Transcendentalism: a Religion or a Philosophy?

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American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 186-1860). It began as a reform movement in the Unitarian church, extending the views of William Ellery Channing on an indwelling God and the significance of intuitive thought. It was based on a monism holding to the unity of the world and God, and the immanence of God in the world (Oxford Companion to American Literature 770). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains.

Transcendentalists rejected Lockean empiricism, unlike the Unitarians they wanted to rejuvenate the mystical aspects of New England Calvinism (although none of its dogma) and to go back to Jonathan Edwards divine and supernatural light, imparted immediately to the soul by the spirit of God.

Key statements of its doctrine include Emersons essays, especially Nature (186), The American Scholar (187), The Divinity School Address (188), The Transcendentalist (184), and Self-Reliance, and Thoreaus Walden (1854). Others involved in the Transcendental Club and its magazine The Dial included Margaret Fuller, editor of The Dial (1840-4), Amos Bronson Alcott, and William Ellery Channing.

New England Transcendentalism was the product of foreign influences and native American Puritan tradition. It is strongly influenced by idealistic philosophy of Germany and France. The idealistic concept of Schelling and Fichte as well as of Kant¡¯s Critique of Pure Reason find their expression in transcendentalism. French eclectism, especially that of Cousin, Collard, Gerando and Jouffroy, also proved to be an effective means for the transmission of Kantian and Platonic doctrine to America. Accidentally, nearly all the champions of New England Transcendentalism were religious by training or temperament. What Emerson and his fellow Transcendentalisms endeavored to do was in fact to reassert the religious idealism of their Puritan tradition and rephrase their thoughts in forms and terms they borrowed from sources like German Idealism. We also notice that the Transcendentalist¡¯s emphasis on the individual was directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self-culture and self-improvement.

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In short, Transcendentalism can be understood as a philosophical treatment or a transformation of the Christian Belief. The essence of Transcendentalism is still the strong belief in God as the supreme power and controller of the universe, although transcendentalists sometimes called it Oversoul. Transcendentalism is also a philosophy although it is not so systematical as that of Kant or Marx. It is more like the philosophy of the ancient philosophers like Confucius or Plato, setting some unsystematic principles by their own conscience, intuition or reasoning and then follow those principles with a religious zest.

The most ardent follower of his own principle of all the Transcendentalists is Henry David Thoreau (1817-186). In 1845 he went to built a cabin on a piece of Emerson¡¯s property on Walden Pond, and moved in on July 4 to live there in a very simple manner for a little over two years. The idea was to move away from the rush and bustle of American social life which was to him getting more and more sadly materialistic-oriented. There on the pond he tried to be self-sufficient in everything, spending, as he told us, about six weeks a year, planting beans and other crops, and working to eke out a scanty yet decent livelihood, but writing and enjoying nature most of the time for the rest of the year. He wrote a book called Walden to account his experience and reflections when he lived by the Walden Pond. What he wants to show to his contemporaries is that one can choose to live a better life than what the commercial society offers.

Thoreau¡¯s masterpiece, Walden, is a great Transcendentalist work. As a young man Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world. Like Emerson, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man¡¯s spiritual well-being, and regarded it as a symbol of spirit. He tried to seek a way to unlock the secrets of the spirit. ¡°Let us not underrate the value of a fact it will one day flower into a truth,¡± he thus wrote. To him, ¡°we are able to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual instilling and drenching of reality that surrounds us.¡± Thoreau thought in images. It was his firm belief that ¡°natural objects and phenomena are the original symbols or types which express our thoughts and feelings.¡± Thoreau was never tired of staying alone in nature; he was ever seen lost in contemplation of the world around. Indeed, Walden is a faithful record of his reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature, an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson¡¯s Transcendentalist philosophy but went even further to illustrate the pantheistical quality of nature. He can sit by a woodchuck for half an hour, talking to it. To him moose and pinetrees are as immortal as he is, and ¡°perchance will go to as high as heaven, there to tower above me still.¡± What he is trying to say is in fact this, that it is possible to find godhead in the nearby wood. Thoreau¡¯s idea came very close to being heathenish and nature-worship.

Thoreau set out some principles that can be called philosophy of life, can then regarded those principles as divine doctrines and followed them with a religious zest.

It is self-evident that, without the introduction of European philosophies into New England and their influence on Christianity, Transcendentalism could never been born. However, the religious side of Transcendentalism is much more deep-rooted and essential than the philosophical side of it. The chief champion of Transcendentalism, R. W. Emerson, was never tired of exploring the universe with the essential ideas of Christianity, though in other terms than what is in the Bible. His chief work, Nature, is in fact an elaboration of his own understanding of the Bible. In this book he gave many other names to God, such as Oversoul, Universal Being, Grand mind, etc. He also emphasized the omnipresence and omnipotence of God (though often called by other names like Oversoul). ¡°Philosophically considered,¡± he states in his Nature, ¡°the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul,¡± He made many famous statements on this point ¡°Each mind lives in the Grand Mind, ¡±There is one mind common to all individual men,¡± and ¡°Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life.¡±

In his Divinity School Address, he attributed social ethics and morality to an teleological end¨C¨C¨Cthe mind, which is another name for God.

These facts have always suggested to man the sublime creed, that the world is not the product of manifold power, but of one will, of one mind; and that one mind is everywhere active, in each ray of the star, in each wavelet of the pool; and whatever opposes that will, is everywhere balked and baffled, because things are made so, and not otherwise. Good is positive. Evil is merely privative, not absolute it is like cold, which is the privation of heat. All evil is so much death or nonentity. Benevolence is absolute and real. So much benevolence as a man hath, so much life hath he. For all things proceed out of this same spirit, which is differently named love, justice, temperance, in its different applications, just as the ocean receives different names on the several shores which it washes. All things proceed out of the same spirit, and all things conspire with it. Whilst a man seeks good ends, he is strong by the whole strength of nature. In so far as he roves from these ends, he bereaves himself of power, of auxiliaries; his being shrinks out of all remote channels, he becomes less and less, a mote, a point, until absolute badness is absolute death.

In the above passage it is shown that Transcendentalism has a much stronger emphasis on the omnipresent influence of God on the world than what Deism understood. Although Transcendentalists treat the Bible with philosophical, speculative, rational, logical, enlightened, and reasonable mind, they never lost their sincerity and ardency in their belief in God. Thoreau even lived for two years in the solitude of Walden Pond like Jesus Christ before beging his teaching. Emerson once experienced a moment of ¡°ecstasy¡± which he records thus in this Nature

Standing on the bare ground, ¨C¨C¨Cmy head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, ¨C¨C¨Call mean egoism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.

Religion is a belief in some occult teachings that are capable of many interpretations and the believers simply hold that those teachings are truth or manifestation of truth. Sometimes this belief can be blind misused by some rulers for gains in wealth or power, as in the case of the bloody Crusade. Philosophy is the pursuit and elaboration of truth or what the philosophers understand to be truth. Philosophy is based on science and intellectual speculation, but there are limitations in the scientific discoveries in any time of the past human history and there is also much limit to the human intellect. Religion is based on the supernatural and supermental, which is sometimes misunderstood, misinterpreted or intentionally misused by the intellectual mind, and therefore often become dangerous. When these two are successfully combined, human mind is better equipped. Belief give the pursuit of truth an access to the unknown, and reason gives belief a safeguard against mania. Transcendentalism is a revolutionary attempt to combine those two identities, and it has become both a religion and philosophy. It lacks neither the essence of Christianity nor the principles of rationality and logical speculation. Most valuable of all, the Transcendentalists are neither enslaved by the dogmatic teachings in the Holly book, nor limited by the scientific discoveries in their time. They are always revolutionary in spirit and they never cease in their pursuit of truth and their work toward the perfection of humanity.

Bibliography

Emerson, R. W. Nature, New York E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 161.

Emerson, R. W. Divinity School Address, Princeton, N. J. Princeton Univ. Press, 157.

Thoreau, H. D., Walden, New York Dell, 160.

Greenberg, W., The Emergence of Transcendentalism, New York Grosset and Dunlap, 165.

Bibliography

Emerson, R. W. Nature, New York E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 161.

Emerson, R. W. Divinity School Address, Princeton, N. J. Princeton Univ. Press, 157.

Thoreau, H. D., Walden, New York Dell, 160.

Greenberg, W., The Emergence of Transcendentalism, New York Grosset and Dunlap, 165.

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Title Brown-Forman Case Study

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The paper has been broken into various sections. The following section of the paper examines the introduction of the company.

Corporate History In the year 1870, George Garvin Brown saw a need to form a quality whiskey that met medicinal standards. In the beginning, with $5,500 of saved and borrowed money he began J.T.S Brown and Bro. Initially, their flagship brand Old Forrester Kentucky Bourbon whiskey was sold in sealed glass bottles to assure its quality. Brown's friend George Forman joined the company and hence led to the name being changed to Brown-Forman.

The company Brown-Forman was incorporated in 101. In the year 104, Owsley Brown, George Garvin Brown's son took a very important decision, to come into the business, thus beginning a tradition of family apprenticeship which continues today as well.

The year 156 was another important year in the history of Brown-Forman as they made one of their most famous acquisitions. They purchased Jack Daniel's distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee. Since then it has become one of the most popular whiskeys in the world, and led to the company producing a net sales figure of more than $100m for the first time in 160.

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Since 160, Brown-Forman has been littered with new acquisitions. These include companies such as Korbel California champagnes in 165 to Moray Speyside Malt Whiskey in 17. Other major acquisitions during this time include, 'The Grand Old Drink Of The South', Southern Comfort in 17 and Lenox Inc. in 18.

Major Milestones With the help of Brown-Forman Beverages Worldwide, Brown-Forman produces and markets many of the most well-known and best-loved wines and spirits in the world. These include Jack Daniel's, Canadian Mist, Southern Comfort, Early Times, Korbel champagnes, Fetzer wines, and Bolla wines.

Through Lenox, Incorporated, Brown-Forman manufactures and markets the china, crystal, collectibles, and giftware of Lenox; the contemporary tabletop and giftware designs of Dansk; the silver, crystal, china, and giftware of Gorham; the silver and pewter products of Kirk Stieff; and the luggage and leather goods of Hartmann.

The company is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Owsley Brown II is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the company and William M. Street is the President of Brown-Forman Corporation.

The following section of the paper examines the background of the company.

Products and services Brown-Forman Corporation manufactures, bottles, imports, exports and markets alcoholic beverage brands and also manufactures and markets new and used oak barrels. The Company also runs a consumer durables business, which consists of a portfolio of premium consumer brands. Brown-Forman sells fine China dinnerware, crystal stemware and giftware, stainless steel flatware and silver-plated and metal giftware under the Lenox and Gorham brands.

Distribution At present Brown-Forman do not own any major distribution companies. Therefore it relies on its competitors to distribute its products in different markets. For instance, United Distillers and Vintners distribute 'Jack Daniel's' and 'Southern Comfort' in the U.K., while Bacardb Wedistributes Brown-Forman's spirits products in most of continental Europe. However, the current European economy is in a state of flux, with the recent creation of the European Union and the consequent elimination of trading barriers along with the adoption of the Single European Currency, which will be put in motion in the near future. These changes will greatly affect Brown-Forman's business in Europe and will revolutionise distribution of spirits and wine in Europe, which is presently constructed on a country by country basis, by encouraging cross-border sales. Brown-Forman is not an owner of a European distribution company; therefore if reform is not undertaken in the near future, their retail sales prices will come under pressure due to increased cross-border competition.

Employees The Company employs 6,700 people in the U.S. and abroad. The compensation / benefits of their top leadership are as follows

Names and Position Pay

Owsley Brown, II, 60

Chairman and CEO $ .10M

William Street, 64

Pres, Director $ 1.58M

Phoebe Wood, 50

CFO, Exec. VP $ 805.00K

Stanley Krangel, 5

Pres of Lenox, Incorporated $ 85.00K

Michael Crutcher, 5

Sr. VP, Gen. Counsel and Sec. $ 847.00K

Financial-Sales Brown-Forman Corporation reported earnings per share for the year ended April 0, 00 of $.6, up % over last year. Fiscal 00 revenues and gross profit for the Beverage segment were up 11% and 6%, respectively. Gross profit growth was driven by solid results for Jack Daniels and Southern Comfort, a more profitable distribution arrangement for the companys spirits brands in the United Kingdom, and favorable foreign exchange trends. The growth in spirits was partially offset by significantly lower profits for the companys wine brands.

Profits for the companys wine brands were down sharply from fiscal 00. A global oversupply of grapes led to significant retail price competition, depressing industry profit margins. While consumer demand for Fetzer and Bolla were essentially unchanged from last year, profit margins for both brands dropped significantly.

Sales for Consumer Durables were down 4% during fiscal 00 and gross profit declined 1%. Gross margins improved during the year as a result of firmer pricing, improved product mix and manufacturing efficiencies resulting from the business improvement programs implemented in fiscal 00. Operating income for the segment increased from $17 million to $0 million, although the increase largely reflects an absence of business improvement costs related to the closing of three manufacturing plants in fiscal 00.

Underlying trends in the fine china, tableware and luggage markets have not improved over a depressed period a year ago. Department stores and retail outlet centers, representing two of the primary channels of distribution for the Consumer Durables segment, remain weak. In addition, the direct-to-consumer channel, which includes direct mail, catalogs and the internet, has slowed over the past 1 months.

Stock Price

Last Trade 80.5

Trade Time Sep 15

Change UP 0.85 (1.07%)

Prev Close 7.50

Open 7.45

Bid N/A

Ask N/A

1y Target Est 7.0

Exchange NYSE, The stock price given on the table above is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

Date Open High Low Close Avg Vol Adj Close

Sep-0 78.4 81.40 78.50 80.5 18,780 80.5

-Aug-0 $ 0.8 Cash Dividend

Aug-0 77.75 7.50 76.50 7.04 ,5 7.04

Jul-0 78.50 8.5 77.41 77.0 16,56 77.5

5-Jun-0 $ 0.8 Cash Dividend

Jun-0 7.10 8.85 77.7 78.6 14,57 78.5

May-0 76.60 7.76 75.10 78.86 145,0 78.1

Apr-0 76.0 80.58 75.80 76.54 58,71 75.8

Mar-0 6.50 76.0 67.0 76.0 80,04 76.18

8-Feb-0 $ 0.8 Cash Dividend

Feb-0 70.00 71.75 68.7 6.55 504,88 68.0

Jan-0 65.50 66.87 60.5 6.14 111,068 61.

Historical Performance The historical prices shown below are from 1st Jan 00 to 16th Sep 00 on a monthly basis.

Type of company Public

P/E Ratio

Trailing P/E (ttm) 1.0

Forward P/E (1 yr) 17.5

ttm = Trailing Twelve Months (as of 1-Jul-0)

Management Team Owsley Brown II, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

William M. Street, President Brown-Forman Corporation

Phoebe A. Wood, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Lois Mateus, Sr. Vice President, Corporate Communications/Services

James S. Welch, Jr, Vice Chairman Brown-Forman Corp., Sr. Vice President, Exec. Dir. of Human Resources

Michael B. Crutcher, Vice Chairman Brown-Forman Corp., Sr. Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary

William A. Blodgett, Jr, Vice President and Deputy General Counsel

Milton B. Gillis, Vice President, Director of Compensation and Employee Benefits

Meredith M. Parente, Vice President and Treasurer

Larry W. Perry, Vice President, Director of Tax

The following section of the paper examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Company.

Strengths Brown-Forman's dark spirits and liqueurs are characterized by strong, well-established brands, commanding a high degree of loyalty among their consumers.

Scotch whisky enjoys a global reputation as a high-quality product, and the company exports a great deal of it to many overseas markets.

The Company keeps spending on new product development (NPD) at a high level and as a result they are able to keep their customers happy.

Their ability to cope in case of changes in general economic conditions, changes in consumer preferences etc.

Weaknesses The consumer base of many dark spirits (especially Scotch whisky and Cognac) is very mature; therefore these products of the company do not appear to be succeeding in attracting the drinkers of tomorrow.

Opportunities British drinkers appear to be receptive to newer, innovative products, especially in the form of sweeter drinks, or spirits mixed with other ingredients. Thereby, the Company can focus on producing similar products.

A growing number of affluent female consumers are entering the market, drinking more and increasingly regularly.

Threats The continued growth of other alcoholic drinks sectors, such as wine and white spirits, may cause the dark spirits market to decline even further.

It seems likely that cross-Channel smuggling will continue further weakening the position of major drinks manufacturers.

The following section concludes the paper with recommendations for improvement and case for investment.

In conclusion, the future for Brown-Forman remains positive and should continue along strong previous year's growth levels. The factors mentioned above such as cross-Channel smuggling should have no significant adverse affect on short-term future growth rates. While the creation of UDV has undoubtedly heightened the fierce competition in the marketplace, we feel that an established and mature company like Brown-Forman who is continuously re-investing in its workforce and products should maintain its foothold within the industry. As the company estimates per-share earnings for fiscal 004 would rise as much as 18 percent to $4.10 - $4.0. Hence, investing in a company like Brown-Forman can be termed as "worthwhile investment".

Finally, it must be stated that the company's distribution channels across Europe need reform, in the long run, when the full ramifications of European Integration will be felt.

1. Brown Forman, Annual Report, 00

. Quote.com, "Brown-Forman Earnings Grow % in Fiscal 00", May 0, 00.

. The Brown Forman Corporation Web Site at http//www.brown-forman.com

4. biz.yahoo.com, September 16, 00

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English Media study WorkLevis Jeans

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When Levi¡¯s were first brought out, their target audience was youths, teenagers. Unfortunately as time went on, the teens that had originally bought them grew older and had kids which turned Levi¡¯s into ¡®My Dad¡¯s Jeans¡¯. With losing it¡¯s youth market and with it¡¯s sales falling Levi¡¯s needed a new strategy. They brought in BBH to create a new advertising campaign. The idea was that they could recreate their original reputation in the 150¡¯s for the new generation. In the 150¡¯s the Levi¡¯s brand was known for it¡¯s original design, it¡¯s strong hardwearing fabric and it¡¯s American-ness. Their jeans were classic and stylish and above all, Levi¡¯s. They represented rebellion, individuality and youth. To keep this idea their target audience was teenagers (15-0). Before the 50¡¯s teenagers were either seen as children with no spending power or as Adults. After the war the hard times ended and people seemed to have a lot more money. Children now had a lot of that money, spending it on fashions and lifestyles. A new group of people to suck into the ever expanding trade, looking for heroes to follow, and interests to pursue, Levi¡¯s used this opportunity and has drawn repeatedly on the idea of the ¡®rebel¡¯.

Levis¡¯s new advertising campaign introduced a creative new idea, involving a man and a woman recreating the impression of 50s America. All the advertisements in this series revolved around this same idea of people finding the person wearing the jeans desirable. The scenarios ranged from launderettes to beaches, all featuring an emphasis on physical attraction and most of them set in a public place.

However Levis didn¡¯t predict what sort of impact this commercial campaign would bring to the population of teenagers. The result was massive, the number of Button Fly 501¡¯s sold in 187 was over 0 times that of 184, due to this break through in commercial advertising. Everyone wanted to get their hands on a pair of 501¡¯s.

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The majority of adverts in this particular campaign were targeted at the male gender of the population. The commercials are often controversial & always very lavishly produced. The adverts denote that wearing Levi¡¯s is cool, sexy, stylish and, although being a casual fit, they are versatile in the sense that the jeans can be dressed up to impress (The Party advert), but at the same time, can be worn every day for work. As well as being all of the above, Levi¡¯s have managed to get the right balance between rebellion and style. Many of the advertisements in this series show the hero in a state of nudity, often topless, this increases the sex appeal of Levi Strauss¡¯ revolutionary 501¡¯s.

An example of their successful campaign is the advert referred to as ¡®The Deal.¡¯ This advert starts off in a busy office, business people buzzing around with a generally hardworking atmosphere. The background song is called ¡®The Joker,¡¯ which was released in 17, then re-released in 10, and as a result of this successful commercial reached number 1 in the charts. The lyrics are fit very closely with the action in the ad.

The male character enters via the lift on a motorbike looking very cool and showing connotations of being a bit of a stereotypical hell¡¯s angel. He pulls up alongside the female character looking very sophisticated and businesslike. He hands her a brown paper parcel, which she opens, revealing a pair of Levi¡¯s 501¡¯s and then proceeds to put them on. The female takes her hair out of a ponytail and leaves it loose and mounts the bike behind. Then the camera shows the couple riding off happily into the sunset.

The slogan reads ¡®The Original Workwear¡¯ and the famous red logo is displayed once again.

To manipulate the male¡¯s mind Levis¡¯s ad campaign exploited the men¡¯s desire to be in control and to be the leader of the situation. The advertisements make the audience want to empathise with the characters because they represent an ideal. They do this by using a stereotypical attractive male tall, dark and handsome (like the one in ¡®The Deal¡¯). In the advertisements there were traditional roles for the men and women. Back then women were expected to play along with what the men wanted and this is imitated in the advertisements. The men were the dominant sex, far superior to the females. The women were valued for their ability to enhance men¡¯s status through looks and virtue, their ability to play out a subservient role. This atmosphere has been constantly focussed on through the entire campaign. Men want to wear these jeans so they can feel big, strong and sexy, like the man portrayed in the adverts (the man in ¡®the Bath¡¯ ad doing push-ups with his top off is a perfect example of this vanity ploy). They can feel proud of wearing them and more important than other people around them. It makes them believe that they are the centre of attention and all eyes are solely focussed on them (like the man entering the office in his motorbike in ¡®The Deal¡¯ ad).

Another example is the advert called ¡®The Beach¡¯. In this advert the male character is represented as being the modern equivalent of a rebel. The sky clear blue, the weather is hot and the sand is golden shows of being a typical American Summer.

The music is called ¡®Can¡¯t Get Enough¡¯ written by ¡®The Bad Company¡¯, which plays all the way through the commercial. It particularly gives the whole atmosphere of American summer feel. The words fits perfectly with the ad give the maximum impact.

It begins with the a male wearing a Levis 501 jeans and his dog walking along a beach. The man takes off his jeans and leaves them in the care of his dog whilst, (assume) he goes surfing. A man who eyes up the jeans whilst eating an ice cream received defensive and excessive barking from the dog, so the man carries on walking. The next cross cut action of the camera is a medium shot of an attractive young lady wearing a bright yellow bikini. She spots the jeans and begins to put the jeans on with the dog watching her every move. As the girl turns her back on the dog and attempts to walk away, the dog suddenly launches for her leg in an attempt to stop her. It almost seems as if the dog tries to take the jeans back off her. The camera then cross cuts into a long shot of the man returning with an embarrassed look on his face. He then praises the dog. Both the man and the girl look embarrassed for each other. They then become acquainted with one another. The final long shot of the couple and the dog, walking off together, moving away from the camera. The slogan for this advert is ¡®Originals have always been sought after,¡¯ displaying the logo at the same time.

The women in the advertisements frequently come across a handsome young man wearing the jeans, whether he¡¯d be stripping in a launderette, or half naked in a caf¨¦. These young men in those adverts always ended up with the pretty girls. This is obviously a instant attraction to audience to go out and buy Levis Jeans because Levis men are in control, sexy, laid back and always gets what they what. In another word, Levis is fashion and fashion is Levis. If you do not have a pair of Levis jeans then you are so not cool.

In ¡®The Beach¡¯ advert, the girl actually put the jeans on, this is not the usual Levis style. At that time you rarely see women wearing jeans which is why this advert is evolutionary. The message within the ad is that Levis is for every one regardless of their agenda, occupation and age. Levis jeans is also something that every body knows everybody wants and everybody values.

¡®Launderette¡¯ shows the text ¡°Now available stone washed¡± at the end, as in the past people would also often wash their jeans along with stones to create a stone washed effect.

This features another conventionally good-looking man, walking into a laundrette. He walks in and towards a washing machine, with two small boys staring and admiring him over the top of a washing machine, before their mother pulls them away. We also see two young women admiring the man, they are looking at him and giggling.

The man is very confident. He walks over to a washing machine and begins to remove his clothes. When he pulls off his belt it runs smoothly through the belt loops, undressing almost like a stripper. He then begins to undo the buttons at the front of his jeans as the camera again focuses on this. When he pulls of his jeans the underwear that he is wearing is snow white. This is a sharp contrast with his jeans and tanned skin.

After taking off his clothes he puts them into a washing machine, before tipping a bag of stones into the machine with them.

He then turns and sits down next to a large man, who wears dull clothes and doesn¡¯t stand out like the young man wearing the jeans. The man has an almost disapproving look upon his face. At the very end of the advert the young man who stripped begins to read a newspaper, which is a very everyday act, which is showing how the man doesn¡¯t feel like him stripping is anything out of the ordinary, indicating confidence and boldness.

The music played throughout this advert is ¡°Heard it on the grapevine,¡± which is how gossip is often referred to and suggests that the man is something to gossip about, and somebody that is talked about.

The audience is supposed to respond to the image with almost awe. They are supposed to look up to the Levi¡¯s man in almost ¡®he is my idol¡¯ way. This reaction would bring in a lot of sales because the people would want to mimic their idol.

Women feature in these adverts by becoming the item that the Levi¡¯s men want, ¡®Pickup¡¯. This image means that women of the audience will buy the jeans to become the ¡®Levi¡¯s man¡¯s goal¡¯ and the men will buy the jean to ¡®get Levi¡¯s women¡¯.

The audience responds to the Levi¡¯s man/ woman by buying the Levi¡¯s jeans. The audience having the following ideas makes this decision

Male ¨C ¡°As he gets all the girls, if I buy these jeans that means I will get all the girls too¡±

Female ¨C ¡°That girl always looks beautiful and always has the guys wanting to be with her, if I buy those jeans I will become attractive to the opposite sex too¡±

The audience is influenced by the adverts, thinking that by buying these jeans that they will also be buying the looks, the lifestyle and becoming attractive to the opposite sex.

The rebel elements I think that is particularly successful is the ¡®Laundrette¡¯ style ads because the idea of perfect people (Levi¡¯s man and woman) advertising these jeans would make the audience think that if they bought the jeans they could become perfect people too.

I think the advertising campaign in 180s is better than what Levis has now. Because the campaign back then is more interesting, humorous and more connected with day to day life of audience. In another hand, as advertisement industry grows, it is harder to make a successful advertising campaign that could stand out from the crowed than back then.

Please note that this sample paper on English Media study WorkLevis Jeans is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on English Media study WorkLevis Jeans, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on English Media study WorkLevis Jeans will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Adolf Hitler - an Overview

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Adolf Hitler - an Overview

ADOLF HITLER 1. THE BEGINNING At half past six on the evening of April 0th, 188 a child was born in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years in school. From childhood one it was his dream to become an artist or architect. He was not a bad artist, as his surviving paintings and drawings show but he never showed any originality or creative imagination. To fullfil his dream he had moved to Vienna the capital of Austria where the Academy of arts was located. He failed the first time he tried to get admission and in the next year, 107 he tried again and was very sure of success. To his surprise he failed again. In fact the Dean of the academy was not very impressed with his performance, and gave him a really hard time and said to him You will never be painter. The rejection really crushed him as he now reached a dead end. He could not apply to the school of architecture as he had no high-school diploma. During the next 5 years of his live the young man never forgot the rejection he received in the deans office that day. Many Historians like to speculate what would have happened IF.... perhaps the small town boy would have had a bit more talent....or IF the Dean had been a little less critical, the world might have been spared the nightmare into which this boy was eventually to plunge it. . WORLD WAR I While living in Vienna Hitler he made his living by drawing small pictures of famous landmarks which he sold as post cards. But he was always poor. He was also a regular reader of a small paper which claimed that the Araban race was superior to all and was destined to rule the world. The paper blamed Communists and Jews for all their problems and hitler agreed to those views. Hitler agree with most of the points made in the publication. He continued to live a poor live in Vienna and in 11 decided to move to Munich. Still living in Vienna and being Austrain by birth, Hitler showed more loyalty to the Geramny. He thought that the Aryan race was destined to rule the world. Many believe that he tried to escape the draft but it was never proven. His live in Munich was not much better then before and he continued to be poor. Then in 114 World War I broke out and Hitler saw this as a great opportunity to show his loyalty to the fatherland by volunteering for the Imperial army. He did not want to fight in the Austrian Army. Hitler was a good soldier. Many of political opponents claimed that he was a coward but records clearly show that he was not. He received to awards of bravery but never achieved a high Rank. In 118 Germany surrendered and Hitler was very upset about the loss. He believed that it was the Jews and the Communists who betrayed the fatherland and it was here that his disliking of the Jews most likely began. Germany after the war was in chaos. With no real Government to control the country, many groups tried to take control. One day a big communist group staged a big riot but another group of ex-soldiers including Hitler managed to hold them back. . THE NAZI PARTY Since there were not many chances for employment Hitler stayed in the army. Hitler was assigned the job of going go to various meetings of groups which sprang up like mushrooms and to report on them. One day September 1, 11 - a fateful day in history, Hitler was sent to investigate a small group which called itself the German Workers Party. Hitler was not to happy about his assignment. He thought it wouldnt be worth it to even go. At the group mainly talked about the Countries problem and how the Jews, communists and others where threatening the master race and offered their own solutions. Hitler was bored by the meeting but when a man stood up and claimed that Bavaria should separate from Germany, Hitler got up and argued that point. He argued that Germany and germans must unite into one to survive. His natural ability to speak imprest the leader of the group and at the end of the meeting he gave Hitler a pamphlet and an initiation the next meeting. He wasnt interested in attending but after reading the hand out he accepted. He later joined the German Workers Party and was in charge of Propaganda. The party was small at first but Hitlers great skill at deliberating speeches attracted more and more listeners and it soon became a major party with many followers. Eventually Adolf Hitler became its leader and the rest as they say....is history. 4. HITLER IN POWER While spending time in prison for trying to overthrow the government Adolf Hitler wrote his famous book Mein Kampf, in which he describes many problems and where he states that the Jews and communists were responsible for those problems. He also decided on the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. It was his goal to eliminate the Jewish race from the European continent. It is interesting to look and see how a small time boy from Austria with no education, money or political background could become within a few years the leader of big nation such as Germany. Historians believe that Hitler saw a great opportunity to get his views across to the German people who have lost all hope. Of course people did not start to support him right away. After he came into power, the Nazi party took control over every aspect of every day life. Hitler ordered the creation of a special police force to make sure that all opponents would be elimanted, the Gestapo. He also gave orders to set up a special force which would be used to transport and take care of all political prisioners and people thought to be inferior. The name of the force was the feared SS. Mass propaganda was used to persuade the German people that the Fuhrer would make the country strong and powerful again. They also used propaganda against the Jews and other minority groups which were considered enemies. Teachers had to belong to the Nazi party, and children were taught that Jews very the source of all their problems. Since the country was in chaos after the war, and was forced to pay billions in damages, The Germans saw hope in Adolf Hitler. In the late 0s the depression hit which made the situation even worse. Hitler in his speeches blamed the Jews and Communists for their misfortunes and many listed. Unemployment was very high at that time standing at about 5%. Hitler also spoke out against the unfairness of the Versailles treaty. Germany lost a lot of its territory. The Empire was no more. He believed the pure Araban race is destined to rule the world and wanted to build an Empire that would last a 1000 years. He preached that all Germans must unite in order for this goal to succeed. Hitler publicly stated his views on the Jews. But the Jews of Germany didnt see Hitler as a great threat at first. However when Hitler became chancellor and eventually took over totally they changed their mind. The first thing he did was to take the Jews their right to vote. Soon they were not allowed to marry with a pure german, they could not hold positions such as teachers, doctors lawyers,..and so on. Many Jews only then realized that he was serious and many fled Germany. Why did so many Germans follow Hitler? When he took power the economy was basically non existent. Many looked for answers and hope. Hitler was their answer. He promised to rebuild the Glorious Germany of the past. First he started to build up the Wehrmacht. Germany was not allowed to have more than 100,000 men, but Hitler broke the treaty and gave orders to increase that number. Factories started putting out weapons and people now had jobs. To the Germans this was a very good sign. Mass rallies were held, where Hitler continued to use his powers of speech on the German people. 5. THE ROAD TO WAR At first the allies did nothing about the fact that Hitler broke the Treaty. He gave speeches in which he indicated that the German people needed living space. Later he Marched into the Reihnland, and area which Germany lost. Next He moved into Austria, his home country and annexed it without a shoot being fired into the Reich. Following Austria, he wanted control of the Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia which was mainly German speaking. He also achieved that goal. The allies didnt want another war so they led Hitler do what he wanted to, but when he Attacked Poland on September 1st, 1 the allies no longer stood by and watched. Britain and France declared war on Germany a few days after later, World War II began. 6. THE DARK SIDE After the Wehrmacht conquered and occupied a territory the SS quickly followed. They would round up Jews, Communists, Gypsies, Homosexuals and others which were viewed as Inferior according to Nazi racial theory and enemies of the German people and put on trains. They were all sent to Concentration camps, which were set up to implement the final solution. Camps such as Auschwitz, Treblinka, Bergen Belsen were all equipped with gas chambers to make the killing process quick and efectfull. In those camps 6 million Jews and many others were killed by the Nazis. Hitlers army seemed unstoppable but in the end, the allies managed to win many decisive battles. Eventually on Aril 0th, 145 Hitler committed suicide in his bunker by shooting himself in the mouth. His body was burned, but no ones knows what happened to the Fuhrers ashes. On May 7th, 145 Germany surrendered unconditionally. 7. THE MAN Hitler was one of the most, if not the most cruel man to ever walk the face of the earth. His believe of the superiorority of the Aryan race made him hate all others. He believed that the slaws to the east should be made work for the German people. He thought of blacks as being Sub-human. And Most of all he hated the Jews. So much that in early 145, when equipment and manpower was badly needed on the front Hitler insisited on man and equipment staying and continuing to tranport Jews to the camps. In his Testament he left his money to his family. And message to the Germany people Above all I charge the leaders of the nation and those under them to scrupulous observance of the laws of race and to merciless opposition to the universal poisoner of all peoples, international Jewry. The only people which would be spared where the Scandinavians to the north, since they were closely related to the German race. With Hitlers death the Nazi party quickly fated. But there is still a lot of tension in todays Germany.

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Master of Disaster

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U.S. military Saddam documents lead to arrests

Deposed Iraqi leader not cooperating, sources say

Monday, December 15, 00 Posted 0 AM EST (140 GMT)

An image released by the U.S. Army shows Saddam after he was captured.

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ON CNN TV

Watch CNNs ongoing live coverage of news of the capture of Saddam Hussein, now on-air.

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Saddam to U.S. troops I want to negotiate.

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U.S. officials begin interrogating Saddam.

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Two deadly car bombings in Baghdad.

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Saddams capture evokes joy, rage in Iraqis.

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President stops short of calling capture a turning point for military mission.

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Tracking down bin Laden a more difficult task.

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Inside Saddams spider hole

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General describes the capture

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International reaction

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RELATED

Timeline The end of the hunt

Audio Slide Show Capture of Saddam

TIME.com Inside the daring raid

On the Scene Satinder Bindra Game over

Special Report Coalition fatalities

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• Behind the Scenes Something big was happening

• On The Scene Iraqis must be top priority

• On the Scene Europe reacts

• CNN Access How Saddam should be treated

• Car bombs kill at least 6

• Bush Saddam will face justice

• Iraq debates Saddams fate

SPECIAL REPORT

• How Saddam was captured

• Saddams brutal regime

• Blair Shadow removed

• Mideast leaders welcome news

• Gallery Saddams capture

• Map Site of capture

• Interactive Most-wanted Iraqis

• CNNArabic.com

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Will the capture of Saddam Hussein help bring stability to Iraq?

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BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- U.S. military officials said Monday they had arrested several resistance leaders in Baghdad based on documents found when Saddam Hussein was captured.

Officials said that some of the documents detailed a meeting of resistence cell leaders -- and included their names.

Yet the deposed Iraqi leader who eluded coalition forces since the capital fell in March is replying to interrogators questions with nationalist or patriotic rhetoric, military and other sources told CNN.

For example, he was offered a glass of water, and Saddam said, Well, if I take that glass of water I will have to urinate, and if I have to urinate, I will have to go to the bathroom, and how can I possibly go to the bathroom when my people are enslaved? Time magazine correspondent Brian Bennett said.

A senior U.S. official said that in the first interrogation Sunday, the former Iraqi leader was a wiseass, or in other words, that he gave only defiant and unhelpful answers.

Several sources agree that Saddam identified himself upon his capture and cooperated with U.S. forces who transported him. He also submitted to a medical examination.

But, Bennett said, he has refused to answer questions about the location of resistance cells and would not say whether he was communicating with resistance leaders. Officials declined to say where Saddam is being held, except that he is at a U.S. military facility.

Bennett said intelligence officials were hopeful they could dismantle part of the resistance structure using documents found with Saddam that detailed the minutes of a meeting of cell leaders in Baghdad, including their names.

Two senior Bush administration officials told CNN that Saddam also has told his captors he did not have weapons of mass destruction before the war. Bennett, speaking from Baghdad, said the former Iraqi leader asserted that the United States invented the presence of WMD to justify an invasion of his country.

He also said he didnt play nice with U.N. [weapons] inspectors so that he could protect the privacy of his presidential areas, Bennett said on CNNs Newsnight, quoting a U.S. official in Iraq who had seen an initial interrogation report.

For a man who killed tens of thousands of people and tortured his enemies, Saddam was taken into custody in a surprisingly peaceful manner, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said Sunday night on CBS 60 Minutes.

Eight months after Baghdad fell, U.S. soldiers found the former leader of Iraq hiding in a hole in the ground about 6-8 feet deep. Saddam was captured about nine miles from his hometown of Tikrit and across the Tigris River from one of his lavish palaces.

Saddam had a pistol but was taken into custody without firing it.

Here was a man who was photographed hundreds of times shooting off rifles and showing how tough he was, and in fact, he wasnt very tough, he was cowering in a hole in the ground, and had a pistol and didnt use it and certainly did not put up any fight at all, Rumsfeld said.

In the last analysis, he seemed not terribly brave.

The 66-year-old longtime Iraqi leader was No. 1 on the coalitions list of 55 most-wanted regime figures, and his evasion has been a political sore spot for the U.S. administration. (Saddam profile)

Saddam to troops I want to negotiate

Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez, the commander of U.S. forces in Iraq, said 600 4th Infantry Division soldiers and special operations forces from Task Force 11 -- a unit set up to capture high-profile targets -- staged the operation based on an accumulation of intelligence capped by information from an Iraqi under interrogation that Saddam might be in one of two locations in Ad Dawr.

When the initial raids failed to find him, the troops launched a cordon and search operation that eventually brought their attention to a ramshackle compound near a farmhouse that was one of the targeted locations, said Maj. Gen. Ray Odierno, commander of the 4th Infantry Division troops.

Inside the small, walled compound, Odierno said, soldiers found a small, two-room adobe hut that included a kitchen with running water. Inside the hut, soldiers found clothes -- some still in their packaging -- and outside, beneath a rug covering a piece of Styrofoam, they found the entrance to the hole where Saddam was hiding.

Sanchez said the spider hole had a rudimentary ventilation system and was infested with mice and rats.

When the soldiers first found Saddam, he raised his hands above his head, military officials said.

I am Saddam Hussein, he said, according to the officials. I am the president of Iraq and I want to negotiate.

The U.S. soldiers reportedly responded President Bush sends his regards.

No way he could fight back, Odierno said. (Gallery Saddams capture) He was caught like a rat. (Audio Slide Show The capture of Saddam Hussein)

Exclusive CNN video shot after the raid showed soldiers on the scene patting each other on the back -- apparently in celebration -- and taking group photos in front of a military vehicle. (On the Scene Alphonso Van Marsh)

U.S. forces found weapons and about $750,000 in U.S. $100 bills with Saddam, Sanchez said. Troops also found two AK-47s, a pistol, and a white and orange taxi.

Saddams long, graying beard was shaved and his hair trimmed for identification purposes, military officials said.

Pedestrians in downtown Hong Kong watch footage of captured Saddam Hussein on a large screen.

Members of the U.S.-appointed Iraqi Governing Council visited Saddam on Sunday and said they found him tired and haggard, unrepentant, even defiant. Four members of the council called the former ruler a just but firm ruler.

Adnan Pachachi, a leading member of the council, said Saddam would be tried by Iraqis for crimes against Iraqis.

There will be a public hearing, Pachachi said. A trial that is open. (Saddams future)

Saddams capture was based not on a direct tip, but a collection of intelligence gathered from the hostile questioning of Saddams former bodyguards and family members, U.S. officials said Sunday.

Over the last 10 days or so we brought in about five to 10 members who then were able to give us more information and finally we got the ultimate information from one of these individuals, Odierno said Sunday.

No one is likely to receive the $5 million offered for Saddams capture, since most of the information that led to his capture was given up under hostile questioning, U.S. officials said.

Bush Saddam will face the justice he denied to millions

President Bush, in a short televised address Sunday from the White House, said Saddam will face the justice he denied to millions. For the Baathist holdouts responsible for the violence, there will be no return to the corrupt power and privilege they once held.

This afternoon I have a message for the Iraqi people This is further assurance that the torture chambers and the secret police are gone forever. You will not have to fear the rule of Saddam Hussein ever again. (Full story)

Rumsfeld said the United States has not decided whether to classify Saddam as a prisoner of war but that it would abide by the Geneva Conventions in its treatment.

Saddams capture was also praised by officials from France, Russia and Germany, who opposed the war. A statement from French President Jacques Chirac said The president is delighted with Saddam Husseins arrest. (World leaders unite in cheering capture; Middle East leaders welcome news)

In Baghdad, Iraqis took to the streets dancing, doling out candy and firing rifles into the air. (On the Scene Satinder Bindra)

But in Tikrit, a base of Saddam loyalists, the streets were quiet. (Map Site of Saddam Husseins capture)

Coincidentally, senior CIA officials are scheduled to meet Monday to discuss the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, officials said. The session was scheduled before Saddams capture.

If the meeting takes place as scheduled, officials said it will have quite a different tone. They said that if Saddam is willing, he could be the best possible source on the location of any concealed weapons in Iraq.

U.S. officials cautioned Sunday that Saddams capture would not mean the end of violence in Iraq. On Monday, two almost-simultaneous car bombings outside Iraqi police stations left several people dead, Iraqi officials said. (Full story)

CNNs Nic Robertson, Jamie McIntyre, Barbara Starr, Jane Arraf, Al Goodman, Alphonso Van Marsh, John King, David Ensor and Satinder Bindra contributed to this report.

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The Internet - It's No Joke

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The Internet "It Is No Joke"

Introduction

Information systems and technologies have become a vital component of successful businesses and organizations. Companies have spent billions of dollars to stay at the forefront of technology enhancements in order to enhance growth and expansion of their businesses and new ventures. To support these technology changes a company may require the assistance of Specialists in Information Technology Management, Human Resources, purchase of new equipment, installation, training, system maintenance, and the list goes on.

The majority of businesses would be unable to survive successfully in the marketplace without utilizing a variety of interconnected computer networks in order to service their information processing and communication needs. With all these changes, companies have a growing concern regarding security of systems information, abuses both internal and external, lawsuits and losses. But what is the exposure? Are there existing law suits? What should we do to protect our companies and ourselves?

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The Investigation

It is important to understand and protect the systems implemented into our company.

Companies must take precautions to protect sensitive and confidential data from accidental or intentional leaks. They need to know how to limit legal liability and/or damage to the companies' reputation from inappropriate or offensive e-mails and web surfing. Well-written policies and procedures can boost employee productivity and reduce network congestion.

In order to determine what needs to be done, we should understand the exposure companies face relating to Technology Information Systems. For example, EMC Corporation lost valuable sales contact information when an employee accidentally sent it to the competition via e-mail (The Boston Globe); an Oracle insider caused their stock prices to tumble after spreading false rumors on a message board (CNNfn); and Dow Chemical fired 50 employees and disciplined 00 others for sending e-mails containing pornography and violent images (Associated Press). Employees who surf the web are costing organizations more than $1 billion per year in lost work time (CNNfn). The U.S. Department of Justice, Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) recognized concerns regarding the Internet and the growing body of law governing it, and have recently published a document advising police and prosecutors on "Searching and Seizing Computer and Obtaining Electronics Evidence in Criminal Investigations." The document includes framework applicable to the search and seizure of computer data and network traffic. In addition, it covers the Fourth Amendment's limitations on search and seizure, the Electronics Communications Privacy Act, the Wiretap Act, the Cable Subscriber Privacy Act, and the Privacy Protection Act. Additional documented lawsuits and cases related to Technology Communications are

· Cracking Concerns Over Cyber Crime Treaty (Galil, 001). The Council of Europe wants a treaty to harmonize laws against hacking, computer viruses, and other Internet crime, as well as to ensure common methods of securing electronic evidence.

· Employers and E-mail Where to Draw the Line (Galil, 001). With the increase in workplace technologies, both employers and employees are wrestling with the balance of e-mail privacy expectations and the need for secure, productive work habits. The new Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act went into effect in Great Britain. This new regulation permits employers to monitor staff phone calls, e-mails and Internet activity without consent, and demonstrates that e-mail issues have become a global technology problem.

· Smyth v. Pillsbury Company (Galil, 001). Smyth v Pillsbury is a case pertaining to e-mail privacy. A United States District Court in Pennsylvania ruled that the Pillsbury Company did not have to notify Mr. Smyth that his e-mails would be examined. The court reasoned that since it was Pillsbury's equipment, the company was entitled to examine its contents.

· New York Times (Gaili, 001). E-mail privacy issues have occurred at many well-known companies and employees are being fired over those little forwards that many of us send out each morning. On November 0, 1, the New York Times Co. fired employees who were accursed of contributing to a hostile work environment because they repeatedly traded unsavory batches of unsolicited personal e-mail messages that contained dirty jokes and nude pictures. The New York Times also reprimanded several more employees who had simply received the offensive e-mail and then deleted it. Those workers were punished for failing to alert management to the offending e-mail messages, a direct violation of company policy.

The Solution

Knowing there are so many varied issues and lawsuits specifically related to the misuse of company electronic communication systems including e-mail, Internet, phones, faxes, etc. intensifies the need for companies to have well-written, thorough policies and procedures. Prior to creating a plan, remember to use the right resources for input. Your Information Specialist certainly has direct knowledge of the areas of your systems that should be addressed. Your Human Resources team can help with their knowledge of policy writing. You may include others throughout your organization that might have knowledge of other systems, software's, and issues relating to your systems. Include the right people other considerations for implementing policies and procedures include

· The protection of sensitive and confidential data.

· A company's reputation can be at risk for inappropriate or offensive e-mails (internally and externally) and employee web surfing.

· To shield the employers from possible sexual harassment suits. As in most communications media, some of the pictures, video, sound and text on the Internet are sexually oriented. If such material is brought into the workplace, it carries with it the potential risk to the employer under federal or state prohibitions against sex discrimination.

There are many organizations, including Attorneys, who specialize in preparing policies and procedures for all sizes of companies. After reviewing several written company policies and recommendations from The Internet Manager-professionals for Internet Policy Management, we found the following elements of a written policy and procedure to be consistent

A written agreement (policy & procedure) should be created to include, but not limited to

· A description of permissible uses

· Specifically set out prohibited uses

· Rules of behavior

· Access privileges

· Privacy

· Archiving and Retention

· Penalties for violation of the policy, including security violators and vandalism of the system.

· Everyone who uses the system should be required to sign the policy, and know that it will be kept on file.

Conclusion

Business use of the Internet has experienced extraordinary growth in the past decade. It is now common-place for employees to have access to the Internet, and as the United States moves ever closer to an information work/service type of economy, even more workers will need this access to do their job effectively.

Employers are encouraged to tell employees that they may be monitored so there is no misunderstanding. Crafting a good, thorough policy in regard to e-mail, Internet use and all company owned properties is very important. At technology companies, where the lines between work and home are blurred, this is especially important. Microsoft, for example, has a policy promoting the reasonable and responsible personal use of corporate e-mail, but it owns any communications between employees.

Although people tend to be very casual about e-mail communications, e-mail messages may more closely resemble memos, rather than phone conversations, and so must be treated with a higher level of care than the average telephone call. Also, striking the delete key does not actually mean the message is deleted. It is still in the computer. Many employees misunderstand the dynamics of the systems they use. A greater understanding of both the technology uses and the policies and procedures, the employee is signing is imperative.

Upon full investigation of all the issues related to Technology Management, employers should take a serious look at the risk and exposure of not having well-written policies and procedures for all their Technology Systems. A company may choose to have one policy that encompasses all aspects of their systems, or may choose to have several policies specific to each area. Use your internal experts Information Specialists, Human Resources, and/or consultants to identify your specific needs. These policies and procedures may protect you from embarrassment, loss of business and goodwill, and lawsuits.

References

Miller, G.(001, January 8). Fired by Big Brother. Los

Angeles Times Magazine, 11-1, 5-6.

Galil, Y. (001, February 5). New Federal Guideline for

Searching and Seizing Computers from servers to PDAs. The Internet Law Journal. Retrieved March 5, 001 from the World Wide Web

http//www.tilj.com/content/litigationheadline005010.htm

Galil, Y. (001, February 5). Cracking Concerns Over Cyber

Crime Treaty. The Internet Law Journal. Retrieved March 5, 001 from the World Wide Web http//www.tilj.com/content/litigationheadline005010.htm.

Galil, Y. (001, February 5). The Napster Transformation.

The Internet Law Journal. Retrieved March 5, 001 from the World Wide Web

http//www.tilj.com/content/litigationheadline005010.htm.

Galil, Y. (001, February 5). Deep Linking Your Way into a

Lawsuit. The Internet Law Journal. Retrieved March 5, 001 from the World Wide Web http//www.tilj.com/content/litigationheadline005010.htm.

Galil, Y. (000, October 11). New International Treaty on

Cyber Crime. The Internet Law Journal. Retrieved March 5, 001 from the World Wide Web http//www.tilj.com/content/litigationheadline005010.htm.

Galil, Y. (000, February 5).Criminal Acts "Illegal

Access, Interception, Data and System Interference". The Internet Law Journal. Retrieved March 5, 001 from the World Wide Web http//www.tilj.com/content/litigationheadline005010.htm.

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What is SWOT?

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Weaknesses are usually just the opposite of strengths. While it is tempting to be charitable or full of worship when analysing a firm, it is essential to get a realistic sense of where their problems lie.

Almost all the companies in the world have their own weaknesses, even the Wal-Mart has some weaknesses too. Although in the earlier, we have comment that Wal-Mart have lot of strengthens by compare with others companies in the world, but it still can't went until the perfect. Since they have the lowest prices in the America, wherever they open up a new store, other stores sales are declining. For information, Wal-Mart has come into small towns and put up a huge retail store and they end up killing all the small town businesses because they are so successful and selling with the cheapest price that small business cant afford to be. There have been many small towns that have turned down the building when the coming of Wal-Mart because they know what it will happen to the business in the small town. Especially small retailers are experiencing huge declines and met the financial problems. Because of this, they are getting bad reactions from some groups. This situation is obstructing the companys future growth.

Community relations problems are bound to exist with a corporation the size of Wal-Mart. Likewise, when a corporation is as successful, many a naysayer will challenge and scrutinize the company. Complaints mainly arise from community groups accusing Wal-Mart of destroying the local retail environment in the downtowns of small towns. Those put out of business by the giant retailer are among its most ferocious critics. The company is accused of monopolistic behavior. It wages aggressive price wars, and uses its power to bully its suppliers (Quinn 8-115)

Another weakness of the company is about ethical behaviour. Some consumer groups believe that the company has some unacceptable actions to lower the prices. This situation is harming the companys name and image. Some of Wal-Mart products brought controversy when an NBC program discovered false labeling in clothing made in abroad marked under "Made in U.S.A".

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Extensive labour relations problems are common at Wal-Mart. These are detailed within other sections of this report. Generally, the company is opposed to unionise labour (Fact Sheet, 001). Wage issues, shift scheduling, and workplace rights abuses are cited by labour groups. This seems to go against its founding principles of respect for employees. The company is also in frequent legal trouble with regulators and union groups in the courts (Quinn 8-115).

Weaknesses

Dependence on suppliers

Size - perhaps too big in many markets

Store layout is crowded - lack of aisle space

Size of store means that it is difficult to quickly find an

item.

Weaknesses

· Wal-Mart is facing stiff competition from old and new rivals like Meijers.

Other public relations problems vary from zoning violation complaints, to itemized complaints from competitors of Wal-Mart using its power unfairly. Censorship, for example, came up as an issue. Wal-Mart publicly believes in Family Friendly products, therefore if a movie or CD contains mature content the company will not carry the product for sale. This has caused much criticism from various groups.

In all, the company strategy is that of growth, expansion, and diversification by finding new areas to expand into within retail and the service industry. It is the number one retailer in the US and in the World as a result. The competition is scared of them. Its customers know its brand, and will shop there because of the price, selection, and size.

In the finances of the Wal-Mart store, cost of sales increased 14% from 15 to 16 due to lower mark-up prices, consistent with Wal-Marts commitment of providing low prices. Although Wal-Marts financial ratios are healthier than those of the industry as a whole, an eleven-year comparison shows a marked decline in the companys profit margins, liquidity and returns on investments. Long-term debt increased from $1.7 billion in 1 to almost $8 billion in 16. Since Sam Waltons demise in 1, stock prices dropped from a high of $4 per share to a low of $1.1 in 16.

In the manufacturing and service, Wal-Marts image as a clean, comfortable, mom-and-pop type of operation has changed drastically since Sam Walton passed away. Every negative connotation that K-Mart has acquired over the years has been applied to Wal-Marts discount stores. The stores are unclean, the shelves are unkempt, and the stock is dusty. Even SAMs Clubs lack the luster that its major competitor, PriceCostco, has. Wal-Mart associates are not nearly as knowledgeable and helpful as the company claims them to be. The company has been concentrating on expanding its Supercenter division at the expense of losing many of its discount stores. Supercenters are Wal-Mart discount stores with large grocery stores attached, all within one massive structure. The food industry has lower profit margins and is much more competitive. In addition, many traditional Wal-Mart stores are shut down when Supercenters are built in neighbouring areas, thereby limiting reliable revenue receipts. About half of the closed stores are leased out, but the remaining stores are simply abandoned. International locations are costlier to operate and generate fewer revenues, yet the company continues its plans for further expansion overseas. Total square footage for all domestic locations increased 5,804,80 from 15 to 16; however, sales per square foot decreased from $6.10 in 15 to $5.1 square feet in 16.

Wal-Mart is, without question, a fabulously run company. It has, however, but one selling proposition price. While thats a pretty good one, the company isnt infallible. Same-store sales have been inching down, to the low single-digits. Costco Wholesale, among others, has effectively competed on price, while offering higher-quality goods.

Wal-Marts store locations arent always the most convenient. The stores can be dark, hard to navigate and not pristine. The lines are long. The apparel is far from hip.

Something a company does poorly, or a characteristic that puts it at a disadvantage. For example, one of Wal-Marts weaknesses could be its inflexibility to respond to changes in the marketplace at the local level.

Human resource

Weaknesses

Employees of Wal-Mart are the largest group of workers without

health care in the United States.

Wal-Mart suffers from high employee turnover.

"The Wal-Mart threat causes some companies to close their doors for fear they can't compete, and that's a defeatist attitude. The critical thing is to have the will to win."

Unified members are facing the prospect of competing against Wal-Mart supercenters for the first time following Wal-Mart's announcement a couple of months ago that it plans to open 40 supercenters in California over the next four to six years - a prospect reflected in opening remarks by Chuck Pilliter, Unified's president and chief operating officer, who said Zaucha's

Some of WalMart's weaknesses lie in their recent entrance into the Asian markets. Since their European competitors have already made their foothold there, WalMart is at a slight disadvantage at gaining customers there. Also the value chain system applied to the American markets needs to be altered for their Asian markets because the tastes of the Asian consumers vary greatly from their American counterparts. WalMart is also reaching the saturation point in the American markets. Their long time presence has lead to use every trick in the book to gain customer satisfaction the old school way, but now with the use of IT they can further increase their customer market by analyzing the market trends of their various locations. Their new IT will give them further insight on what the customers really want and they will be able to focus and selling and advertising the demanded products at the lowest market prices to beat out their competitors. According to the competitive forces model, analyzing WalMart's stance in the Asian markets reveals that the threat of new entrants into the industry is quite possible, since they are trying to sell foreign products to consumers who would prefer the local products. The threat of competitors is quite strong as they have to compete with the European stores who have established themselves there well before WalMart's arrival. However, the new IT will give them the ability to determine which products are in most demand in which locations and then switch the order levels with suppliers accordingly, thus avoiding any losses and in fact guaranteeing a profit.

Even though it seems like Wal-Mart has a lot of strengths, they also have some weaknesses. The first weakness that they are just now facing is that they will not be able to continue to keep the level of grow that they have accomplished steady over the future years. Whenever a company grows so fast that they can build and run ,00 stores in years, people tend to wonder if that growth will be able to still happen. One of the reasons people think that is because Wal-Mart has always been good at succeeding in primarily small, rural communities-away from competitors. That is another weakness. Now where Wal-Mart is opening they are entrenched will competition such as Kmart and Target. Even if Wal-Mart was to try and move into the smaller rural communities, they are not wanted. Here is yet another weakness. Wal-Mart has even been banned in Bath, Maine; Simi Valley, California; and two towns in Pennsylvania. The state of Vermont has completely resisted all plans for a Wal-Mart to be brought into the state because of the fear that all of the local retailer will be forced to shut down. This is a weakness because it is never a good thing to be looked at as negative through the public eye. Word of mouth could possibly spread, and before you know it, three more states dont want to have a Wal-Mart anywhere near them.

The biggest weakness Wal-Mart has to deal with competitors. With K-Mart and the largely growing Target in the same market they are daily trying to improve themselves to stay at the top of the market. They have to find all the advantages they can to be the best company they can be. They must get feedback from their customers to all themselves to learn from what they are doing.

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