Song of Solomon

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In the novel The Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison, Milkman (Macon III Dead) gradually progresses in the process of self-actualization. Throughout the course of the novel, Milkman is constantly absorbed in himself. By the conclusion of the novel we find that he has finally realized the heritage and culture to which he is a part of. It is through various experiences and meetings that Milkman finally "awakens" in closing of the novel. Morrison used the techniques of diction and realism to portray Milkman's journey to discover himself and his family roots. The culmination of these literary techniques and the experiences that Milkman goes through, Morrison was successful in freeing Milkman of avarice and replacing it with an appreciation for his cultural and familial roots.

Milkman's road to awareness begins with his parents; Macon Dead and Ruth Foster Dead. His parents served as an impediment, as they hindered his ability to figure out his true authentic identity. So the first "stepping stone" that Milkman had to climb and surpass was that of escaping the suppressed world that his parents subjected him to. Ruth breast-fed Macon III (Milkman) until he was six years old. Milkman would be forced to oblige under his mother's commands. As Morrison wrote, "…he was old enough to be bored by the flat taste of mother's milk, so he came reluctantly, as to a chore…"(1). Morrison portrayed the scene through the use of both diction and realism. Through her word choice (diction), Morrison portrayed the reluctant behavior of Milkman in relation to being breast-fed at such an old age. Realism was used to portray the feelings Ruth felt. She was at a point in her life where things were meaningless and no one expressed any love towards her. By breast-feeding Milkman, she experienced a sense of pleasure. "She had the distinct impression that his lips were pulling from her a thread of light"(1). This light referred to the daily pleasure she needed to sustain her life. This situation of Ruth was important in the development of Milkman's personality and character. Ruth believed that she possessed no authenticity, and that she was insignificant and secluded from the world. By passing these negative attributes and emotions to Milkman, she disturbed his natural process for growth, and ultimately left him feeling lost and insecure. Instead of encouraging Milkman to grow and mature, Ruth forced him into the world that she herself despised. Through the use of diction and realism, Morrison depicted the situation that Milkman was in at the start of the novel.

Morrison portrays Milkman's first step towards self-actualization indirectly through the use of realism and diction, as stated earlier. The lack of proper support and motivation, Milkman was a disadvantage growing up. He lacked guidance, honesty, and most importantly, an identity. There was within him an inner turmoil that disappeared only after he freed himself from his restraining parents. Milkman is going through the same experience his mother had and went through her entire life. Morrison wrote, "…because the fact is that I am a small woman. I don't mean little; I mean small, and I'm small because I was pressed small"(14). In the same way that Ruth was pressed small, Milkman was restrained and was not able to live with his true identity. This feeling is what later led Milkman to search for his own identity in other places and in other people.

Following the stage of parental impediment, Milkman was on his next stage of self-awareness. The individual who first inspired Milkman to discover his own true identity was Pilate. Pilate was one of the most unique, influential, and independent characters in the novel. Pilate sparked in Milkman, what no other person had before. She intrigued him. For the first time in his life, Milkman began to question things and felt curiosity and wonder. He began to feel in him, a desire to find out more, about himself and his family. With Pilate, came another influential woman in Milkman's life Hagar. Ever since he first met her, Milkman was enchanted and very attracted to Hagar. She opened his mind and heart to something that he had never felt before. It was Pilate and Hagar's lyrical nature that helped Morrison express Macon III next step towards self-awareness/actualization. Her singing was triggered by what she believed was a message from her father (Macon Dead I). It was his familial background that was indirectly luring him into searching for his own true identity. "Surrendering to the sound, Macon moved closer. He wanted no conversation, no witness, only to listen and perhaps to see the three of them, the source of that music that made him think of fields and wild turkey and calico"(). This sense of magical realism led Milkman to advance to the next stage in his gradual process. "As Macon felt himself softening under the weight of memory and music, the song died down. The air was quiet and yet Macon Dead could not leave"(0). Through the use of diction in this case, Morrison expressed Milkman's ongoing fascination for Pilate. As Pilate is part of his family, he is slowly uncovering pieces of what would later shape his identity. Once again, through the use of diction and realism, Morrison represented the gradual awakening that Milkman is experiencing.

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Once Milkman had developed the initiative to search for his true self, he grew rapidly as a person. An influential agent in this case was Guitar, one of the few friends Milkman had. Guitar completed Milkman in a way that no other character could. Milkman was quiet, poetic, and not firm on his beliefs, while Guitar was enthusiastic, outgoing, and sentient of his needs. Guitar is the true foil of Milkman. It is through Guitar, that Milkman reaches another stage in his life. The most significant stage in the relationship between Milkman and Guitar was when Guitar spoke of the Seven Days. The Seven Days represented life for Guitar. He had found something he emphatically believed in. He told Milkman, "It's not about you living longer. It's about how you live and why. It's about whether your children can make other children"(160). Through diction, Morrison symbolized the effect that a goal, a purpose, and love can have on a person. When Milkman saw that Guitar was more interested in what he would die for, rather when how or when he died, it made him wonder. It even made him afraid that it was wrong. He told Guitar, "I'm scared for you man"(161), when in reality, it was himself that scared him the most. The necessity for purpose and love overcame Milkman's emotions leading him on to the most important stage in his life. Once again, Morrison portrayed Milkman's gradual awakening and awareness to his true purpose and identity through the use of diction. The diction, as minute and insignificant as it may have seemed, actually led to an array of mixed emotions and conflicts within Milkman, further deepening his cultural identity.

In his attempt to escape the suppressed world of his parents, Milkman stumbled upon their past. He visited Danville and Shalimar, both places of spiritual and familial heritage. For the first time in his life, he was in a place that he felt meant something. It was the land of his ancestors, primarily Macon Dead I. He learned from various characters, the events that shaped his parents past. It was these very experiences that had shaped his grandparents past. These various stories filled pieces to the puzzle that Milkman was trying to solve. His missing identity was forming itself as each story unfolded and as he met various different people. Milkman is especially drawn to Circe. This attraction is a part of the quest that Milkman has been trying to complete. Circe was like a part of their family, as she had helped Macon Dead II and Pilate escape from white landowners. So an attraction where there was vulnerability from Milkman on the subject of family was inevitable. Morrison wrote, "So when he saw the woman at the top of the stairs there was no way for him to resist climbing up toward her outstretched hands, her fingers spread wide for him, her mouth gaping open for him, her eyes devouring him"(). Circe, Pilate, and the men from his fathers past, provide Milkman with the necessary support, comfort and identity missing from his childhood. He begins to understand and appreciate his old, but newly found heritage. All that was absent from his upbringing is now substituted by events from generations past. Life, as Milkman had never experienced before, was easier to understand. This was primarily due to his new perspective, which proved to be more fulfilling. In this case, diction and realism played minor but nonetheless very important roles. The realism was presented through the diction when the dream of Circe is delineated. This intermingling of diction and realism produces the effect of awareness within Milkman. He begins to understand and complete his new, independent identity. Milkman discovered things about his parents relationships, and in the process discovered his own identity. By venturing into the unknown, he became aware of many of the characteristics that make up his own personal authenticity.

After a thorough examination of diction and realism within the context of the novel Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison, it is found that Milkman completes his quest of discovering himself. Milkman realized his true identity, and was finally freed from what had burdened and suppressed him as a child. Through gradual change, Milkman's various experiences shaped not only his personality, but also his identity. As Morrison wrote, "For now he knew what Shalimar knew If you surrendered to the air, you could ride it"(7).

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Consumer-Manufacturer Relationships

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The American Honda Corporation has a great track record of consumer-manufacturer relationships, making it important to research the relationships it has built with the consumers. New technologies in communications and database management have led to an explosion of managing consumer relationships. This holds true, especially in consumer and business-to-business, as the marketing effort returns from a mass mentality to a shopkeeper's mentality, from supply to demand marketing. The ideal one-to-one approach is through direct marketing to capture understanding, evolution, value and treatment of customers (Stearns 1).

The American Honda Corporation began as a small motorcycle company in 15. Today, Honda is a top manufacturer of motorcycles, power equipment, ATVs, generators, marine engines, and automobiles. From the first Honda vehicle, the S500, released in Japan to today's top-selling Accord and Civic, Honda is one of the world's leading manufacturers in the automobile industry. In 167, auto production began in the Suzuka factory. In 17, the Honda Civic debuts and by 177, the Civic ranks first in United States fuel-economy tests for the fourth consecutive year. The Honda Prelude debuts in 178, followed by the most profitable Honda Accord in 18. In 186, Honda introduces its luxury line, Acura. By 10, the Honda Accord becomes the best-selling car model in the United States and wins the fifth consecutive 1st ranking in the J.D. Power and Associates Consumer Satisfaction Index.

Honda Motor Corporation's basic philosophy of making products acceptable in international markets has led the Company and its subsidiaries' unique business development since its early days. As customer acceptance of Honda products in key markets increases, this philosophy has expanded to a basic business strategy of making products wherever they are being sold in quantity. Through this approach, Honda has been able to contribute to the economic welfare of a number of countries that produce Hondas. An example of Honda's commitment to the people and countries in which its products are sold is Honda of America Manufacturing, Incorporated, in Marysville, Ohio.

Because of successful marketing relationships with customers, Honda has gained a great reputation for itself. It has created a unique development and manufacturing capability producing a variety of consumer products built around compact, high-performance engines. By developing, manufacturing, and supplying 'quality' products, using local resources, and reinvesting capital, Honda fulfills its goal of being a responsible and contributing corporation.

Honda always finds a way to delight its customers, be it the gas efficient hybrid vehicle or the launching of scooters in India; there is always something new to make Honda customers proud of the company. Honda realizes the need for achieving cost leadership and often devises ways to delight its suppliers, but it is usually difficult to find the right vendor. Honda tries hard to build a long-term relationship. In order to sustain long-term relationships, most suppliers are inter-linked with Honda. While some companies try to make the payment procedure complex, with the underlying intention of delaying the payment, Honda is trying to come up with procedures so that payment can be expedited. Such activities undertaken by the company makes it an ideal customer in the eyes of the suppliers who reciprocate by providing the best of their products and services at the lowest possible price. The symbiotic relationship results in fruitful association for both (Sharma 1).

Relationship marketing, itself, centers on all marketing activities directed toward establishing, developing, and maintaining successful exchanges with customers. It is crucial to maintain positive relationships with the customer and the manufacturer of the product, because loyal customers tend to be more profitable to keep than those who are price-sensitive and see little difference among competing products. Also, a company that is successful usually has strong relationships with customers, making it hard for any other competitor to penetrate the interests of the customer. For example, Honda spends more than $5 billion annually for materials and components from three hundred suppliers. The expenditures by the three hundred member purchasing staff at Honda of America represent eighty percent of the firm's annual sales. Each sector of the chain is involved in manufacturing the product, the marketing techniques, delivery, and customer service support after the initial sale. If any of these factors were affected, so will the success of the popular products within the corporation (Hoffman et al 174).

Since the typical industrial corporation spends over half its sales revenues on industrial purchasing, supplier management has been recognized as crucial to the firm's competitiveness, likewise with the Honda Corporation. Honda invests so mush to ensure the very best in quality, that the supply-in-demand must be more than expected to ensure a profit. The automobile industry is a good way to look at the traditional and relationship models of the buyer-supplier relationships (Kim and Michell 11). Several factors must be examined when looking at these types of relationships. These are the percentage of supplier sales to the automaker, the percent of non-redeployable capital equipment, annual man days of face to face contact, information sharing, assisting quality improvement, assisting cost reduction, supplier's trust in automakers fairness, supplier's expectation of unfair and fair treatment. All factors work to achieve the trust of the consumer (Kim and Michell 10). People's identification with Honda is based primarily on the perceptions of its core or defining characteristics. The mission, structure, processes, and climate shape this identity. It also represents hierarchical constellations of characteristics or traits that are central to the Company and eventually, makes Honda relatively distinct against other automobile manufacturers (Bhattachanya and Sen 77).

Supply-chain management is a way of connecting operations of a company with other strategic suppliers and its main mediators and customers, therefore, improving effective and efficient productivity.

According to the elements contributing to effective relationships, consistency and reliability rank among those of importance. J.D. Power Vehicle Consumer Center, rates Honda vehicles among the highest in mechanical quality, performance, style, safety, fuel economy, and overall long-term reliability. Ratings by such a credible source as this, instills trust in potential customers as well as creates continuity for present customers. Customers, then, have confidence in Honda. The fact that Honda has an impeccable track record for their performance of their vehicles makes them an unbelievable commodity.

The American Honda Corporation has experienced marketing success, because of its implementation of the Acura Corporation, a luxury subsidiary, creating business-to-business marketing. Honda's relationships are a viable strategy for social exchange, business-to-consumer marketing, and non-profit marketing (Arnett and German 8). With the establishment of the American Honda Corporate Foundation, the company is able to use Honda to be beneficial to the community through scholarships and grants, making a sector of Honda a non-profit organization ("Honda Corporate").

The channel that Honda uses for its marketing relationships is specifically

Supplier - Manufacturer (Honda)/Assembly - Retailer (Dealership) Consumer

Earlier, the supplier-manufacturer dynamics were introduced, but it is also important to understand the remaining tiers of the marketing relationship. The assembly in this model is one of the most crucial portions. If the assembly does not come through with a quality product, then a company like Honda could suffer from potential callbacks and costly repairs. If production creates a series of lemons, over time, consumers will lose confidence in the manufacturer. The dealership is responsible for delivering the product to potential buyers. If there are not good salespersons, then there will be less profit and also prices would not be appealing to customers, because there would be less demand for them. After the sale, it is important that the product continues to perform well. Customers need assurance; therefore, there is a warranty upon receipt of the vehicle. Also, there is customer service and maintenance services provided at local dealerships. All of these things contribute to overall customer satisfaction and makes relationships with Honda a good one.

In conclusion I foresee more research in the field of relationship marketing in an international context. Comparisons are made between the US and Japanese buyer supplier relationships in the automotive industry and then between four of the major automakers in Japan. In the comparative study of the US and Japan the data support the existence of a clear difference in supplier management between the two countries. Further research directions may be suggested, both conceptually and empirically. Future research will probably give focus in the differences between the majors in each county and possible convergence between both types of relationships contractual and relational. There is a managerial implication drawn from exploratory studies showing that there is a potential myth that Japanese automakers have pursued very similar supplier relationships. They have more likely pursued different supplier relationships based on, for instance, their size and profitability. It is recommended that a comparison of the major automakers in Japan be made individually, not collectively. .

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Money

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Money is a necessary in our daily life. For one person, he or she can use money to improve the standard of life, to solve many troubles and to plan the future for himself or herself as well. Our society, in the same way, spends money in many ways, but generally speaking, two main uses can be classified into the present use and the future use. Thus it comes a dispute on that which of the two is more important and worthy. In my opinion, money spent either on present problems or on future possible benefits is equally necessary and important for our society.

In most people s view, existing social problems should be firstly treated and allocated money. It is of course reasonable. On one hand, we need money to solve many shortcomings or inconvenience in our life. Firstly, we need money to guarantee the basic living conditions eating, dressing, housing, and traveling. Secondly, every country must spend money in developing its industry, agriculture, and technology. Thirdly, it is also necessary for society to allocate money in improvement of the educational enterprise, the medical care system, and the welfare work, etc. On the other hand, in order to interdict crime and terrorism, government must use much money. In this sense, money spent on immediate, existing social problems is certainly unimpeachable.

However, we should not live only for ourselves; we must make a consideration for our future generations. For instance, although the source and energy in the earth, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are sufficient for our generation to utilize and consume, scientists also spend money and time in studying new and regenerative resource to replace the conventional ones. Another example is making a long-term study on the university, in which American government and other governments cost much money every year. The aim of the study is to understand the university, the solar system and the earth, and thus to find a way to avoid unexpected disasters caused by the university and find a new planet suitable for our human being when the sun dies. This study seems to be a future matter far from now, but when we have seen the phenomenon of meteorite hitting the Mars, we can conclude that it would actually benefit both our offspring and ourselves.

In addition, we should fully realize that many problems or difficulties we are confronting now couldn¡¯t be solved immediately; it also depends on a long-term research. In the medical field, for example, cancer and AIDS, the most tiresome diseases, that would kill a number of people every day, have not been conquered yet. So researches on these diseases are undoubtedly vital things for our human being--either nowadays or in the future, and we must keep a stiff upper lip on them no matter how much money and how long time it would take.

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To conclude, we should not see the current profits merely and ignore the future crisis. From the above analysis, we could reach a point that both the present problems and the future possible benefits should be treated as equal importance and either of them would necessarily need money. Furthermore, to make a thorough ponderation on how to allocate money more properly and efficiently in these two channels in our society is likely a more valuable issue than that give by the speak.

At this information age, it is impossible for anyone to get full knowledge of all fields of study. That is why there are different branches. While it is quite true that any field of study is basically put forward on the foundation of knowledge accumulated within that field, one important idea should be kept that only knowledge and experience from other field can make it significantly advanced.

Without the help of other knowledge and experience, all fields of study will advance slowly. The already existing knowledge is established. Meanwhile, the unknown one, maybe disputing one, is still unknown. There might be some minor modification, but no substantial movement any more. It seems quite difficult to make great advances again within this field. Whats on earth is the problem? We finally find the key point --- the latest significant advance in this field is actually inspired by borrowing knowledge from others.

Actually, since different fields of study are intrinsically related, more or less, to one another, no study today can be isolated. For example, a successful experiment in chemical lab might lead to birth of a new kind of construction material. Then new industrial technology might subsequently be introduced to manufacture that material. With the help of that advanced material, there will be significantly development in the fields of engineering, such as architecture, automobile, aviation etc. From that point of view, We can say that any field of study is just a local joint of a much wider web of study. Any significant jump of one joint must rely on support by others.

As a matter of fact, breakthroughs in many studies are achieved only after using knowledge and experience from other field. For instance, scientific computation method is quite limited and unchanged for many years in the upper of last century. Using computer technology to this field, many computer-based computation method appeared, allow us able to conduct the most sophisticated calculation. Conventional work of a dentist has no great changes for years. Last year, however, a dentist in Swiss developed a revolutionary method, under which computer was used to gather the D information of teeth, then to make denture automatically and precisely. There are many other examples similar to this about computers wide usage leading to profound improvements to other field. One can even believe that without computer knowledge from outside field, many great advances will be impossible.

Generally speaking, for any study, although the knowledge and experience within that field is quite

important which play a fundamental role, it is necessary to get knowledge from other field, for that is critical force for pushing a profound movement.

The notion given by the author seems rather feasible in that it would possibly contribute to a unified national culture as well as the integrity of the nation if it were implemented according to the claim, yet in effect, the author ignores to take into consideration the aspects such traditional, ethnic, religious and regional culture and conventions as are perceived as essential by relevant communities, as well as the aspects concerning the cultivation of personal characteristics as is closely related to an individual¡¯s future. What a nation requires should lie in preserving the diversity and specialty of the nation¡¯s culture and promoting not only an unswerving sense of patriotism but also a sound development of individual personality.

As we know, it is undoubtedly difficult to design a national curriculum applicable to different regions and people while satisfying various needs from students and circumventing the possible objections. Granted that such curriculum can be devised regardless of the adversity, it still appears ineluctable that different problems occur after execution; what is more, how can the quality of education be well ensured in respect of so uniform a curriculum? Can students develop their own interests and religious beliefs under such circumstances? Can an individual¡¯s talent be well-recognized and taken advantage of? Can traditional, religious, regional and ethnic cultures and conventions be well maintained under the pressure of an exclusively unified curriculum? Even if all these problem can be solved and a variety of contents are arranged in the same curriculum, it is fairly easy for people to imagine the probable consequence resulting from such assorted courses the students might be toiled by study; they might be confused by study; they might be bored by study; and finally, they might be tired of study. As a result, our educational regulation and plan will fail to fulfill even the least demand congruent with the nation¡¯s development. Predictably, such curriculum, even though contrived, contains unforeseeable effects, most of which prevent it from being applied.

On the other hand, if the schools are granted entire right to the determination of what courses should be offered, it will inevitably result in an excessively indulgent administration of the education system. Far from achieving an autonomous efficacy, it is likely to cause some group of students in a certain part to suffer from unwholesome education-that is, in the presence of other students, unfair. Furthermore, similar to the national curriculum, it, solely, may also be unable to help the students with its limitations. For example, if a religious school pays too much attention to the instillation of beliefs and hence ignores the infusion of knowledge and morality, the balance of education that assures the equality of distinct content is-as a result, the harmony between them is also demolished-broken. By then, no effective way is available in reversing the situation.

Not far away from a conclusion, as disadvantages of both sides are revealed as a reference to what a suitable curriculum should be, we can suggest the effective combination of both sides as an alternative lest they each be out of control because the eventual victims will be the hope of the nation-the children and adolescents at school. With the national supervision and modification, the curriculum containing the regional and religious features is bound to reach an expected effect over the debate.

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Basketball

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Throughout history dreams have been documented, studied, and interpreted by researchers, therapists, even the Bible, proving that despite doubts and disbelievers, dreams can reveal issues in relationships, causes of stress, a childhood trauma, etc; things helping people to heal mentally, who otherwise may not have. Looking back thousands of years people have been trying to explain them and what they represent. The ideas that have seemed to stick are the ones that deal with dreams as the subconscious, trying to tell your conscious something, rather than some of the earlier ideas that dreams are messages from God, or that they will tell you the future. For such philosophies to come about, it is necessary for dreams and all their details to be documented. While specific objects do not always represent the same thing, the idea of what is being dreamt can be very revealing.

The earliest records of dreams are the Assyrian and Babylonian dream books from Egypt, around 66 BC (Stevens, 14). During this time period, the primary interest in dreams was in warnings they were believed to provide about the future. For example, if one were to dream of drinking water, it meant long life, while drinking wine meant a short life (Stevens 15). There was an Egyptian god of dreams know as Serapis. He had numerous temples throughout Egypt that were worshiped regularly, just as other gods were. Dreams were not taken at all lightly. The first dream analysis to come from Egypt was Chester Beatty. His papyrus is now in the British Museum. It contains some 00 records of dreams. While Beatty supported some ideas of dreams telling bits of the future, he also used the same principles in interpreting dreams as Sigmund Freud did many years later the elucidation of visual or verbal puns, the detection of hidden associations, and the use of contraries (when a dream's meaning is the opposite of what it represents) (Stevens, 15).

The Greeks also had a set of beliefs and rituals for dealing with dreams. Their god of healing, Asklepia, played a large role in this. There were a number of sanctuaries for him situated all throughout Greece in places of beauty with hills, woods, and sacred streams near the sea. This is where healing and the incubation of dreams took place. Incubation was a ritual commonly preformed. A sick or deeply troubled person would undergo a long hard journey to a temple. Here he would remove his clothes and drink sacred water. Then he would be dressed in clean robes before entering the abaton (the sacred abode of the gods), which was filled with snakes. Here the patient would be left to sleep. The healing god would appear to him in a dream with a message to help in making a cure (Stevens, 4).

Dreams have great significance in the Bible as well. Larry Kettlemen tells us this in his book Dreams. They are said to be messages from God. He was reported as saying, "Hear now my words If there be a prophet among you, I the Lord will make myself known unto him in a vision, and will speak to him in a dream." Because of this, dreams were taken very seriously in terms of religion. For example, in the Bible Jacob dreams of the ladder reaching up to heaven (8th chapter of Genesis) "And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven And behold the angels of God ascending and descending. Angels are spoken of quite frequently in the presence of dreams. There is a Jewish story of what happens to us before we are born. Supposedly an angel reveals the soul of all things (heaven and earth) and everything our human destiny will bring. At the moment of birth, the angel flips our nose and we forget all we have been shown. At night however, our souls escape from our bodies to heaven. That was thought to be a dream. From ancient cultures to the Bible, there are many different ways of explaining dreams and their purpose.

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The best-known philosopher on dreams is probably Sigmund Freud. He was an extraordinarily intelligent man with many ideas sifting around. His book explains in great detail is theories. More specifically, he explains the conscious and the subconscious, two states of mind. The conscious is when you are awake and fully aware of what you are doing, thinking, feeling, etc. The subconscious is usually when you are sleeping and are not in control of you thoughts (dreams). Freud referred to dreams in a number of ways. He said they are "the guardian of sleep… they represent the best in us and the worst…they are derived from childhood experience… they can be caused by a disturbance while sleeping." There is also the popular saying, "dreams come from indigestion" (Freud, 150). Freud devoted his life to studying dreams and their hidden meanings. He actually developed a method to help people overcome their problems by analyzing their dreams. He called it psychoanalysis- an analysis of the mind and the personality. Often times he discovered that personality troubles originated from the basis of desires. The strongest desires came from people's childhoods. Children are sometimes forced to hold back their desires and therefore they are forgotten by the conscious mind, but not the subconscious. He called this repression. He was able to determine what that desire was by looking at the person's dreams. If he could find it in the subconscious, then he could expose it once again to the conscious mind, therefore allowing the person to confront the issue at hand and deal with it.

While this was a large focus of his career, he also recognized that events in dreams could be in relation to events in recent days or even to a disturbance while sleeping. For example, have you ever dreamt of a fire drill or a siren, only to wake up and realize your alarm clock is going off? The mind plays tricks on itself, allowing it to remain asleep. The most important dreams, however, are usually the reoccurring ones. They tend to represent something important, something one needs to discover about him/herself.

In Freud's book The Interpretation of Dreams, he discusses a specific reoccurring case that originated from a childhood experience. Freud explains

Someone who attending a course of lectures of mine and boasted that his dreams very seldom underwent distortion reported to me that not long before he had dreamt of seeing his former tutor in bed with the nurse who had been with his family till his eleventh year. In the dream he has identified the locality where the scene occurred. His interest had been aroused and he had reported the dream to his elder brother, who had laughingly confirmed the truth of what he had dreamt. His brother remembered it very well, as he had been six years old at the time. The lovers had been in the habit of making the elder boy drunk with beer, whenever circumstances were favorable for intercourse during the night. The younger boy-the dreamer-who was then three years old and slept in the room with the nurse, was not regarded as an impediment.

This is where the dream is of what has been called the 'recurrent' type that is to say, where a dream was first dreamt in childhood and then constantly from time to time during adult sleep.

Carl G. Jung is another man recognized and well respected for his studies in dream analysis. He believed that the unconscious contains repressed material and possibilities for development, or in other words, to enhance the clarity of one's conscious choices (Clift, 0). "Amplification" was the method of association he taught (symbols and aspects are amplified by the dreamer's association with the symbol). He also believed that figures in dreams could be interpreted objectively or subjectively. An objective interpretation would represent the dreamer him/herself. Mostly, however, he thought dreams could be analyzed subjectively, meaning that the dream represents something within the dreamer (Clift, 6). Jung also had some rather farfetched theories. He was convinced that dream symbols are passed from generation to generation. This he called the "collective unconscious." Symbols once present in a father's dream could be passed on to his son, and to his son, and so forth.

Recording one's dreams is something everyone should take the time to do. Besides the fact that is can reveal things about yourself you never knew, it actually gets to be quite fun. Dreams are a part of us, but more often then not they are forgotten or ignored. So many things happen in all the years of living some are big some are small, some are celebrated some are mourned, while others are simply brushed aside. A great many of these events will weave themselves into a dream in some way or another, even if it is just once, in a very tiny way. If those dreams are not recorded, most times they will be forever forgotten shortly after awakening. In keeping a journal of dreams, one is able to look back at them and try to relate them to what is going on in his/her lives, good or bad.

Recording your dreams does take some discipline. It is best to do it every morning. Keep a notepad and pen right next to the bed. As soon as you wake up, write down everything you can remember about the dreams from that night. Be as specific as humanly possible. Record every detail The weather, the colors, the time, furniture, buildings, landscape, feeling, tone, words head/spoken, thoughts that came, the people, their features (age/height, hair/eye/skin color), describe everything. Even the smallest detail may help in analyzing the dream.

For thousands of years dreams have been fascinating philosophers. There are many different theories on them, but all support that dreams are important and worth documenting and analyzing. Dreams are more than entertainment while resting the body and mind; they are a window to the unknown of oneself.

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The Louisiana Purchase

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America has always been known as the land of the free and the home of the brave. It was those brave, living in the United States, who changed the future of the country when it was first developing. They were the ones who starved for adventure, who burned with desire to explore the unknown, who knew the West was waiting for them. Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's home, was a perfect example of the dreams that he and many other Americans shared. It sat facing the land that everyone so desperately wished to know. In 178, settlers were determined to see what the rest of the unknown land they called home had in store for them. Starting in the Mississippi Valley, people began to organize land to move westward. Yet because the Spanish owned land west of the Mississippi and south of Georgia, it was difficult for people to migrate, as they desired. Eventually, in 180, Congress was persuaded to allow Lewis and Clark to lead an expedition into the West. The Louisiana Purchase over the years became the biggest factor of economic growth in United States history because it nearly doubled the size of the country.

France had claimed the Louisiana Territory since the 1680s. As a result of defeat in the French and Indian War, France ceded Louisiana to Spain In 175, Spain signed a treaty that agreed to give Americans the "right of deposit" at New Orleans (The Louisiana Purchase World Book). This granted the United States the right to ship goods originating in American ports through the mouth of the Mississippi without paying duty and also the right of temporary storage of American goods at New Orleans for transshipment (The Louisiana Purchase Britannica). Spain suspended the right to deposit in 178.This caused a strong reaction among Westerners. In 1800, Spain transferred Louisiana to France in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoleon assigned an army and a general over the Louisiana Territory, but Spanish authorities continued to govern. In 1801 the right to deposit was reinstated for a short time.

Napoleon Bonaparte envisioned a great French empire in the United States, and he hoped to use the Mississippi Valley as a food and trade center to supply the island of Saint Domingue, which was to be the heart of this empire. First, however, he had to restore French control of Saint Domingue. Saint Domingue was France's richest colony in the Caribbean. For over a century enslaved Africans had toiled there to cultivate sugar cane for the French. In 174 a slave named Pierre Dominique Toussaint l'Ouverture organized a rebellion. Toussaint and his followers fought for seven years before gaining control of Saint Domingue. In 180 a large army sent by Napoleon arrived on the island to suppress the Haitian rebellion. Despite some military success, the French lost thousands of soldiers, mainly to yellow fever, and Napoleon soon realized that Saint Domingue must be abandoned. Napoleon had failed disastrously in his efforts to reconquer the sugar-rich colony of Santa Domingo from the rebellious blacks, and he valued Louisiana primarily as a feeder for this colony (Napoleon The American Spirit). Without that island he had little use for Louisiana. Facing renewed war with Great Britain, he could not spare troops to defend the territory; he needed funds, moreover, to support his military ventures in Europe. Accordingly, in April 180 he offered to sell Louisiana to the United States.

Concerned about French intentions, President Thomas Jefferson had already sent James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans to the United States. The exploration of Lewis and Clark had excited Americans all over to move westward. The thought of gaining a farm, filled with layers of fertile soil for their crops, sparked an interest in many. The giant, powerful, Mississippi offered a world of opportunities for Americans for traveling, power, imports and exports. Jefferson knew that by making this addition to the United States, many immigrants would be even more apt to come to America if they had more room in which to live. If France refused Jefferson would consider an alliance with Great Britain. Time went by with no answer, causing Westerners to get restless. Andrew Jackson started organizing a militia and offered to take New Orleans by force. If Napoleon would not sell all of New Orleans, Livingston and Monroe were to bargain for just a part of the city where the United States could build its own docks and warehouses. If the French still refused to sell, they were to go to London to seek a British alliance.

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France had to face reality. They were on the verge of war with Great Britain. The French navy had been weakened by yellow fever. They could not protect their possessions in the Americas. If war came, Britain could seize New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory. So Napoleon decided to deal with the Americans.

Monroe arrived in France hoping to buy a city. Americans knew that by purchasing the Louisiana Territory, they would open up a world of possibilities for the country. Trade from the ports, transportation through the Mississippi, and fertile land located in the west all appealed to the building American economy. Upon arrival in France, offered as much as $,75,000 for the Floridas and New Orleans. Instead France offered all of Louisiana for 5 million. Jefferson had instructed the two envoys to purchase only the Floridas, but they felt confident that the United States would accept the larger offer. After weeks of bargaining in a treaty signed on April 0, 180, the United States agreed to buy all of Louisiana for about 15 million. It was agreed that the French and the Spanish were able to use the port of New Orleans and other ports within the territory for 1 years, as long as the ships were loaded with produce. No other country has these rights except Spain and France (" The Louisiana Purchase" Our Nations Archive).

Exactly what it was the United States bought for 5 million was unclear. The wording of the treaty did not clearly explain the boundaries of the territory. Before the United States could establish fixed boundaries to Louisiana there arose a basic question concerning the constitutionality of the purchase. Personally, this kind of decision was hard for President Jefferson to make, being a strict interpreter of the Constitution. However, he knew that the purchase would do nothing but help the United States. Jefferson thought an amendment of the constitution to legalize the sale might be needed, but the Senate approved the treaty by a vote of 4 to 7.

The setting of fixed boundaries awaited negotiations with Spain and Great Britain. The dispute with Spain was over the ownership of West Florida and Texas. In the Adams-Onís Treaty of 181 with Spain, the United States acquired Florida and surrendered its claim to Texas. In return Spain gave up its claim to West Florida. The Rocky Mountains were accepted as the western limit of the Louisiana Territory and the Mississippi River was considered the eastern boundary of the great purchase.

Jefferson had by far made the best decision of his Presidential history. He had eliminated any chance of war with other countries by fairly purchasing the land. He had also increased the size of his country by almost twice its original size, and he had created the ability for better trade with the New Orleans ports. After making the purchase of Louisiana, it is easy to see an increase in area and population for the United States. In 1800, the land was estimated at 864,746 square miles, and by 1810 it had increased to 1,681,88 square miles (See Appendix A). It was known that the population of the United States was bound to increase as the land able to be offered to immigrants increased. In 180 the population was estimated at 5,870 people, and by 1810 it had increased to approximately 7,00. Jefferson knew he had stretched his power by making the purchase, however he also knew that Americans would be benefiting from his decision for the rest of their lives.

The final negotiations with France finalized the addition to the United States. This made the U.S. one of the largest nations in the world. It created approximately thirteen states across 600,000,000 acres.

Overall, the Louisiana Purchase over the years became the biggest factor of economic growth in United States history. Thomas Jefferson was President during a hard time in American History. He was faced with building a nation that had just recently gained its freedom, and was still just an infant compared to the rest of the world. Yet he accepted the challenge and went on to make some of the best decisions the United States Executive branch has ever known. By purchasing Louisiana, he doubled the size of the nation, opened up ports for American trade, opened the Mississippi River to exploration, eliminated the chance of foreign conflicts, and gave Americans the chance to benefit from the resources of the fertile land of the West.

"The Louisiana Purchase" Our Nations Archive. New York Black Dog & Leventhal, 1

Napoleon "Napoleon Conceals His Motives" The American Spirit. Lexington, Massachusetts D.C. Heath and Company

Milner, Clyde, O'Connor, Carol, Sandweiss, Martha. The American West. New York Oxford University Press, 14

"The Louisiana Purchase" The New Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 7 Chicago Encyclopedia Britannica.Inc.

"Louisiana Purchase" The World Book Encyclopedia Volume 1 Chicago World Book, Inc.

Lerner, William. Historical Statistics of the United States. Washington D.C U.S Bureau of Census

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Framing organisation

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Avoiding "War On The Wharves" Is The Non-Confrontational Policing of Major Industrial Disputes "Here to Stay"?

The 18 Australian maritime dispute, heralded as the "War on the Wharves", failed to culminate in full-scale pitched battle between union picketers and the police.

The relationship and protocols that have been developing between policing and unionism in the 180s and 10s were fundamental in avoiding violence at the HUA picket lines. Police, acting with restraint and apprehensive of potential violence, generally sought to maintain public order and control through a consultative and non-confrontational approach.

Historical perspective

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In belligerent industrial times such as the early 180s and the late 10s, policing was inclined to follow the paramilitary path of a legalistic and repressive approach. And unionists have perceived polices as the agent making it possible for the employer to continue production by the use of scab labour, the enemy of the unionised workforce.

During relatively peaceful industrial times, police have often found that discretion was a better method of preserving the peace and marinating legitimacy in the eyes of the populace than prosecuting the law to its fullest.

But sometimes the police-picketers violence are caused by government and employer push for decisive police action; police willingness to confront and defeat the perceived enemy; belligerent and violent picket activities; media and public pressure for police action.

"Blamey Cossacks" versus the stevedores

On November 18, about 150 stevedores, contrary to union leaders' pleas, broke a police line about fifty strong and stormed Station Pier as they rushed towards the P and O liner, Chitral. "The crowd simply, by weight of numbers, brushed the police aside." And police seen conflict as a realm in which they must win in order to preserve law and order and maintain their future authority. Allan Whiteeaker died as a result of a bullet wound to the neck inflicted by police and the stevedores went crazy and berserk and as a result, two constables were seriously injured. This situation shows that potentially unpredictable and explosive character of police involvement in industrial disputation.

According to public order theory, it indicates that state's force, in the form of aggressive policing, can actually escalate the tensions and potential violence of industrial conflict. Today, police who encounter industrial picketing are unarmed, for their own safety as well as that of the public. Using force to disperse a surging crowd without intending to arrest any of them is a feature of 0th century public order policing.

The policing of the 18 maritime dispute was directed and over sighted by a very different group of police leaders; many tertiary-educated and trained in management practices. Modern police command is aware of lessons of the immediate past in policing public order situations, the ubiquitous nature of video cameras at potentially violent situations and the potential civil litigation damages against police.

Policing the 18 Waterfront dispute

In the 18 waterfront dispute, the state police and traders hall councils had been developing procedures and protocols in relation to industrial disputation. For the modern policing ideally keeps industrial peace by reasonable compromises with strikes, by routine procedures, and by tactical negotiation and flexibility.

As a result of violent clashes in the 180s, Victoria Police and the Victorian Trades Hall Council (VTHC) established professional protocol arrangements to deal with potentially volatile situations. And the MUA picket line was officially sanctioned by the VTHC, it was recognised by Victoria Police. The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) executive have developed a reciprocal union policy in relation to authorised strikes and pickets.

The peaceful, non-criminal pickets at the Patrick terminals around the Australian ports were the visible and symbolic centre-piece of the union's campaign, the focus of national and international media coverage and the platform of civil disobediences.

The MUA, fully supported by the ACTU, realised that it need public support if it was to achieve the reinstatement of its members. MUA officials pledged to police that the MUA would maintain control of its peaceful assembly. A ban was imposed on swearing, racial abuse and alcohol at Fremantle Dock. And the MUA made commitments of no violence, only routine yelling at change-overs of non-union labour; police agreed not to employ shields, batons and horses to intimidate protesters.

As a result, the pitched battles on Australian docks of the late 10s were not repeated in 18, despite much media speculation of a "Waterfront War." Because the union organisers were aware of lawful police authority to arrest, move and detain, since the police had the power to act under summary offences legislation against people who were obstructing and hindering people in the execution of their duties.

In April-May 18, the protocols for regular meetings and accepted behaviour between union and police negotiators were intensified and co-ordinated, and such compromises challenged the traditional culture which meant that the employer merely needed to contract police who would clear pickets by either persuasion or force.

Criticism of police inertia

Criticism by some conservative politicians focused on the police's inaction against the MUA assemblies. Police command, exhibiting independence from political pressure, ensured that police members would not be manipulated in the dispute. At East Swanson Dock, Patrick's Chairperson Chris Corrigan, having assumed that police would clear terminal entrances, condemned the police for failing to fulfil statutory obligation to remove people obstructing commerce, the pickets being neither peaceful nor legal. Same as Stuart Wood and Des Moore are both condemned the failure of the police to enforce the law in the waterfront dispute and alleged that police avoided confrontation with large groups, which encourage violent action by protesters, and require to return to Blamey-style policing response to picketing.

But Corrigan appears to have acted upon the traditional assumption that if the employer demands police intervention to clear passage that police will naturally concur without consideration of the consequences. In face, the ultimate responsibility of police is to preserve life and protect property. A modern policing tactic, designed to attain these objectives and common to both minor and major industrial disputes, is to hasten slowly, even at a pace, coz it provides time for the industrial protagonists, employers and workers, to consult and possibly negotiate the conflict without police intervention. The question remains from whom or from where does an aggressive employer seek a coercive force to remove pickets, if dissatisfied with the role of the public police.

The police commissioners at their annual conference in Melbourne on 1 April issued a consensual statement advocating a "negotiate" and "non-violent" resolution of the maritime dispute. The police would act as necessary to deal with unlawful blockades, but reaffirmed their strong desire that the maritime dispute is settled through negotiations and the legal processes rather than violent conflict. After the commissioners' communiqu, there was no further attempt by police to remove picket lines around the Australian ports.

The vicissitudes of policing the Liverpool lockout

In late September 15, dock workers were locked out by the Mersey Dock and Harbour Company (MDHC), and there was no trouble despite the dockers' protest. The cost to the Merseyside Police of deploying a daily police presence including overtime payments until March 17 was between 1.5 and million pounds, and the routine monitoring as not proper police work; the police did not appreciate being at the Liverpool Docks at 5 am in the winter. The dockers were not in conflict with the police, but they perceived the police as being on the side of the MDHC in the dispute. And the vitriolic dockers conclude that the police department certainly supported the dock company and alleged that the OSD have intimidated, beaten and even tortured dockers and their supporters in the pursuit of keeping dockers out of their jobs.

Robocops

0 September 16, a rally of three hundred dockers and supporters erupted into violence and 41 were arrested. The police blamed the presence of eco-warriors and members of the Reclaim the Street brigade for the violence.

Conclusion

Police on the Austalian wharves sought to accommodate the picketing and community protests through a restrained, consultative and non-confrontational strategy. Violence is in neither the police nor the unionists' interest.

Unlike the suppression of Stevedores in 18, the police during the 18 waterfront dispute were praised by union officials but criticised by the employer.

The future policing of industrial disputes depends fundamentally on police organisation being able to maintain their operational independence from all interested parties and being prepared to deny automatic response to employer demands. Even the non-confrontational approach has been used, but the latent coercive capacity of police even when the overall strategy has been one of peace-keeping and consultation.

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Evaluation of system thinking tools & techniques

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Introduction

'At a broad level, systems thinking encompasses many methods, tools and principles that are oriented to looking at the interrelatedness of forces, and seeing them as part of a common process. This includes brainstorming and discovery techniques, scenario planning and graphs or diagrams representing the system relationships, as well as simply an awareness of unintended consequences.

The value of Systems thinking lies in its ability to assist organizations identify and effectively alter the systems they operate within, as a means of resolving the many challenges that may arise.

Through exploration of the concepts of the Learning Organization, this report aims to evaluate three System Thinking tools; Root Cause Analysis, Causal Loop Diagrams and Scenario Planning.Root Cause Analysis

Many organisations find themselves with unwanted, recurring situations. This is generally referred to as Root Cause Analysis, finding the real cause of the problem and dealing with it rather than simply continuing to deal with the symptoms.

In normal operational environments, it is often difficult to find candidates for root cause analysis as the situations which repeat are either distributed over time so one doesnt realize they are actually recurring, or the situation happens to different people so there isnt an awareness of the recurring nature of the situation. However, 'those situations which are recurring with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify are generally the most suitable candidates for root cause analysis.

An organisations first challenge in the use of any systems tool is that they must establish if the situation warrants the chosen application. RCA is best used on those situations which occur with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify.

On completion of identifying the situation, the overall aim is to find the root cause of the issue and remove it prior to the cycle commencing again. However, it must be determined whether the removal of the root cause warrants the resources required to resolve the problem, rather than continuing to treat the actual symptoms of the problem.

The goal of root cause analysis is to investigate and determine the following;

• What is happening?

• Why is it happening?

• What is being done to prevent it from happening again?

Dealing with a recurring problem is not seen as an acceptable solution. Firstly, it is a requirement that the root cause be identified by the project team. Secondly, a plan is put in place to ensure the surrounding issues do not surface again in the near future.

Causal Loop Diagrams

Causal loop diagrams (CLD) are a way of attempting to understand inter-relationships which occur within all systems and processes. They trace cause and effect through a system and, in particular, attempt to model feedback.

There are two specific types of loops that are generally used to display system variables at work, the reinforcing loop and the balancing loop. The reinforcing loop depicts either growth or decline that is occurring within a system at an ever-increasing rate. A reinforcing loop is applied to a situation in which an action produces a result which in turn promotes more of the same action.

Represented in the diagram below is an assumption, the larger the Population the greater number of Births as there are more people of child bearing age. From our assumption, that any increase in Population will cause an increase in Births, and then a further increase in Population. These increases can be shown on the CLD by a + sign, as below. The positive sign indicates that a change in the causal variable will cause a change in the variable it is affecting in the same direction. That is, an increase in Population will cause an increase in Births.

This is the simplest CLD and represents a Positive Feedback Loop. A change in any variable will cause the system to continually move in one direction either continually increasing (a virtuous cycle) or continuously declining (a vicious circle).

The above example demonstrates a reinforcing loop, in which two factors are identified as an explanation into increased population. The 'elements' in this example are 'Population' and 'Births' and the circle structure represents the forces of influence and the '+ 'indicates that the influence adds to the element, had one element had a subtracting influence a '-'would have been displayed. The above diagram is by no means complete. As Population increases, deaths must also increase. And as Deaths increase, the Population will effectively decrease.

The decrease in Population due to an increase in Deaths is shown in the CLD with a - sign. This sign indicates that a change in the causal variable (Deaths) creates a change in variable it is affecting (Population) in the opposite direction. This second loop is known as a Balancing Loop. Balancing loops can be applied to any situation where an action is used in an attempt to bring the other elements within a system into agreement.

The use of causal loop diagrams should be approached carefully as it will only be with a thorough understanding of the process and the ability to identify leverage points within the system that an organization will be in a position to determine the most appropriate ways of influencing change.

Scenario Planning

Scenarios are stories that pose alternative futures for the organization, based on assumptions about current trends and events. Usually a best-case scenario, worst case scenario, and a scenario somewhere in between are developed to map out the ranges of possible futures the organization might face, the threats and opportunities each future might pose, and what the critical success factors might be in addressing those futures.

One of the benefits surrounding the construction of scenarios is to promote learning by the planning team; sensitize team members to plausible, though perhaps unlikely, futures; and develop strategies better able to handle most eventualities. However, the main purpose of scenario planning is to directly face inevitable uncertainties for long-range future and strategic outlooks. E.g. Global Financial Markets

Acknowledging uncertainty in this respect means thinking in terms of different but equally plausible interpretations of what is happening and the effects it will induce in the long run. In scenario-based planning these subjective interpretations and expectations are reflected as a number of alternative paths for future developments. This approach to planning serves as an aid to develop strategies that promise success under most divergent environmental conditions.

In order for the project to be successful, it was imperative for each team member give adequate contribution on the past history and success of this type of technology in their region. However, it was the project manager's responsibility to ensure that each of the Director's focus on looking towards the many possible futures that lay ahead of the organisation and the possible challenges these futures may bring.

By the end of the discussion, the working group had a number of scenarios to consider, along with the affects that they may have on the organisation. It then comes down to a vote (at board level) on which of the possible scenarios should be researched further and inevitably be invested in. Exploring these scenarios gave the organisation a better understanding of our current goals and strategies in which to forecast our long term strategic position in the market place.

Conclusion

It is common practice for companies to rethink their business strategies. With systems thinking can come new mental models and a shared vision to take organizations into the next century. Through providing its people with the basic concepts and tools, an organization is in effect encouraging them to take responsibility of the environments within which they work.

Each has to do with how we think, what we truly want, and how we interact and learn with one another."

However, some of today's most successful organizations are embracing these ideas to meet the demands of a global economy where the value of the individual is increasingly recognized as our most important resource.

Bibliography

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.systems-thinking.org/rca/rootca.htm

'System Behaviour and Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.public.asu.edu/~kirkwood/sysdyn/SDIntro/ch-1.pdf

James R, 'Validation of Casual Loop Diagrams', www.pmcorp.com

'Scenario Planning', www.planning.mala.bc.ca

Jepsen, M. Turner, T. Marshall, J. Dibley, C. Paterson, H. Calway, B. Brown-Parker, J. Buchanan, N. 'LEB50 The eBusiness Environment', Swinburne University of Technology

'Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.cc.jyu.fi/~aphalo/YMP460/pdf/foilsYMP460_C.pdf

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.materialsengineer.com/A-root-cause-analysis.htm

McNamara, C, 'Systems Thinking', http//www.mapnp.org/library/systems/systems.htm

Senge, P. 14, 'The Fith Discipline Field book', London, U.K.

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