Externally it appears that Cleopatra is not concerned about the love interest of Antony, but she is of course infatuated with him from the very start as in Act 5 Scene 1. Cleopatra is missing Antony madly and talks of her love for him

"Note him, good Charmian, 'tis the man but note him!"

Cleopatra is aware of the power that she holds over Antony and the whole tragedy consists of Cleopatra domineering Antonys emotions. Always over dramatising events, but this is of course, what entices Antony

Antony Now my dear queen

Cleopatra Pray you stand further from me

This is Cleopatra's skill, at times she has Antony at the edge of anger and then at the tip of love itself, but Cleopatra is only content if she is in charge, she does not wish for the relationships control to be out of her reach. It is not just Antony who Cleopatra has as an admirer, many who meet her are captivated by the extent of her regal personality and majestic ways. As conveyed by Enobarbus

…… Other women cloy

The appetites they feed

But she makes hungry

Where most she satisfies

This is the first introduction of the imagery of food being used in connection with Cleopatra. As though once introduced to the queen your appetite for her is endless, this is so for Antony. Cleopatra talks of herself

My Salad days,

When I was green in judgement, cold in blood

Salad being used to represent her fresh and healthy personality, whilst "cold in blood" suggests she is unconsciously talking of her temperament of going from hot to cold so quickly on Antony. Cleopatra's appearance is mentioned by the talk of food, her attractiveness being obvious as reference of Cleopatra being a "yummy" food.

He will to his Egyptian dish again

Antony and Cleopatra both have the same problem in terms of their relationship, neither one of them is willing to sacrifice their commitments and allow them to devote their attentions to the other. Their love was continuously flawed by responsibilities elsewhere. This is due to Antony having the Empire to govern and Cleopatra having Egypt to care for. For the love of two such important figures to be successful, there can be no interference. Throughout the tragedy there are such enormous gestures of love from Antony to Cleopatra and vice versa. An example is when at sea during the war Antony follows Cleopatra away from the battle despite being well aware he should not. Theses gestures, however are never carried over and used as a solid platform to allow their love to develop, instead they squander the opportunity for eternal happiness and continue with the on going "cat and mouse" saga which is their relationship. They willingly talk of their love, as being on scale to the rest of the world if not bigger, seeing nothing as important enough to interfere with their love. This can be no truer than when Antony is married to Octavia for the sake of peace, yet it is clear where he longs to be. This is ironic, seeing how their love seems stronger when they are apart.

And though I make this marriage for my peace, I'th' East my pleasure lies

In Act I scene 1 Antony talks to Cleopatra about their love and dismisses the duties he has neglected for her sake.

"Let Rome in Tiber melt and the wide arch

Of the ranged empire fall; here is my space"

This use of cosmic imagery is popular with both Antony and Cleopatra, with it being an ideal way to express their feelings towards each other. It is most commonly when apart that they express their true feelings, with a slight suggestion that when together all is not what they anticipated. This could be a result of two such dominant characters not always being able say the words of love with the presence of the other placing a block on their hearts freedom of speech.

It would appear that he places Cleopatra above his duties to Rome. But it is evident that Antony is unable to prioritise and instead attempts to manage both commitments. If blame was to be found anywhere then it would fall at the feet of Cleopatra, with her unpredictable mood swings and such a diverse range of characteristics. This can be demonstrated through the different titles used by people when regarding her. In Act 1 Scene 1 (I.i.10) Philo and Demetrius refer to Cleopatra as a lustful "gipsy". (I.i.50) Cleopatra is labelled a "wrangling queen", (I.iv.1) an "Egyptian dish", ( II.vi.1) all of these labels are part of the problem. Antony doesn't know who he loves let alone who doesn't love him. Cleopatra's sometimes heartless attitude towards Antony is destructive to them both. Instead of welcoming such attention from one of the rulers of the world, Cleopatra attempts to play a game, a game where there can be no victor.

If you find him sad, say I am dancing; if in mirth, report That I am sudden sick.

Whilst Antony unwillingly participates, he is tormented throughout, with his death perhaps being an escape from the anguish of being unable to have Cleopatra to himself.

Commitment is a big issue for both Antony and Cleopatra, neither one was able or maybe willing to make a definite decision on what they want from the relationship, it was also the fear of the unknown. Although they were both figures of great importance, they still had the human emotions that everybody else had to deal with. This is the cause of the tragedy. Neither Antony nor Cleopatra was able to satisfy both their personal and work needs. Nobody could predict the outcome of them coming together although it was strongly believed that it would be a great triumph for love. Evidently, it could be claimed, that they were unable to overcome such uncertainties

Both Antony and Cleopatra had reputations, it is evident that neither was willing to risk damaging this. By allowing their true emotions to be displayed to one another. This was of course a tragedy in itself, if either one of them had of gone that step further and sacrificed their other commitments then maybe their love could have flourished instead of their life's ending. However I don't believe their love would have flourished the initial appeal was that of Antony having his empire and Cleopatra her Egypt and the consequential power and respect. Take these away and both wouldn't have appeared so attractive to the other. One cannot claim that their love would have been strong enough to succeed in different circumstances because if their love really was that strong then why didn't it work. Although they loved each other, their love was based on adversity and conflict, and this is always a dangerous platform for any relationship.

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Vietnam

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The initial reasons for U.S. involvement in Vietnam seemed logical and compelling to American leaders. Following its success in World War II, the United States faced the future with a sense of moral rectitude and material confidence. From Washingtons perspective, the principal threat to U.S. security and world peace was monolithic, dictatorial communism emanating from he Soviet Union. Any communist anywhere, at home or abroad, was, by definition, and enemy of the United States. Drawing an analogy with the unsuccessful appeasement of fascist dictators before World War II, the Truman administration believed that any sign of communist aggression must be met quickly and forcefully by the United States and its allies. This reactive policy was known as containment.

In Vietnam the target of containment was Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh front he had created in 141. Ho and his chief lieutenants were communists with long-standing connections to the Soviet Union. They were also ardent Vietnamese nationalists who fought first to rid their country of the Japanese and then, after 145, to prevent France from reestablishing its former colonial mastery over Vietnam and the rest of Indochina. Harry S. Truman and other American leaders, having no sympathy for French colonialism, favored Vietnamese independence. But expanding communist control of Eastern Europe and the triumph of the communists in Chinas civil was made Frances war against Ho seem an anticommunist rather than a colonialist effort. When France agreed to a quansi-independent Vietnam under Emperor Bao Dai as an alternative to Hos DRV, the United States decided to support the French position.

The American conception of Vietnam as a cold war battleground largely ignored the struggle for social justice and national sovereignty occurring within the country. American attention focused primarily on Europe and on Asia beyond Vietnam. Aid to France in Indochina was a quid pro quo for French cooperation with Americas plans for the defense of Europe through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After China became a communist state in 14, the stability of Japan became of paramount importance to Washington, and Japanese development required access to the markets and raw materials of Southeast Asia. The outbreak of war in Korea in 150 served primarily to confirm Washingtons belief that communist aggression posed a great danger to Asia . Subsequent charges that Truman had lost China and had settled for a stalemate in Korea caused succeeding presidents to fear the domestic political consequences if they lost Vietnam. This apprehension, an overestimation of American power, and an underestimation of Vietnamese communist strength locked all administrations from 150 through the 160s into a firm anticommunist stand in Vietnam.

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Because American policy makers failed to appreciate the amount of effort that would be required to exert influence on Vietnams political and social structure, the course of American policy led to a steady escalation of U.S. involvement. President Dwight D. Eisenhower increased the level of aide to the French but continued to avoid military intervention, even when the French experienced a devastating defeat at Dien Bien Phu in the spring of 154. Following that battle, an international conference at Geneva, Switzerland, arranged a cease-fire and provided for a North-South partition of Vietnam until elections could be held. The United States was not a party to the Geneva Agreements and began to foster the creation of a Vietnamese regime in South Vietnams autocratic president Ngo Dinh Diem, who deposed Bao Dai in October 155, resisted holding an election on the reunification of Vietnam. Despite over $1 billion of U.S. aid between 155 and 161, the South Vietnamese economy languished and internal security deteriorated. Nation building was failing the South, and, in 160, communist cadres created the National Liberation Front (NLG) or Vietcong as its enemies called it, to challenge the Diem regime.

President John F. Kennedy concurred with his predecessors domino theory and also believed that the credibility of U.S. anticommunist commitments around the world was imperiled in 161. Consequently, by 16 he had tripled American aid to South Vietnam and expanded the number of military advisers there from less than seven hundred to more than sixteen thousand. But the Diem government still failed to show economic or political progress. Buddhist priests, spiritual leaders of the majority of Vietnamese, staged dramatic protests, including self-immolation, against the dictatorship of the Catholic Diem. Ngo Dinh Nhu, Diems brother, led a brutal suppression of the Buddhist resistance. Finally, after receiving assurances of noninterference from U.S. officials South Vietnamese military officers conducted a coup that ended with the murders of Diem and Nhu. Whether these gruesome developments would have led Kennedy to redirect or decrease U.S. involvement in Vietnam is unknown, since Kennedy himself was assassinated three weeks later.

Diems death left a leadership vacuum in South Vietnam, and the survival of the Saigon regime was in jeopardy. With a presidential election approaching, Lyndon B. Johnson did not want to be saddled with the charge of having lost Vietnam. On the other hand, an expansion of U.S. responsibility for the war against the Vietcong and North Vietnam would divert resources from Johnsons ambitious and expensive domestic program, the Great Society. A larger in Vietnam also raised the risk of a military clash with China. Using as a provocation alleged North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. Navy vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin in August 164, Johnson authorized limited bombing raids on North Vietnam and secured a resolution from Congress allowing him to use military forces in Vietnam. These actions helped Johnson win the November election, but they did not dissuade the Vietcong from its relentless pressure against the Saigon government.

By July 165, Johnson faced the choice of being the first president to lose a great war or of converting the Vietnamese War into a massive, U.S. directed military effort. He chose a middle course that vastly escalated U.S. involvement but that stopped short of an all-out application of American power. Troop levels immediately jumped beyond 00,000 and by 168 the number exceeded 500,000. Supporting these ground troops was a tremendous air bombardment of North Vietnam that by 167 surpassed the total tonnage dropped on Germany, Italy, and Japan in World War II.

Gen. William Westmoreland, the U.S. commander in Vietnam, pursued an attrition strategy designed to inflict such heavy losses on the enemy that its will to continue will be broken. By late 167, his headquarters was claiming that the crossover point had been reached and that enemy strength was being destroyed faster than it could be replenished. But the communists Tet offensive launched in January 168 quickly extinguished the light at the end of the tunnel. The Vietcong struck throughout South Vietnam, including a penetration of the U.S. embassy compound in Saigon. American and South Vietnamese forces eventually repulsed the offensive and inflicted heavy losses on the Vietcong, but the fighting had exposed the reality that a quick end of the war was not in sight.

Following the Tet offensive, the American leaders began a slow and agonizing reduction of U.S. involvement. Johnson limited the bombing, began peace talks with Hanoi and the NLF, and withdrew as a candidate for reelection. His successor, Richard M. Nixon, announced a program of Vietnamization, which basically represented a return to the Eisenhower and Kennedy policies of helping Vietnamese forces fight the war, Nixon gradually reduced U.S. ground troops in Vietnam, but he increased the bombing; the tonnage dropped after 16 exceeded the already prodigious levels reached by Johnson. Nixon expanded air and ground operations into Cambodia and Laos in attempts to block enemy supply routes along Vietnams borders. He traveled to Moscow and Beijing for talks and sent his aide Henry A. Kissinger to Paris for secret negotiations with the North Vietnamese. In January 17, the United States and North Vietnam signed the Paris Peace Agreement, which provided for the withdrawal of all remaining U.S. forces from Vietnam, the return of U.S. prisoners of war, and a cease-fire. The American troops and POWs came home, but the war continued. Nixon termed it peace with honor, since a separate government remained in Saigon, but Kissinger acknowledged that the arrangement provided primarily for a decent interval between U.S. withdrawal and the collapse of the South. In April 175, North Vietnamese troops and tanks converged on Saigon, and the war was over.

Why did the United States lose the war? Some postmortems singled out media criticism of the war and antiwar activism in America as undermining the will of the U.S. government to continue fighting. Others cited the restrictions placed by civilian politicians on the militarys operations or, conversely, blamed U.S. military chiefs for not providing civilian leaders with a sound strategy for victory. These so-called win arguments assume that victory was possible, but they overlook the flawed reasons for U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Washington had sought to contain international communism, but this global strategic concern masked the reality that the appeal of the communists in Vietnam derived from local economic, social, and historical conditions. The U.S. response to the Vietnamese communism was essentially to apply a military solution to an internal political problem. Americas infliction of enormous destruction on Vietnam served only to discredit politically the Vietnamese that the United States sought to assist. Furthermore, U.S. leaders underestimated the tenacity of the enemy. For the Vietnamese communists, the struggle was a total war for their own and their causes survival. For the United States, it was a limited war. Despite U.S. concern about global credibility, Vietnam was a peripheral theater of the cold war. For many Americans, the ultimate issue in Vietnam was not a question of winning or losing. Rather, they came to believe that the rising level of expenditure of lives and dollars was unacceptable in pursuit of a marginal national objective.

The rhetoric of U.S. leaders after World War II about the superiority of American values, the dangers of appeasement, and the challenge of godless communism recognized no limit to U.S. ability to meet the test of global leadership. In reality, neither the United States nor any other nation had the power to guarantee alone the freedom and security of peoples of the world. The Vietnam War taught Americans a humbling lesson about the limits of power.

The domestic consequences of the war were equally profound. From Truman through Nixon, the war demonstrated the increasing dominance of the presidency within the federal government. Congress essentially defaulted to the imperial presidency in the conduct of foreign affairs. Vietnam also destroyed credibility within the American political process. The public came to distrust its leaders, and many officials distrusted the public. In May 170, Ohio National Guardsmen killed four Kent State University students during a protest over U.S. troops invading Cambodia. Many Americans were outraged while others defended the Ohio authorities. As this tragic example reveals, the war rent the fabric of trust that traditionally clothed the American policy. Vietnam figured prominently in inflation, unfulfilled Great Society programs, and the generation gap. The Vietnam War brought an end to the domestic consensus that had sustained U.S. cold war policies since World War II and that had formed the basis for the federal governments authority since the sweeping expansion of that authority under Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Joan of Arc: The Heroine of France

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FAMILY

In 141, in a small town of Domremy which was near Lorraine and Nancy in France a small girl was born into a normal family. Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romee, named there daughter Joan of Arc. She preferred to the name "Joan the Maid". But in her lifetime, she never used her surname. Her father, Jacques was a ploughman, and his wife a nurse. She had three brothers, Jacquemin, Pierre and Jean. Joan also had a sister called Catherine, whom was named after Saint Catherine. She was healthy and strong. Her family was religious. Her mother, Isabelle was more religious than her father Jacques. That's where Joan learned all the religious things. Her sister, Catherine wore a cross around her neck which Joan admired. The whole village knew of her family well because of their kindness and bravery. The head villagers usually asked Jacques for advice on decisions. He suggested on renting a Castle for the village in case battles came along. They often used the castle for protection during nearby battles. Joan was a normal child. She was pleased to help in anyway possible. She didn't go to school like most other children. Like most children Joan couldn't read or write. Education was only available for the wealthy. Instead, she helped her mother with the housework. Although, from time to time, she stopped what she was doing and prayed wherever she was. Joan sometimes confessed more than once a day. Her friends thought that this wasn't necessary. Even though Joan was strange, she was accepted by Domremy like any other citizen. That was all until she was 1.

Joan's Voices

One day in144, Joan was playing by herself out in the backyard. Suddenly, she heard the church bell ring and saw a bright light in the sky. Then and there, she saw Saint Michael and he said, "Be good, for God loves you." First she was frightened but the she started to think. St Michael had ordered her to be good. After that, Saint Catherine & Margaret came to Joan. She didn't tell anyone of her voices for the fear that no-one would believe her. So as Joan grew, her voices came more often, sometimes more than twice a day. After a while she became to trust them and became devoted to the church. Every spare time she had, Joan prayed and confessed as often as she could. Her friends were wondering why she was praying more than she used to. The whole town wanted to know why Joan of Arc was like this. Then, one night, the war came right to her own town, Domremy. She scrambled around, gathering all the children onto boats where they would escape to their town castle. Joan's whole family survived except for her beloved sister, Catherine. Joan was devastated since Catherine was like her best friend and a sister. She took the wooden cross around her neck and wore it on hers. When she was around 16, her voices became darker telling her to save France. She ignored them for a while. After some time they became more real and louder than ever. So Joan decided to set off at once to see the Dauphin. First she told her parents of the voices she had been having and how she had obeyed everything they said. Her father thought Joan had gone mad. Jacques the told Joan of her arranged marriage he had been planning for sometime. Joan was angry and she refused to marry. Without telling her family, she set of to Voucouleurs to find help. Joan only hoped they would believe her. She took an old horse to the nearby town, Voucouleurs. The soldiers only laughed when Joan told them her story. Some priests thought she was a witch and sent her home with a scolding. Joan was sent back home to Domremy. Her voices urged her to try again. So when she was around 17 she tried again and this time the soldiers listened. Joan sounded more confident and sure. The army, sent a letter to the Dauphin to inform him that a girl from Lorrain, Domremy was coming. Joan was escorted by Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy with a couple of arbalests to protect them. Together they made their way to Chinon where the dauphin was. Joan had to have her hair cut short like a boy's and also had to dress in boy clothes. As she made the long journey from Voucouleurs to Chinon, she insisted on stopping every few hours to visit chapels and churches to pray and confess. The soldiers thought this was unnecessary. Joan hoped the dauphin would give her an army.

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The Dauphin

Charles VII was the heir to the throne of France. Scared of the battlefields, he stayed safely in a castle in Chinon. He was to be crowned but the English had plans of their own future king. The dauphin was too spoilt and a coward to do anything to help his people castle in Chinon. He only cared for himself and was very selfish. The Dauphin heard that the maid from Lorrain was coming to see him. At first he wasn't worried. But then he's priests suggested that the girl might be an agent of the devil or the enemy. The dauphin thought about it all. He thought of the consequences and the prophesy; A young girl from Lorrain would come to save France and drive the enemy out of French soil. As scared as he was, he had an idea. When the girl came, he would seat one of his colleagues as himself and himself as the colleague. Therefore, if the girl was the enemy, she would assassinate the wrong person. Soon Joan finally reached the castle. She entered, and at once knew that the person on the throne was not who he claimed to be. Joan had no difficulty finding the real dauphin (she had never seen a picture of him). The dauphin listened to what she had to say. Joan told him of her voices and how they told her to save France. She managed to convince the dauphin to let her command an army. They offered Joan an armor and a sword. Joan took the armor but didn't take the sword. She ordered some soldiers to look behind the Alter at a chapel that they had stopped at. There, they would find a rusty old sword. When the soldiers returned, everyone was amazed at the sword they had found. As Joan took it in her hands, the rust fell off revealing the sword's true appearance. They also gave her a black war horse, one of the best in the stables. Joan had also instructed the servants to make a banner for which she would carry with her at all times. It had a white lily which represented France. Joan was rather more fond of the banner than the sword. She was ready for battle.

The Siege of Orleons

Joan led her army to Blois to gather more soldiers to help. The soldiers were anxious to take orders from a seventeen-year-old girl whom had never fought before. As she reached Orleans to deliver the supplies they had brought for them, the villagers reached forward to touch or pat her horse. Joan was annoyed that they stared at her. La Hire was second in charge of the army. He proposed to make an attack from the back of the city where the English would least suspect. Joan however, argued. She said her voices told her to attack from the front gate. So the attack began. Blood spilt everywhere as Joan watched the battle. She drew her sword only to defend herself but not to kill. As Joan was riding, she got wounded by an arrow in the chest and couldn't fight any longer. She commanded Jean and Bertrand to take her banner and keep fighting. The soldiers were determined to fight for victory. She woke up from a deep sleep and found out they had won the battle. Joan was so proud of them. The Orleans villagers cheered from windows, doors, streets and rooftops as she rode proudly into the city. As the weeks went by, more victories came for France. Joan became more confident and grew stronger. She convinced the dauphin to come with her to Rheims to be crowned king of France in14. Joan proudly led the dauphin to the cathedral where all the previous kings had been crowned. Since Rheims was English territory, Joan asked the English to step aside and let the dauphin be crowned. The ceremony was wonderful. So Charles VII was no longer the dauphin of France. He was the king of France. Joan wanted more victories. She asked for the king's permission to recapture Paris. Shocked, the king refused. But Joan was still determined. Her friends told her that the king had the only thing he was after; the crown. Now that he had the crown he didn't care whether or not he had all of France back. Her voices hadn't spoken to her for weeks. Joan didn't notice. In secret she rounded up some soldiers to come and fight with her. But the battle of Paris was a disaster. Her army was defeated. Then Joan realized she had been fighting on a holy day. No wonder God didn't help her! She was so upset. She prayed for her forgiveness many times. Joan still wanted more victories. Soon she forgot about her voices and grew more independed. A fortnight later, she tried to rescue a small town called Compiegne on May 140. The saints warned her that she would be captured, Joan took no notice. As she was fighting, Joan was cornered by Burgundies. Joan was captured.

The Imprisonment

They took her to a castle where she was locked and had only bread and water to eat. The people of France begged the king to pay ransom for Joan's release but he stubbornly refused. Joan was treated well by the English ladies. They offered her women clothes; dresses, skirts. Joan thanked the offer but declined. Accused of witchcraft by the king of England, he wanted her dead.

Joan Trials

Her first trial took place in Rouen. She spoke in confidence even after month of imprisonment in a cell. She refused to believe her voices came from the devil. Judges and Popes from Roam came to her trial for judjement. They of course heard of Joan and some were on her side and others were not. The judges asked her to sign a parchment which had said her voices came from the devil. Joan didnt sign. She was beaten and kicked in her cell. A pope promised her that if she signed the paper, she would be free of the tortures. Joan was weak and was hurt. So she signed it without knowing what she had done. Her voices were very angry and told Joan she had just signed away Gods existence. Joan was in fact free of the beating but was still imprisoned in the cell. She asked to have the paper back. The pope didnt give it to her. So Joan kicked and shouted, grabbed the paper and ripped it up. At her last trial, she told them she would die before believing that her voices were from the devil. Thats exactly what they did.

Joans Punishment

Her punishment was death. Joan knew she had done the right thing. She wanted to be decapitated rather than burnt at the stake. The English wanted her to be as painful and as slow as possible so they had her death burnt at the stake. Joan was to be burnt at the stake on 1st of May, 141. When the day came for her to be burnt, she was nervous. As she was being tied, a priest read all her faults and her case. She was found to be guilty for witchcraft. The flames burnt and they heard her praying to Jesus and God, until her voice faded away slowly. Instead of being buried, her ashes were thrown into the Seine River. The memory of Jeanne dArc had been told from generation to generation.

What happened next?

The French army was so sad the decided to keep fighting not for France, but for Joan. Even the English and Burgundy felt guilty of her death they gave France back to the King. In 1458, Joans mother Isabelle asked for a retrial. Priests from all over France and Rome came to investigate. They looked at all the sources possible; Joans friends, family, soldiers and her villagers. After 0 years of investigation, Joan was found innocent. In 10, Joan was canonized as Saint Joan of Arc.

Title Joan of Arc (the true story)

Author Bull, Keith

Publisher Dorling Kindersliey lt.

Published Place Great Britain London

Published Date 000

Title World Atlas

Author Phillip, George

Publisher George Phillip's son,

Published Place Hong Kong

Published Date 186

Title Joan of Arc

Author Williams, Brian

Publisher Cherrytree Books

Published Place London, England

Published Date 18

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The gym

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on the gym. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality the gym paper right on time.

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The entire gymnasium was silent. Every single person in the gym was standing at this moment, with his or her eyes fixated on the small, skinny girl, whose figure duplicated that of the microphone she was holding. Hearing her voice reminded me the birds that chirped and sang ever so delightfully to awaken me each and every morning. As I stood on the end line with my team, my eyes scanned the horizon. Seeing the bleachers filled to capacity made me realize how lucky I really was. I had tingles going through my body, like it was Christmas morning or something, as everyone anxiously awaited the game to begin. This is what high school dreams are made of. As the crowd sat silently, the players slowly huddled around. This is the moment that the team had dreaded all season long, and it has happened only two plays into the match. An aerial view would show the circle of players gathered around a fallen man, number nine. This would be a long match if this superstar did not return to the game, he had worked himself into becoming the heart and soul of this team, in that he was main driving force of inspiration each match. Just by watching him you could see that everyday he was giving 110% and nothing less. He was a prime example of someone who loves the game they play. As he lay there screaming in pain and grabbing his ankle as if he had a healing touch, nobody knew what to do but stand there and watch. The entire arena was completely silent, even the opposing teams fans didn't know what to do. The kid that everyone called miller- time, who was wearing a cut volleyball on his head and had his extremely large gut painted red and white, the teams school colors, paused in midst of his wild behavior. See this was an unfortunate tragedy that you think only happens in movies. But the reality of the matter was that this was real, maybe even a little too real. It seemed as though time had stopped as if a higher being took the remote control and hit the pause button so they could get another beer and go relieve themselves in the bathroom. At this time everyone was watching carefully, as if there lottery numbers were being read and they were only one number away from the jackpot, to the simple tests that the trainer on duty was performing on the fallen comrade. But each movement only brought about more pain. See let me explain why this was such a bad thing that number nine had gone down to an ankle injury. This was the 1 State Volleyball Championship. The match had only just begun. In volleyball there are matches, each match consists of a set of games. Each game is up to fifteen points. The first team to win the best out of five games is the winner. Number nine who was only a junior had in fact become the most dominant player in the state as a junior on a team, whose roster was completely dominated by older, bigger senior. The team also has a very impressive history for winning; they had won the championship the last two years, and had won it eight times in the last eleven years. Also the team had gone undefeated for the past two seasons prior to this one. But this season was already different, in that the team had already lost a game this season. But what makes the story even more unbelievable is that the team who had beaten them in the season, Minnachaug Regional High School of western Massachusetts, was the team who they were playing in this state championship match. But during the regular season match, number nine didn't even get off the bench, he hadn't developed or proved himself as a capable player yet, so the coach went with one of the senior members who had done their sitting the prior season during that state championship run. The crowd began to clap politely as his coach and a fellow teammate carried off number nine. You could tell he was in excruciating pain by the look on his face and the tears coming down his eyes. This was another first time experience for him and everyone who knew because they had never seen this young man cry. However the game had to go on. A slight murmur came over the crowd once the player had been escorted off the court. Everyone was asking what was going to happen, and the late arrivers were trying to be caught up on exactly what had happened. As number nine was sitting on the sideline performing some mobility and flexibility tests, his mind began to wander. At first all he could think about is why me, because for the first time he was that "somebody else". He was asking himself questions that had no answers, such as "why did this happen now?" and will I be able to continue to play?" Then another emotion set in, this was anger, he had a tendency to get angry quit easily now a days, especially with finals right around the corner, volleyball was usually his only escape from the realities of the world. When he was on that floor, it was as if he was a performer at some elaborate performance center. He was in a world of his own, but now this had all been taken away from him. It was if someone had taken away his ability to walk, and his mind continued to wander. His anger stage only lasted for a few minutes, because his mind then began to think logically. He began thinking how lucky he was. He thought about how lucky he was to be able to be given such a wonderful opportunity in the first place. He asked himself, "How many individuals do I know that can say that they started in a state championship game." At this point he came out of his deep thought, when the trainer twisted his leg in an extremely uncomfortable manner that brought about a sharp pain to his leg. He let out a soft whimper just to show the pain that the action had brought forth to him. Finally he was ready for the news. He asked the trainer, "What do you think, will I be able to get back in their or what?" The trainers only response was, "I'm really not sure yet!" It seemed like an eternity for him to be sitting on that sideline as his team continued play, in what would probably be the most important match of their lives. See, there was way more riding on this match than just another state championship. There was also a great deal of pride too. The volleyball program had never ever lost to the same opponent twice in the same season. And when the team had lost to this western school earlier in April, Minnachaug didn't accept the win graciously. All they did was talk smack and degrade the defending state champions. All number nine could think about was getting back in there and continuing his performance. He sat there for what seemed like an eternity icing his ankle to control the swelling. But the pain momentarily stopped, the crowd erupted suddenly and it startled him. He looked up and he saw his team euphoric, they had just won the first game so that meant that they were only thirty points away from the three-peat and revenge. He slowly began to stand up, so he could go down to the other side. After every game the two teams switch sides just as a measure of equality, so no team can complain about the side they were given. But when he first put his wait on he right ankle, it gave out and he fell to the ground in pain. It was as if he were a newborn learning how to walk for the first time, or someone who had been in a horrible accident and they had to start all over from scratch. He slowly made his way back up and with the help of the trainer he slowly hobbled over to the other side. He knew the only chance he would have to get back into the game was in the third or fourth game if there was one. He wanted to play so badly; he was willing to do anything. After icing for another twenty minutes, he looked up at the scoreboard and saw it was only 7-4, his team leading. He still had some time to recuperate. Using his persuasive manner he began to badger the trainer trying to convince him that he was ready to go back in, even though he really wasn't. The trainer was won over by the charismatic youth. He said that the only way he would allow the player to return to the match was if he passed a series of strength and mobility tests. Number nine knew this would be a problem because he could barely walk, but he was determined to get back in their, just so he could say he contributed to his team's win or loss in this match. The trainer taped up his ankle and he was ready to begin. The tests were extremely difficult and number nine did all he could to conceal the pain that he was in so he would get the trainers ok to return. First he had to start off just by balancing on his right foot. This seems easy enough but the pain was so excruciating that he couldn't even put any weight on it to begin with. Then he had to hop on it and show that he could flex it by swaying side to side on it the tests went on for about five minutes and after a lot a suffering and pain the player could only sit and wait for the trainer to analyze the results. But, much to his satisfaction, he was given the thumbs up to play just as his team had finished winning the second game. Much to his chagrin, number nine was not even allowed to start in the third game, because the coach did not believe it was fair to the other the substitute who had entered the game earlier. But as the match proceeded, number nine's team was losing by about five points. So the coach deemed this a fair opportunity to return the starter to the floor. As he walked on to the floor the crowd stood up and wildly cheered for their hero. Before play began he looked up into the stands and the first face he saw was that of his mom, whom had tears running down her eyes. Anyone could tell how proud she was of her son. Play began and number nine slowly worked himself back into a groove where he soon was dominating play once again. He brought his team within three points of the state championship, and at this point the coach decided it was only fair to make sure that all the seniors had played in the match. So once again number nine found himself sitting on the bench, only being able to watch the match proceed. But the opposing team slowly made a comeback and everyone began to worry, if this was going to be the comeback that turned the match around. But before taking any chances the coach put the original starting lineup back into play. Two service aces in a row brought the team to match point. A tough serve caused the opposing team to mishandle the ball and easily return it over the net. This set up a perfect opportunity to end the match. The ball slowly was passed from one player to the setter, everything seemed like it was going in slow motion, as if a little child had gotten a hold of the V.C.R. remote control and was sporadically pushing the buttons like it was a Nintendo controller. The setter took the ball and set it high into the air, number nine took one step and with a giant leap off of his good foot he struck the ball with such force it looked as though someone had taken the remote and switched from slow motion to extreme fast foreword. Within a blink of an eye the ball had hit the floor. At this instant the stadium erupted. The fans all rushed the floor and hoisted the some of the players in the air. This is the moment that they had all worked so hard for. It seemed like just a dream. But amidst all of this wild merriment, number nine looked up at the ceiling just to take a moment to thank god for everything he had been given. He knew he was a lucky individual and what he had just accomplished, some kids can only dream of. So now every time I look down at my ring finger on my right hand, I am constantly reminded of how just how lucky I am. That is why I never take my 1 State Championship volleyball ring off, because if I did I might forget how grateful I should be for my god given gifts and talents.

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Multiple Sclerosis

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Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that bewilders us all. There is no known cause. We do know that MS (multiple sclerosis) is a disease where the myelin breaks down and is replaced by scar tissue. The demyelination can slow down or block the flow of signals to and from the central nervous system to the rest of the body, impairing such functions as vision, strength, and coordination.1

While we do know what MS is we still dont know why, where and when people contract the disease. It has been proven that MS generally appears between the ages of twenty to forty and it strikes women at more than twice the ratio it strikes men. Statistics have also shown that the disease strikes the middle and upper class more than the lower class and poor. Worldwide research shows that MS has a broad geographical distribution. It has long established that MS is more prominent in colder regions and rare in tropical areas. Maine being a colder climate has shown some of the highest rates of MS.

There is evidence of a slight increase in MS among first-degree relatives--parents, siblings, and children. It is also suspected that the same family members may inherent a genetic susceptibility to MS. While it is possible to inherit a genetic susceptibility to MS, it is not possible to inherit the disease. And even people who have all the necessary genes dont necessarily get MS. The disease, experts believe, must be triggered by environmental factors. So MS is not considered a hereditary disease.

Custom Essays on Multiple Sclerosis

Until the definite cause of Ms is proved the treatment cannot be truly scientific. But there are treatments that are effective in dealing with symptoms. For instance, there are the common sense treatments that everyone, with or without an illness, should treat themselves with, which are A healthy diet, exercise, sufficient amount of rest and to live your life as you would normally. There are also lots of drugs that treat many of the different symptoms. Since there are so many symptoms and treatments, I will only list a few Treatments that increase the blood flow, that decrease blood clotting, treatments for chemical excess or deficiency, treatments to prevent infection and treatments for the immune system.

Treatment and rehabilitation have also been joined together. Weakness is one of the major symptoms of Ms and can be treated with physical therapy and strengthening exercises. One of the best exercises for reducing weakness in the limbs is hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy is done in the water. Hydrotherapy exercises use the benefits of buoyancy. Another way to eliminate weakness is to stay off a weak limb. Overall, by recognizing limits and using common sense, weakness can be greatly diminished.4

Plasticity, another MS symptom, is most effectively treated with physical therapy. Cold is an excellent temporary measure for relaxing the spastic limb. Hydrotherapy is, again, the most effective exercise for relief, combining stretching and cool temperatures. There are also many medications for plasticity, such as Baclofen, Dantrollene, and Diazepam. Relaxation techniques such as yoga, transcendental meditation, biofeedback, have been successful with plasticity as well.

Some MS patients might have mild to sever balance trouble. In mild cases, the person can learn how to compensate easily by standing and walking with a little wider base and taking short steps rather than long strides. When balance trouble is a little more severe, a four-pronged cane, crutches or a walker may be necessary.

Someone with MS could have visual problems. The problem varies from decreased acuity, blurred or cloudy vision, and double vision. The treatment depends on the stage of the problem. If it is a new part of an attack, visual loss responds to steroids. If it is a persistent problem, glasses or special lenses might be the best treatment.

Bladder problems are unfortunately not uncommon with MS. The most common are frequency and urgency. There are three good medications that relieve symptoms when they are present for more than a week or two Pro-Banthine, Ditropan and Tofranil. If bladder problems do not respond to medication, a complete bladder-training problem may be prescribed.

The treatments and medications used ten years ago are still effective and still being used but there are medical breakthroughs being announced regularly. In October of 14, there was a medical breakthrough. Researchers found out that an anticancer drug stops the most crippling form of MS. The drug is Cladribine and the results are dramatic. A study was done on 4 patients with progressive chronic MS, which affects about 5,000 Americans and is the most severe form of MS. Half of the patients were given the drug and the other half was given a placebo. For the patients that were given Cladribine the spread of MS stopped for all patients and some improved. Their legs no longer shook and they no longer needed canes or braces. Dr. Ernest Beutler stated Its the only agent that has clearly been shown to stop the progression of the disease.

Another treatment that is not new or a medical breakthrough but is very effective and gaining popularity with MS patients is Apitherapy, which is the scientific name for the bee venom that is used by MS patients. Doctors arent exactly sure why the bee venom is effective. They know that the venom contains two powerful anti-inflammatory agents, melittin and ado lapin which appear to fight the neural sheath inflammation itself. One woman with MS is quoted after two months of bee venom treatments My hearing was totally back and I was out of the wheelchair and walking with a cane. Another example was a young woman who had bladder problems. After her venom treatments she hasnt wet the bed since she first contracted MS. Others have noticed more balance, more energy and less numbness in their legs and feet.

Overall, whether its medication, exercise, rehabilitation, the most important factor in the treatment of this disease is to have a positive attitude, hope for the future, and a desire to live your life as you normally would from day to day.

Socially MS can be just as difficult to fight as it is physically. Dating, marriage, children, careers, parents and friends can be difficult barriers emotionally.

Dating is hard for anyone regardless of sex, age, appearance or status in life. If you're MS have visual symptoms that are apparent to others. Its best to be open right away. You should go about this in whatever way is most comfortable to you. For people with mild or invisible MS, disclosure to a dating can and probably should wait. Like any other person some relationships work out and some don't. The best advice is to date, explore new relationships and dont be afraid to fall in love.

MS will have an impact on your marriage. Management of Ms requires patience and understanding. When your MS is in remission there may be no problem to face. When youre in a new attack, your mate need to take over shopping, cooking, mowing, and caring for the children if any.

The most patience and understandings comes to anned when a person with MS becomes disabled. This is the real test of love for most couples. This is when you should really take notice of what kind of problems you had before. Dont expect your partner to feel guilty. If the marriage was meant to work it will work.

If you have MS your children have probably already figured out that something is wrong before you tell them. The best approach is to be honest with your children. With each knew attack there needs to be communication. Parents with MS should watch their children for any emotional difficulties they may be having.

Keeping your friends should not be a problem. Good reins stick by your side through everything. Your friends should feel comfortable with you just as you should feel comfortable with them. With making new friends it should be just the same as you made them before. You should eventually tell them about MS but it can wait until both feel comfortable with talking about it.

More often it is harder for someone with MS just to hang on to a job. Unfortunately it has little to do with their ability and more to do with discrimination. But today there are laws and regulations so know one with any disability should be fired or feel thy have to quit.

Job-hunting with Ms is a whole different issue. If you have viable symptoms, you are going to have to address your situation up front. If you have an interview you may want to be up front about it on the phone. The main thing is if you feel comfortable with yourself others will to. You should always emphasize that you are a hard worker. And be aware of discrimination because it happens all the time and it is illegal.

Overall I personally believe that Ms should not get in the way of your social life. If you have a good personality you should be able to make friends and if you are a hard worker there is no reason why you should not be able to work. A positive way of thinking will definitely get you on your way.

After MS patients have dealt with physical therapy, doctors, treatments and medications you may ask yourself where would therapeutic recreation come into the picture? The answer to that would depend on the person and what type of lifestyle and goals they had for themselves.

Todays society is pushing everyone to physically and emotionally fit with activities such as mountain biking, swimming skiing, and walking. The reason these and many other activates are so popular is because its fun, its a hobby, receives stress and its exercise whereas riding a stationary bike is exercise but you dont hear to many people say its their hobby or its a fun pastime. TR (therapeutic recreation) comes into place with people with MS and other mental and physical disabilities because there is a need for them to fulfill their goals and expectations like everyone else. Since they have a special need a TR program or specialist can help them fulfill that need. People with MS should have the maximum participation with the fewest adaptations. Just like any other part of their life style they should develop a leisure lifestyle that is normal a possible. I think it is important for Ms patients to choose their own activates and set their own goals, within reason.

Lastly, I feel sensitive to anyone that contracts a disease, such as AIDS, or cancer. It's an awful thing if someone was an IV drug user and than they contacted the Aids Virus or if some one smoked for thirty years and they were diagnosed with lung cancer. I think one of the hardest things about Ms is that you can be healthy or not healthy know one in your family could have it and then one day you show symptoms. Physiologically yes that would be a difficult thing to deal with. But it is a disease that is striking millions of people and after doing research I believe the positive attitude and to go on with your normal way of living is the best psychological cure. It doesnt stop you from living, having a job, a family, hobbies, or friends.

Overall when they say MS is a mystery disease I would have to agree. I think there is definite hope for a cure for the future. We have medical breakthroughs and have several clues to the disease.

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Ozymandias

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Sherlock Holmes

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh on May 185 to Mary Foley and Charles Doyle. He had a good education and studied medicine at Edinburgh University, graduating at years old. He paid his way, working as a clerk for Dr Joseph Bell, who later became the model for Sherlock Holmes.

The first story A Study in Scarlet was published in Beetons Christmas Annuals in December 1887. Ironically he regarded the Holmes stories as a distraction as he wanted to write other kinds of stories, even after they were published in the immensely popular Strand Magazine.

In 18 Conan Doyle put an end to the Holmes series and was knighted in 10 by King Edward VII, after defending General Kitchener and the army. The following year saw the revival of Holmes, in The Empty House published in McClures Magazine in New York after popular demand.

In 1 Conan Doyles health began to decline. Early in the morning of 7th July 10 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle died. He was buried beside the summer-house in his garden. His grave was marked by a simple oak slab on which four words of epitaph were carved, Steel True. Blade Straight.

Sherlock Holmes was the hero of Conan Doyles stories. He was well known by his deerstalker hat and magnifying glass which he uses to examine the room where Miss Stoner died in The Adventure of the Speckled Band,

Then with his lens he tested the hinge.

He works with his good friend Dr Watson and, because people respected doctors, makes Holmes look more respectable, especially when he works out a crime. The two have a very close friendship and Watson enjoys working with Holmes,

I had no keener pleasure than in following Holmes in his professional investigations.

Sherlock Holmes was pompous yet very clever and because of the poor police service of the times, many looked up to and admired Holmes and he treats his clients in a well-mannered way and is very considerate. This is shown when Helen Stoner comes in,

I shall order you a cup of hot coffee for I observe that you are shivering.

He covers each case with great enthusiasm,

I am all attention madam! Holmes walked in and examined all of them with the keenest interest.

The Sherlock Holmes series were very popular in Victorian and Edwardian times, as they were among the first detective fiction stories. The first acknowledged detective story was The Moonstone written by Wilkie Collins in 1868. Many Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in The Strand magazine, which was, at the time, immensely popular and easy to obtain. Many people were receiving an education so were able to read the stories. At the time the stories first appeared, the real life Jack The Ripper was at large, and because the police were failing to solve this crime and were viewed by many as impotent, the reassurance of Holmes successfully solving all the mysteries greatly aided the series popularity.

The stories were set in real places which people could identify with, making the stories seem more believable. Holmes popularity was shown when, although Conan Doyle attempted to kill off Holmes for a career change, public demand forced him to bring the series back seven years later. Many readers of the Holmes series actually believed that the famous detective was real, which for them would have made the stories even more realistic.

Even today the Sherlock Holmes series is as popular as ever. A museum has been opened at 1B Baker Street, which many people visit. There have been over 00 films and television dramas made about him, with Sherlock being played by over 70 actors. There is currently a new television series being made. A reason for the Holmes stories still being popular today is the fact that they are set in another era; people enjoy the escapism this offers. Its style and flow also enhances its brilliance. Detective stories are of a very popular genre as the reader enjoys trying to solve the crimes before the detective does.

Conan Doyle uses many different techniques in order to build up excitement in each Sherlock Holmes story. For example, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band simple sentences are used to build up suspense,

I nodded again. A similar example can be found in The Man with the Twisted Lip,

Oh, no, no!

Another technique used by Conan Doyle in his stories is using complex sentences, such as His form had filled out, his wrinkles were gone, the dull eyes had regained their fire, and there, sitting by the fire and grinning at my surprise, was none other than Sherlock Holmes, in The Man with the Twisted Lip and also, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band,

Two days ago some repairs were started in the west wing of the building, and my bedroom wall has been pierced, so that I have had to move into the chamber in which my sister died, and to sleep in the very bed in which she slept.

His use of complex sentences allows him to give detailed descriptions and lists of ideas so the reader is given a clear understanding of what is going on.

He asks lots of questions but does not answer them. This allows the reader to try and solve the mystery, which adds to the excitement of the story as the reader wants to read further into the story to try and find more clues. An example of this use of unanswered questions is in The Man with the Twisted Lip,

Was it possible that we could bring him back to her?

Conan Doyle actually gives clues to the reader to assist the reader trying to solve the mystery, this is displayed in The Man with the Twisted Lip

Hum! Posted today in Gravesend by a man with a dirty thumb.

Although the reader is given clues, there is always a feeling that Sherlock Holmes and Watson know more than they are revealing. This makes the reader want to progress further into the book and discover exactly what the detective and his friend could be hiding.

There are many adjectives included in the stories. Such as in The Adventure of the Speckled Band,

Weary and haggard gaping fireplace

This use of adjectives helps to create mood and give the reader a clear image of what is going on in the story. Other language is used to create excitement and tension within the reader, This is shown in The Man with the Twisted Lip,

Frightened frantically, and also in The Adventure of the Speckled Band

Untimely death horror dangers terror

He also uses metaphors in his stories, which help to create a vivid portrait. There are examples of these in The Adventure of the Speckled Band

With restless, frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal.

And also in The Man with the Twisted Lip

The mans face peeled off under the sponge like the bark from a tree.

During the stories there are setbacks and pitfalls which help to build up suspense and give greater impact throughout.

As the truth begins to surface there is a gradual unveiling of facts.

Showing that he had struck a light and looked about her when the alarm took place. This encourages the reader to read on through the story to pick up more facts to try and solve the mystery before the detective does.

Although there are pitfalls and setbacks in the stories, the hero always wins over the criminal, with the mystery being successfully unravelled. This is shown in The Man with the Twisted Lip,

I am sure, Mr Holmes, that we are very much indebted to you for having cleared the matter up.

This adds to the excitement during the stories because the reader wants to find out how and when the mystery is solved.

In The Adventure of the Speckled Band wild animals which are not often seen in Britain are included in the story. The reader is intrigued by these mysterious animals and so may be curious to see if they are involved in the mystery and how.

The idea of a snake instantly occurred to me. There is also a sense of irony in The Adventure of the Speckled Band as the man who sets out to murder is killed by his own evil. This happens when Dr Roylott sets out to use the snake to murder Helen Stoner, but it turns on him and kills him.

It flew upon the first person it saw.

There is a frequent change of pace throughout the stories, which helps to build up tension and then relax the reader until the story reaches a climax. It changes from slow, very detailing and descriptive, to fast, short sentences with dialogue and few adjectives.

In The Adventure of the Speckled Band the paragraphs become shorter as the story progresses, which helps to build suspense and tension in the reader. The story has a peak where there is lots of action and suspense, but then becomes calmer as it reaches the end and the mystery is solved. The peak comes right in the middle, so it is not too early that the story would lack tension, but not too late that the reader would become bored. This technique is also used in The Man with the Twisted Lip during Watson and Holmes conversation in the den,

Nearly Eleven

Of what day?

Of Friday, June 1th

The family involved in the story is rather unusual, as although they are aristocratic, they seem to be having a lot of bad luck and misfortune.

At least throw a little light through this dense darkness which surrounds me?

Which immediately draws the readers attention to the fact that something is about to go wrong for them, yet again. The fact that an aristocratic family is included is a smart move by Conan Doyle, as aristocracy was of major interest at the time, so could draw interest as well as excitement.

The fact that Dr Klas has got away with murder before makes him seem even harder to beat, so this actually makes the reader want good to win over evil.

She died just two years ago.

There is a very detailed description of the building involved, which helps to create and set the mood.

The building was of gray, lichen-blotched stone a small side door led into the whitewashed corridor

These give the image of a cold and eerie house where murder would most likely take place.

In The Man with the Twisted Lip there are also detailed descriptions, such as in the den where Watson finds Holmes,

A long, low room, thick and heavy with the brown opium smoke,

This creates a detailed image for the reader, thus allowing them to visualise what is happening.

At the end of each story, Holmes gives his explanation of the unravelled mystery and how he solved the case. This is used in both stories, The Adventure of the Speckled Band

I had come to these conclusions before ever I had entered his room

And also in The Man with the Twisted Lip

I do not know that there is anything else for me to explain

So not only does this final explanation summarise and conclude the Holmes investigation, but it also answers any of the readers question which may have developed during the story.

In conclusion, after comparing The Adventure of the Speckled Band and The Man with the Twisted Lip the story I found to be most successful in creating excitement was The Man with the Twisted Lip as, in my opinion, it portrayed a more vivid image and the techniques used to develop excitement were generally more successful and worked best with the story. The detailed descriptions throughout helped to create tension and although it did not seem to have so much of a peak to it as The Adventure of the Speckled Band it did have a twist at the end of the story which was very unexpected and added a greater impact.

Please note that this sample paper on Ozymandias is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ozymandias, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Ozymandias will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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