Evaluation of system thinking tools & techniques

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Introduction

'At a broad level, systems thinking encompasses many methods, tools and principles that are oriented to looking at the interrelatedness of forces, and seeing them as part of a common process. This includes brainstorming and discovery techniques, scenario planning and graphs or diagrams representing the system relationships, as well as simply an awareness of unintended consequences.

The value of Systems thinking lies in its ability to assist organizations identify and effectively alter the systems they operate within, as a means of resolving the many challenges that may arise.

Through exploration of the concepts of the Learning Organization, this report aims to evaluate three System Thinking tools; Root Cause Analysis, Causal Loop Diagrams and Scenario Planning.Root Cause Analysis

Many organisations find themselves with unwanted, recurring situations. This is generally referred to as Root Cause Analysis, finding the real cause of the problem and dealing with it rather than simply continuing to deal with the symptoms.

In normal operational environments, it is often difficult to find candidates for root cause analysis as the situations which repeat are either distributed over time so one doesnt realize they are actually recurring, or the situation happens to different people so there isnt an awareness of the recurring nature of the situation. However, 'those situations which are recurring with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify are generally the most suitable candidates for root cause analysis.

An organisations first challenge in the use of any systems tool is that they must establish if the situation warrants the chosen application. RCA is best used on those situations which occur with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify.

On completion of identifying the situation, the overall aim is to find the root cause of the issue and remove it prior to the cycle commencing again. However, it must be determined whether the removal of the root cause warrants the resources required to resolve the problem, rather than continuing to treat the actual symptoms of the problem.

The goal of root cause analysis is to investigate and determine the following;

• What is happening?

• Why is it happening?

• What is being done to prevent it from happening again?

Dealing with a recurring problem is not seen as an acceptable solution. Firstly, it is a requirement that the root cause be identified by the project team. Secondly, a plan is put in place to ensure the surrounding issues do not surface again in the near future.

Causal Loop Diagrams

Causal loop diagrams (CLD) are a way of attempting to understand inter-relationships which occur within all systems and processes. They trace cause and effect through a system and, in particular, attempt to model feedback.

There are two specific types of loops that are generally used to display system variables at work, the reinforcing loop and the balancing loop. The reinforcing loop depicts either growth or decline that is occurring within a system at an ever-increasing rate. A reinforcing loop is applied to a situation in which an action produces a result which in turn promotes more of the same action.

Represented in the diagram below is an assumption, the larger the Population the greater number of Births as there are more people of child bearing age. From our assumption, that any increase in Population will cause an increase in Births, and then a further increase in Population. These increases can be shown on the CLD by a + sign, as below. The positive sign indicates that a change in the causal variable will cause a change in the variable it is affecting in the same direction. That is, an increase in Population will cause an increase in Births.

This is the simplest CLD and represents a Positive Feedback Loop. A change in any variable will cause the system to continually move in one direction either continually increasing (a virtuous cycle) or continuously declining (a vicious circle).

The above example demonstrates a reinforcing loop, in which two factors are identified as an explanation into increased population. The 'elements' in this example are 'Population' and 'Births' and the circle structure represents the forces of influence and the '+ 'indicates that the influence adds to the element, had one element had a subtracting influence a '-'would have been displayed. The above diagram is by no means complete. As Population increases, deaths must also increase. And as Deaths increase, the Population will effectively decrease.

The decrease in Population due to an increase in Deaths is shown in the CLD with a - sign. This sign indicates that a change in the causal variable (Deaths) creates a change in variable it is affecting (Population) in the opposite direction. This second loop is known as a Balancing Loop. Balancing loops can be applied to any situation where an action is used in an attempt to bring the other elements within a system into agreement.

The use of causal loop diagrams should be approached carefully as it will only be with a thorough understanding of the process and the ability to identify leverage points within the system that an organization will be in a position to determine the most appropriate ways of influencing change.

Scenario Planning

Scenarios are stories that pose alternative futures for the organization, based on assumptions about current trends and events. Usually a best-case scenario, worst case scenario, and a scenario somewhere in between are developed to map out the ranges of possible futures the organization might face, the threats and opportunities each future might pose, and what the critical success factors might be in addressing those futures.

One of the benefits surrounding the construction of scenarios is to promote learning by the planning team; sensitize team members to plausible, though perhaps unlikely, futures; and develop strategies better able to handle most eventualities. However, the main purpose of scenario planning is to directly face inevitable uncertainties for long-range future and strategic outlooks. E.g. Global Financial Markets

Acknowledging uncertainty in this respect means thinking in terms of different but equally plausible interpretations of what is happening and the effects it will induce in the long run. In scenario-based planning these subjective interpretations and expectations are reflected as a number of alternative paths for future developments. This approach to planning serves as an aid to develop strategies that promise success under most divergent environmental conditions.

In order for the project to be successful, it was imperative for each team member give adequate contribution on the past history and success of this type of technology in their region. However, it was the project manager's responsibility to ensure that each of the Director's focus on looking towards the many possible futures that lay ahead of the organisation and the possible challenges these futures may bring.

By the end of the discussion, the working group had a number of scenarios to consider, along with the affects that they may have on the organisation. It then comes down to a vote (at board level) on which of the possible scenarios should be researched further and inevitably be invested in. Exploring these scenarios gave the organisation a better understanding of our current goals and strategies in which to forecast our long term strategic position in the market place.

Conclusion

It is common practice for companies to rethink their business strategies. With systems thinking can come new mental models and a shared vision to take organizations into the next century. Through providing its people with the basic concepts and tools, an organization is in effect encouraging them to take responsibility of the environments within which they work.

Each has to do with how we think, what we truly want, and how we interact and learn with one another."

However, some of today's most successful organizations are embracing these ideas to meet the demands of a global economy where the value of the individual is increasingly recognized as our most important resource.

Bibliography

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.systems-thinking.org/rca/rootca.htm

'System Behaviour and Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.public.asu.edu/~kirkwood/sysdyn/SDIntro/ch-1.pdf

James R, 'Validation of Casual Loop Diagrams', www.pmcorp.com

'Scenario Planning', www.planning.mala.bc.ca

Jepsen, M. Turner, T. Marshall, J. Dibley, C. Paterson, H. Calway, B. Brown-Parker, J. Buchanan, N. 'LEB50 The eBusiness Environment', Swinburne University of Technology

'Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.cc.jyu.fi/~aphalo/YMP460/pdf/foilsYMP460_C.pdf

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.materialsengineer.com/A-root-cause-analysis.htm

McNamara, C, 'Systems Thinking', http//www.mapnp.org/library/systems/systems.htm

Senge, P. 14, 'The Fith Discipline Field book', London, U.K.

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The Pros and Cons of becomin a fashion designer

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Usually when one hears fashion designers spoken of, one thinks of fame, money and working with famous and beautiful people. A picture of a luxurious style of living, filled with parties, fashion shows and magazine interviews paints in one's head. Names such as Armani, Versace and Dior are thought of right away. Although some fashion designers do live like that, for most part a career in fashion design is sometimes not as glamorous as it may seem. The fashion industry is a very difficult industry for one to succeed in because there is a lot of competition and not a lot of demand. To make it big in this field one has to have a lot of talent, patience, drive, courage and the ability to work very hard. Fashion design is not for everyone because it takes a lot of time and nerves to succeed. This career can have one work until sunrise to finish designs and meet deadlines. A career in fashion design can also be risky because often it does not provide a stable income. To people who really enjoy this type of work though, it would not make a difference because they would be doing what they truly love to do. Therefore, although being a fashion designer could bring one much frustration, stress, long working hours and an irregular salary, it could also bring a lot of money and fame, give one a sense of pride, a way to express creativity, and an opportunity to make people look and feel good.

A fashion designer has to go through many, sometimes stressful and long stages before the clothing is made. "The designers often begin by researching the desired design characteristics, such as size, shape, weight, color, materials used, cost, ease of use, fit and safety."(Designers 1) Sometimes there can be a great difference between what is considered stylish and what the people actually buy. In order to research the fashion designer would often flip through fashion magazines, sometimes even at home, when sipping coffee, and would attend many fashion shows. By attending fashion shows he or she will know what kinds or fashions are made by other designers. After the designer has completed the research process, the next step would be predicting what the trend will be in about six months to a year. This needs to be known because usually designers work on their collections six months to a year in advance. For example, in the fall of 00 the designer would work on the spring/summer 00 collection and in the winter and spring of 00 he or she would work on the fall 00 collection. After predicting the next trend however, the designer then makes original sketches and if he or she works for a company shows the sketches to the owners to make sure that they suit the company's style and image. "After the design is approved, it is made out of muslin. Darts and seams are put into the muslin garment as it is molded on a model or a dressmaker's dummy."(Dress Design 4) At this time, it could be decided that some designs are not possible to recreate in real life and that the garments from these designs should not be created. Additionally, this is the time for the designer to make any necessary changes before the samples can be made out of the fabric that they were intended to be made out of. When the sample garments are finally made, they are put in a fashion show that is attended by possible retail buyers or individual clients. If the designer works for a department store though, the garments can be reproduced to sell right away. Also, the samples can be photographed and put in a catalog and be made only with order. All of it depends on where and by whom the designer is employed.

Having a career in fashion design also, requires many certain qualities and skills. Being creative, sensitive to beauty, confident, driven, hard-working, passionate and cooperative is required in this field. Without these qualities one cannot be a successful fashion designer. To be successful a person must posses a lot of creativity and style. The designer must not be afraid to go beyond what is expected and to know how to make color and balance work together. Confidence and drive are equally necessary because usually it takes fashion designers years to get noticed and to get established. In this industry " competition is stiff and success is always hard won."(Career as a Fashion Designer ) The ideas of the designers are often rejected which makes it really important for them to believe in themselves and be determined to succeed. Being passionate about their job and being a hard worker are two other very important traits. Fashion designers must love their job and be willing to stay up all night finishing their projects because often they will have to do just that. "Given the hardships, designers have to be crazy about what they do. How else would they be able to survive the grueling hours, low entry-level pay, and lack of guarantees?"(Han ) Being cooperative is also necessary, as the designers get to work with many different people and must be able to be team players. In addition, fashion designers must have the following skills active learning skills, operations analysis skills, active listening skills, critical thinking skills and systems evaluation skills. Without these skills, it would be very difficult for one to survive in the fashion industry.

To become a fashion designer it is good if one starts to explore this profession early in life to determine whether it is right for him or her. Taking art classes at school and an enrolment in a design program would be great for one who considers a career in the fashion field. The person who wants to become a designer should study drawing, sketching, designing, fabric and textile sciences. He or she should also complete a two to four year designing program later on and get a Bachelor's degree in Fine Arts with a major in fashion design

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After completing the education process the designer can start working. Although there are not too many jobs in this field, the demand keeps growing each year.

"During 17, there were approximately ,867 fashion designers employed in New York. We estimate that in 007 there will be 8, 6 designers employed in New York. This represents an increase of 507 new positions each year (.1%). Additionally, ,886 jobs per year (16.8%) will become available due to employee turnover."(Fashion Designers 4)

Because he or she would be just starting work in this field, the salary of a fashion designer would not be too high also. An average starting salary would be between 1,500 and 0,000 dollars. At the median level the salary would be between 0,000 to 50,000 dollars and between 60,000 and 75,000 dollars if a designer is exceptionally skilled or has a lot of experience. Sometimes however, depending on where the designer works, there might not even be a salary because the designer could be paid by assignment. That happens to many designers who have their own businesses. Others, who work for big companies such as Gap and Express get a regular, stable salary. Aside from money, when just starting out in the fashion industry it would be wise for one to work with an established designer to get a taste of what this profession is like. The starting designer could learn a lot from the established one and get experience at the same time.

What would working as a fashion designer be like? Depending on where the designer works the working conditions for a fashion can change from person to person. If one works at a big company, he or she most likely enjoys regular working hours. The designer also has to work long hours sometimes to meet special deadlines and work with many other people. 'I may work a.m. to 11 p.m. a few weeks to a few months each season, says an insider.'(Han ) When in such a situation, the designer must have the created designs approved his bosses. Sometimes, the designers must be required to travel to different locations. If the designer is self-employed, he or she has to do everything for the business. Self-employed designers usually do not work with a lot of people, mostly their family or some other helpers. These designers work extra long hours while they establish their businesses and often enjoy an irregular and small salary. The top-of-the industry designers who have a lot of individual clients, on the other hand, receive a lot of money. They get to work with many famous people, including singers and actors and travel to alluring destinations all over the globe.

In the end, being a fashion designer is a serious commitment that has its own positive and negative sides. Fashion design can be very competitive and stressful, require many personal characteristics, different skills and hard work. However, it can also take one to alluring destinations all over the world, bring fame and establish wealth. One of the other positives of fashion design can be no need of a long education. In the end, one must decide, based on values and knowledge, whether he or she has what it takes to be a fashion designer.

Please note that this sample paper on The Pros and Cons of becomin a fashion designer is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Pros and Cons of becomin a fashion designer, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Pros and Cons of becomin a fashion designer will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gambling

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Introduction

The purpose of this primary research report is to analyse the role and response of religious traditions to Gambling in a contemporary Australian society,

Through the thorough analysis of the instruments that can be used to compose this report, the most appropriate was observations. I chose this instrument as I thought that this will help me compose the most efficient and advanced report from the various instruments that could be used.

The specific instrument that I employed to compose this report was observations from various newspaper articles, websites, encyclopedia's and text books. I used specific and relevant quotes from scriptures, and current organisational leaders in order to demonstrate the role and response of religious traditions to gambling in contemporary Australian society.

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This assessment task contains my final report which summarises my findings and draws conclusions on the role and response of religious traditions to gambling. It also contains a full 'Annotated Bibliography' and some secondary research that I was able to collect.

Gambling Research Report

It seems that most societies engage in some form of gambling, as it has developed to be an extension of entertainment. However, gambling takes on a new meaning because stakes are introduced, leading to risk-taking. In some cultures there are sanctions against gambling because of a prevailing view that gaining something purely through luck or chance is morally unsound.

Statistics from a report on Australia's gambling industries by the productivity commission indicated that around 0 000 Australians (.% of adult population) are estimated to have more significant gambling problems, with 140 000 adults experiencing severe problems. Also problem gamblers comprise 15% of regular (non-lottery) gamblers and account for over $ billion in losses annually one-third of the total gambling industries market. It also states that the total turnover of gambling in Australia in 17 and 18 was $5 billion and the cost to gamblers was $11. billion, of this $.8 billion is collected in taxes by state and territory governments. Many of the harms experienced by problem gamblers can be traced back to gambling and not other life events or personality features of the gambler.

As you can see, this report by the productivity commission designates that the gambling industry presents itself as just a harmless entertainment operation, which in some form, has been revealed over many years to be misleading. Also the industry attempts to put the blame for problem gambling onto gamblers themselves which has also been revealed to be incorrect.

Gambling is not just wrong through its statistics due to the fact that a person is losing money and becoming mentally detrimental, but also in religion and it's thought on gambling.

Christianity believes that gambling is morally wrong because it encourages and instigates human greed instead of faith in God. From this Christians can strongly say that gambling is an evil that should be avoided due to the fact that people will make money their God. It comes from the first of the Ten Commandments "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery. You shall have no other Gods before me."

Gambling is also wrong because it is materialistic. Its appeal comes from a belief that wealth is the most important thing to gain in life.

Gambling is also seen inadequate in a Christian judgement given that it causes effects on the gambler, such as irresponsibility, mental problems and suicide, gambling is also addictive. Through this are causes of social evil, crime and problems, which affect third parties other than the gambling victim.

Another reason why gambling is wrong is because it exploits human weakness and addiction for financial gain, and as such is a case of the rich and the powerful exploiting others, something which the Bible consistently condemns.

Christianity deals with gambling through many denominational charities such as the 'Saint Vincent de Paul society'. The Saint Vincent de Paul Society deals with problem gambling on a daily basis by providing counseling networks and programs. One of the coordinators of this society Mr Dennis Borham shared some remarkable insight into the problems that gambling causes "…5% of our clients have admitted to current legal problems because of gambling". Another charity is called the 'Interchurch Gambling Task Force' (ITGF) which works within the social welfare industry and focuses on the corrosive social effects of gambling. It comprises of many church leaders from various denominations such as, Baptist Union, Salvation Army etc. The spokesperson is Reverend Tim Costello.

The Uniting Church opposes gambling but permits small scale gambling such as parish fund-raising activities which is often associated with Catholicism.

Not only is gambling wrong in Christianity, it also has been proven wrong in Islam.

Islam adopted this view, and discouraged participation in games of change, as it somehow represented interfering in divine law. Indeed Islamic teaching suggests that by indulging in games of chance, human beings are attempting to meddle with "blind" fate and therefore inadvertently mock the divine plan in which nothing is left to chance. This teaching is also conveyed in the Quran which is used as a weapon in order to deter Muslims away from gambling "O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination - of Satans handwork that ye may prosper. Satans plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you, with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of God, and from prayer will ye not then abstain? (The Noble Quran, 50-1)".

We have seen how gambling is often wrong in Christianity and also Islam, but gambling is also seen wrong in Judaism.

Judaism like Christianity believes that gambling is prioritizing money and wealth before yourself, others and most importantly of God, which can be traced back to the old testament that states in the ten commandments "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery. You shall have no other Gods before me" . This commandment is the number one law in Judaism and this is why Judaism disallows gambling. It is considered so close to theft that in Jewish law the professional gambler is not allowed to be a witness in court. The gambler does not "promote the welfare of the world" and that is one of the positive Mitzvot of the Torah.

We have seen from three religions Christianity, Islam and Judaism that gambling is wrong and as they condemn the new age entertainment because of their beliefs. The response of Buddhism to the issue of gambling is unknown as Buddhists have no central body which determines its attitudes to social issues, however, Buddhists are guided by the five moral precepts of not killing, not stealing, not being involved in improper sexual acts, not lying or deceiving and not taking intoxicants. These determine their behaviors. Buddhists should refrain from any behavior, which harms oneself or others. Accordingly, a wise Buddhist would not involve themselves in gambling, which is both harmful to one's self and others.

One point seems certain "People of the Book", whose traditions have come to them through the Judaic-Christian-Islamic heritage of monotheism, have religious and moral sanctions in place against gambling. In many instances throughout history, this has been translated into formal government policy, leaving those who gamble to incur the consequences of flouting the rules and laws of church and state. Despite this, people continue to gamble, for many reasons.

Indeed people who come from neo-Confucian cultures may approach gambling and concepts of luck and chance from a different mindset which holds that those who play for money are not transgressing a moral law. Instead they are testing Karma or fate.

Gambling in the neo-Confucian context may be contrasted to gambling in the Judaic-Christian-Islamic tradition, which through received religious teachings maintains sanctions against indulging in games of chance and personal gain. In this context, people have to go outside those precepts to engage in gambling.

Christianity has a relation to both Islam and Judaism as they both believe that gambling is morally wrong and the influences of that has affected the up bringing of Australia through out the years some of these are

- Churches are increasingly vocal opponents of gambling, particularly the Baptist and Uniting churches who have been involved in government enquiries etc. into problem gambling.

- Reverend Tim Costello leads the anti-gambling movement in Australia, and has done so for a decade.

- Costello is involved in the politics as well as the theology of gambling.

- Involved in Church and state measures to deal with gambling.

- "We don't have problem gamblers; we have problem machines in a problem industry".

It is important to re-emphasise that each of these religions described above are favoured due to their loathing towards gambling. The extent of gambling is now so large, that there is increased questioning on whether the problem can be dissipated due to the fact that gambling has travelled from pubs to the internet. As you can see through statistical evidence, gambling is very much apart of our current society as it encompasses the notion of 'new age entertainment' which most religions detest and disallow.

Please note that this sample paper on gambling is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gambling, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on gambling will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Beyond the Broad-Brush

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The history of humans on Earth is mind-boggling. For more than ninety percent of human's brief history, humans have wandered in small bands, scraping out an existence in a world fraught with danger from animals, the weather, and disease. Only recently did humans decide to settle in villages and grow their food rather than hunt and gather it. And then humans learned to live in larger societies, eventually forming governments, class structures, economies, and empires, and some of these societies came to dominate others, and some got richer than others. When probing into it, one will discover deeper and deeper questions about why Europeans are now in America, why China didnt conquer Europe with its more advanced culture, and so on. Jared Diamond took on the task of having a reasonable discussion about the intriguing question of why Europeans spread all over the world during the past few centuries to a greater degree than ever before in human history? In Diamond's book Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies, he takes a wide-angle view of world history from very high up, in order to provide an overview of human societal development from about 11,000 BC to the present. Its an impressive book, but overall, Diamond's presentation is a little uneven, making this book difficult to rate.

Despite the fact that Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is broad and attempts to cover all major aspects of societal development (including technology, politics, language, and economics), but the book has its limitations. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a book that works very well within the specific range it covers, but it turns out that that range is somewhat limited. In other words, Diamond is guilty of false advertising. The books cover and introduction imply that he is going to tell people why Europeans came to dominate the world in the past few centuries. He does not do this, because his arguments do not apply on that time scale, nor do they apply to such a modern situation. This book is well worth reading, as long as a person is aware of where it fits in the historical landscape.

Diamond focuses on the geographical and environmental factors that affect human societies. These are indeed very important factors. Remember that humans used to live outdoors. Humans used to carry most of our belongings with them. Humans used to know very few humans outside our own group. Humans used to be at the mercy of where the herds wandered, what the weather was like that year, and what the climate was like that decade. Diseases and droughts regularly wiped out whole tribes. Rivers or mountain ranges could literally be uncrossable for years at a time if conditions were not right. For the majority of human history, humans have been profoundly shaped by the immediate surroundings in which they lived.

Diamond makes a great case for why some areas of the world learned things earlier than other areas. How could a society possibly learn to domesticate animals if no domesticable species lived in that part of the world? How could they learn agriculture if few or none of the native plant species were domesticable? Indeed, the distribution of animal and plant species suitable for human domestication was not very equitable in the ancient world. Some areas just had it luckier than others. The winners were in Eurasia, which had the largest number of qualified candidates for domestication. For animals, qualification has to do with reproductive cycles, and other factors that make them easy for humans to adapt and modify to their purposes. For plants, qualification is about having large grains, being cultivable from cuttings, and other factors that make farming better compared to gathering. In contrast to Eurasia, Africa and the Americas suffered from a lack of candidates.

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Geography also affects the spread of information, or it did for most of human history. By looking at archaeological findings, it is possible to trace who knew what when, at least roughly. One can see types of pottery getting passed from society to society, for instance, as well as farming techniques and tools. Thus, large regions tended to share information faster, thus accelerating their development.

Many of Diamond's arguments are believable. The Earth is the way it is, and humans have been amazingly adaptive to be able to live in many diverse regions, from desert to tundra. But that doesnt mean that all humans had an equal shot at developing new lifestyles or at inventing new technologies. It would have been impossible for metalworking to evolve on some Pacific islands since some of them have no metal! In many cases that Diamond describes, those humans who developed certain capabilities are exactly the ones one would expect to have done so, given the physical surroundings they lived in. Thus, Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a detailed, well-researched, and thoughtfully organized book of what one would call physical history. Diamond describes unquestionable advantages that Eurasia had over the rest of the world. As he says, I expect that if the populations of Aboriginal Australia and Eurasia could have been interchanged during the Late Pleistocene, the original Aboriginal Australians would now be the ones occupying most of the Americas and Australia, as well as Eurasia, while the original Aboriginal Eurasians would be the ones now reduced to downtrodden population fragments in Australia. . Its the environment, not the people.

There are many specific issues that can to be brought up to react to Diamonds thesis. First of all, there are a lot of supporting factors that are important in societal development that cannot be explained by geography, local wildlife, and climate. They include factors like religion, the number system and languages. In the factor of language one could only wonder why did some parts of the world end up with alphabets, and others sets of characters? This may have had a deep effect on which societies were able to record and share information most easily. In the factor of the number system, the roman numerals are notoriously tedious for doing calculations. Arabic numerals, in contrast, are still in use today because they proved to be much easier and more adaptable. This may contribute to the dominance of Middle Eastern science a few thousand years ago. "The remaining way for kleptocrats to gain public support is to construct an ideology or religion justifying kleptocracy." In the factor of religion Diamond makes the fascinating point that religion evolved in parallel with systems of state government, primarily as a means to justify military action and class differences. This is a broad explanation for the development of complex religions designed for mass appeal in societies of thousands of people. Why did Buddhism and Taoism evolve in East Asia, while monotheism arose in West Asia? Did these differing worldviews shape the societies that practiced them, perhaps contributing to their paths of development?

Diamond did bring up these very points, but he does not do much with them. He has little to say beyond setting up the structure, such as why state religions evolved in the first place. In these cultural cases, Diamonds view is simply too little.

The bottom line is that physical arguments are very broad-brush. They are entirely acceptable when considering large area of history that cover thousands of years during which humans were totally dependent on their environment. But they cannot help on short time scales, where local cultural effects matter a lot. Nor are they relevant in the modern, interconnected world where geography plays much less of a role. That is not to say that it has no effect, only that it has less effect now than it did when humans were wandering around in groups of 40 people or so. Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies doesn't give one a complete answer to Yali's question in full, but explains different cultures limitations and advantages geographically and environmentally. So Guns, Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a solid book to explain such things as why Native Americans developed agriculture after the Chinese did, and why some Pacific Island cultures never developed it at all. It explains why small pox and syphilis were so devastating to tribes of the New World, while their diseases rarely did so much damage to people of the Old World. It explains why cultures that had agriculture could go on to develop complex states, which supported specialist classes, including the class of soldier. But do not expect to learn why Britain hates France or why China adopted Communism. These things are beyond the broad-brush of physical analysis. So in the end, one will stick to what one said at the beginning that this is an excellent book for the range it works in. But that range is a bit limited.

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Simulated Violence

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Simulative Violence

When I was about three of four years old I started playing with toy weapons. I didn't even know that video games existed until I was about six or seven. At that time video games became a big part of my life. Every day I would get home and start playing them until my parents made me stop or until I went to bed. These games ranged from sports and violence to strategy. I was mostly attracted to the games with the most violence and therefore that's all I played. I am now 17 and I have not killed nor harmed anyone since I started playing these games.

Many people believe that video games cause violence in kids and adults. Psychologists have done numerous amounts of experiments on whether video games and violence are related, but have found that it is extremely hard to come up with a theory.

Crimes are committed by people and in order to figure out why they caused these crimes, you have to get into their heads. Psychologists are brought in to examine criminals everyday and most of the time they find it impossible to diagnose them.

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It is hard for me to even think of video games causing violence. I believe that if they do cause some sort of violence then there has to be two factors involved, environmental and psychological. In order for a video game to actually change someone enough for them to become violent, some sort of psychological disorder is needed. Someone doesn't just wake up one day and play a video game and decide that they want to kill someone. It just doesn't happen that way. If a person of any age has had some problems in life that have contributed to violence and then later went and played a video game, the video game could cause him to experience those negative feelings again and possibly cause him to become violent. If a person that has never had any psychological disorders started getting into violent video games, he might experience some excitement but not to the extent of becoming violent. Not only does the participator have to have a psychological disorder he also has to be in the perfect environment. If someone with a troubled past decides to play some violent video games and decided he wants to kill someone then the environment has to be perfect. If he is playing a game with guns and he decides that he will shoot whoever he wants with a gun he will need a gun in order to fulfill his urge. This is when the environmental factor kicks in. If he needs some sort of weapon and his dad happens to have one in his room then it becomes easier and more convenient for him to go kill.

The video game industry created ways to make it more convenient for people to buy video games. If a parent wants to go buy a video game for their kids, they can go to the store and view it on a screen to see what they think about it. The video game industry also puts parental warning stickers on the covers. These tell you what ages should be playing these games and which ages it its inappropriate for. If parents choose to ignore these disclaimers and buy games for their ten year old kids that are meant for teens, then they have no one to blame but themselves if their kids become disturbed by it.

There is no way anyone could link video games and violence together. First of all, it is impossible to tell what is going on in a persons head that causes them to become violent. And second of all, people need to realize that there has to be other factors involved. If you think about it, sometimes we ourselves don't even know why we do things, so how can we expect others to figure it out for us.

If video games were to cause violence, then there would be some way to prove it. Video games are a form of entertainment just like music and movies, yet video games get blamed for causing violence more then the other forms of media. I think that it is possible for a person to become violent if he is constantly in the presence of violent movies, video games, magazines, and friends. Friends can also be a major factor that causes violence. If you hang out with the wrong crowd, it can lead you to do things which you usually don't do.

Violence needs certain factors in order for it to happen. In my opinion, a person that has some psychological problems and the perfect environment is more likely to become more dangerous or violent while playing a video game or watching a movie, then someone who has no major problems and is not in the presence of weapons. People need to realize that the video game industry try to help out by putting warnings on their games and that if they choose to ignore it then it is their fault for buying them.

Simulative Violence

When I was about three of four years old I started playing with toy weapons. I didn't even know that video games existed until I was about six or seven. At that time video games became a big part of my life. Every day I would get home and start playing them until my parents made me stop or until I went to bed. These games ranged from sports and violence to strategy. I was mostly attracted to the games with the most violence and therefore that's all I played. I am now 17 and I have not killed nor harmed anyone since I started playing these games.

Many people believe that video games cause violence in kids and adults. Psychologists have done numerous amounts of experiments on whether video games and violence are related, but have found that it is extremely hard to come up with a theory.

Crimes are committed by people and in order to figure out why they caused these crimes, you have to get into their heads. Psychologists are brought in to examine criminals everyday and most of the time they find it impossible to diagnose them.

It is hard for me to even think of video games causing violence. I believe that if they do cause some sort of violence then there has to be two factors involved, environmental and psychological. In order for a video game to actually change someone enough for them to become violent, some sort of psychological disorder is needed. Someone doesn't just wake up one day and play a video game and decide that they want to kill someone. It just doesn't happen that way. If a person of any age has had some problems in life that have contributed to violence and then later went and played a video game, the video game could cause him to experience those negative feelings again and possibly cause him to become violent. If a person that has never had any psychological disorders started getting into violent video games, he might experience some excitement but not to the extent of becoming violent. Not only does the participator have to have a psychological disorder he also has to be in the perfect environment. If someone with a troubled past decides to play some violent video games and decided he wants to kill someone then the environment has to be perfect. If he is playing a game with guns and he decides that he will shoot whoever he wants with a gun he will need a gun in order to fulfill his urge. This is when the environmental factor kicks in. If he needs some sort of weapon and his dad happens to have one in his room then it becomes easier and more convenient for him to go kill.

The video game industry created ways to make it more convenient for people to buy video games. If a parent wants to go buy a video game for their kids, they can go to the store and view it on a screen to see what they think about it. The video game industry also puts parental warning stickers on the covers. These tell you what ages should be playing these games and which ages it its inappropriate for. If parents choose to ignore these disclaimers and buy games for their ten year old kids that are meant for teens, then they have no one to blame but themselves if their kids become disturbed by it.

There is no way anyone could link video games and violence together. First of all, it is impossible to tell what is going on in a persons head that causes them to become violent. And second of all, people need to realize that there has to be other factors involved. If you think about it, sometimes we ourselves don't even know why we do things, so how can we expect others to figure it out for us.

If video games were to cause violence, then there would be some way to prove it. Video games are a form of entertainment just like music and movies, yet video games get blamed for causing violence more then the other forms of media. I think that it is possible for a person to become violent if he is constantly in the presence of violent movies, video games, magazines, and friends. Friends can also be a major factor that causes violence. If you hang out with the wrong crowd, it can lead you to do things which you usually don't do.

Violence needs certain factors in order for it to happen. In my opinion, a person that has some psychological problems and the perfect environment is more likely to become more dangerous or violent while playing a video game or watching a movie, then someone who has no major problems and is not in the presence of weapons. People need to realize that the video game industry try to help out by putting warnings on their games and that if they choose to ignore it then it is their fault for buying them.

Please note that this sample paper on Simulated Violence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Simulated Violence, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Simulated Violence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hardy-hopkins

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Religion represents the major correlation and contrast between the poetry of Thomas Hardy and Gerald Hopkins. Hardys poems looked at religion with a cynical eye, exposing inconsistencies of the actions of the world as proof of either the ambivalence or lack of a God. Hopkins, on the other hand, saw God as an omnipresent force on the planet and in everyones lives, and his poetry reflects this extreme faith in religion. The poems of both Hopkins and Hardy mirror occurrences in each of their lives, as both led substantially different ones. Despite some similarities between the poets -- significant unhappiness, same era -- the differences in their views on religion and their subsequent effects on their poetry are notable and important.

Hardy, surprisingly enough, was raised in a Christian family and held strong faith in Christianity for the first part of his life. As he aged, however, Hardy began to wonder about the inconsistencies of life. If there really was a God, he asked himself, then why would there be such horrors in society and nature? Why would there be so much suffering in the world? These questions were being asked at around the time that Charles Darwin was revolutionizing the scientific community with his research on creationism. The ideas of natural selection and evolution coupled with the seeming randomness of life led Hardy to believe that God was either uncaring and unresponsible or simply did not exist. Hardy never was exactly sure about the existence of God, but he was often unable to marry his scientific principles to the ideals of religion, and thus found himself remaining agnostic.

The poem Hap demonstrates many of these issues that Hardy was facing. The first word of the poem, If, depicts the uncertainty of Hardys faith in both God and his own idea about what/who God is. If but some vengeful god would call to me / From up the sky, and laugh Though suffering thing, / Know that they sorrow is my ecstasy / That they loves loss is my hates profiting!, (Norton, 6) the poem reads, and we see that although Hardy is uncertain about the existence of God, he has some ideas about the ambivalence that God has if he exists.

Hopkins, contrastingly, would not have started Hap with the word If. Hopkins had a strong devotion to Catholicism, and eventually became ordained as a priest. He often used his faith as a source for his poetry, and throughout his works it is quite evident that Hopkins does not waver in his devotion to God, despite the unhappiness this faith has brought with it. The Habit of Perfection, a poem about a priest who has taken a vow of silence, demonstrates Hopkins zealousness in his faith. In that poem, the narrator seems as if he is unworthy of Gods love and thus becomes silent. The tone of the poem is an overzealous love for God rather than simple faith, and this overzealous love seems to stem from a kind of unworthiness of the narrator when compared to the creator. It is an important testament to Hopkins mental state about religion. Although the narrator obviously is too repressed to be happy, Hopkins seems to envy him and the strength of his servitude.&

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Hardys The Subalterns also deals with servitude to a higher power, but the poems speaks of the randomness at which God works rather than Hopkins testimony that God is so wonderful as to deserve a vow of silence. The Subalterns speaks of some natural effects -- the sky, the North, sickness, death -- and how each of these things are directed by a stronger force (Norton, 71). This is implied to be God, and a personified death goes so far as to say that he is a slave to the schedule. The poems seems to demonstrate the indifference and randomness with which God runs the planet.

In He Never Expected Much, Hardy portrays the world as indifferent and void of passion (Norton, 87), but he might as well have been talking about God. At this point in his life (he was eighty-six years old), Hardy was getting more and more cynical about the existence of God, and the poem reflects his resignation that the world will not fulfill any expectations that religion asks of it. Hardy also seems comfortable with this fact, as the poem reveals a stoic persona that seems to be defeated by a haphazardly-run world and comfortable with this knowledge.

Hopkins instead felt more defeated by himself and his own inadequacy in the perceived eyes of God than anything else. Whenever Hopkins approaches God directly, as in the very direct [Though Art Indeed Just, Lord, If I Contend] (Norton, 107), he seems extremely fearful of even the thought of approaching God. What is meant to be a complaint for some of the injustices of the world turns into a passive, fearful, almost apologetic missive. Where Hardy took the injustices of the world to mean there really was not a God (or at least the declaration that he just did not know either way), Hopkins saw this to mean that the omnipresent God was punishing the people for evils. Hardy also felt that whatever was controlling the world was a passive being (He Never Expected Much), where Hopkins felt God was an active participant in the joys and sorrows of the world.

Another of the poems in which Hopkins demonstrates his belief that the stability of the world hinges on either Gods anger or Gods compassion occurs in his epic The Wreck of Deutshland (Norton, ). The poem speaks of a God with the power and wrath to bury a boat with a frown on his face (Norton, 4), then his ultimate mercy in saving some of the boaters from drowning.

Obviously, both Hardy and Hopkins felt that there was much suffering, pain, and hardship in the world. However, their views as to why this occurs are markedly different. Hardy feels that the reasons for these hardships exist because there may not be a God. Or, if there is, the God may feel that ambivalent and uncaring towards humans. Perhaps the creations of human beings were simply a mistake or an accident, and God felt little responsibility for them anymore. He especially demonstrates this in New Years Eve, in which an indifferent God ponders the passing of another year, then explains to one of his followers the following The he (says) My labours -- logicless -- / You may explain; not I / Sense-sealed I have wrought, without a guess / That I evolved a Consciousness / To ask for reasons why / Strange ephermeral creatures who / By my own ordering are, / Should see the shortness of my view (Norton, 77). Here, Hardy portrays God as a kind of bumbling supernatural being who admits that the human being experiment is not one that was undertaken with much consideration or though. Somewhat similarly, in Channel Firing (Norton, 77), Hardy portrays God as a mad scientist type figure, who watches over his subjects with an ironic edge. We get the feeling that God is actually being the conflict, and the war is a medium for entertainment itself. I looked Up From My Writing (Norton, 85) is a similarly cynical view on the world, as a pontificating Hardy is writing his story when the moon interrupts him. The moon, which seemed to be a symbol of the voice in the back of Hardys head, asks Hardy how he could be writing in a world where there is so much suffering. Hardys stoic personality in the poem shines through here, as he seems to be saying that not he, nor anyone else, has any control over the atrocities of the world. Al will be the same no matter what people do, so why should we bother? This implies that there is nothing from which to ask help, or no God.

Hopkins, on the other hand, has a much less cynical view of God. In Gods Grandeur (Norton, 101), the poet bemoans the destruction of the environment (which God created) by humans. The destruction of the environment could be seen as one of the reasons for punishment that god inflicts with his wrath on the planet and society. Hopkins seems to be saying, Did something bad happen? Then, yes, it was God, but it was your fault for _______. The guilt and anguish that Hopkins feels toward God is less cynical than Hardys agnostic views, but is no less unhealthy. Hopkins lived a short life filled with guilt and remorse, and any happiness that he felt was usually tempered by his attitude toward God. He was either disappointed in himself for not being as devout as he should be (The Habit of Perfection) or disappointed in other humans for their behavior to the things that God creates (Gods Grandeur). Hardy spent most of his life looking for meaning to it all, as his faith in religion was lost as he aged. Struggling in an era where Christianity was the norm, Hardy attempted to create an agreement between his own strong views as a realist and the views of religion. He failed time and time again as the random occurrence -- particularly the negative random occurrences -- of the world continued and increased. Hardy searched for meaning in his life, but ended up pessimistically resigning himself to the fact that the world was indifferent and uncaring (He Never Expected Much).

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Liberal Values in Quebec

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In Claude Ryan's manifesto, Liberal Values in Contemporary Quebec, he describes concerns and progress through the years of the Quebec liberal government. Ryan outlines ways in which they have addressed (or, very infrequently, plan to address) these issues in his essay. Explored here will be two of the central contexts of social welfarefeminism and an aging population ( as illustrated in Armitage's Social Welfare in Canada ) and how they are reflected, attended to, and cause conflict in Ryan's views of Liberal values in modern day Quebec.

In a dissertation dissecting a paper on liberal values and social welfare, it's difficult to pinpoint exactly what constitutes a feminist issue. All fundamental problems in society, one might argue, are gendered and deal with oppression and therefore fall under the umbrella of feminist issues. Ryan does, however, seems to be appealing to the feminist readers when he discusses in his essay the increased amount of women in universities, citing free primary and secondary education as well as subsidized tuition and access to financial assistance as the main reasons why (6). He also stresses the rights enjoyed by women, stating that the "Liberal Party was the principal architect of the changes which led to the recognition of the equality of men and women" (). Ryan goes on to describe women's suffrage, the current laws making men and women equal partners in marriage as well as the recognition of same-sex civil unions, all laws serving to protect women's rights in society. The author also credits the Quebec Liberal party for adopting the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, which protects citizens from discrimination based on sex, age, race, etc. which benefits all people in society, particularly those at risk of marginalization like women and the elderly (). He also stresses the right of every individual to " health services, free….education, to help from the government when an individual is in dire need,….to various assistance measures for housing, to a guaranteed pension for seniors..."(6)

Providing affordable housing for low-income families, or income supplements to those whose rents were higher than average, are measures the government in Quebec has taken to assure that disadvantaged people have access to housing. However, Ryan states that "the principal provides of housing facilities should be in the private sector" (7). While Ryan states that public housing increases the divide between privileged and underprivileged people, history has shown that any measure at privatization in social services with regard to housing is detrimental to those in true need. Landlords in this system may discriminate against tenants in need, such as seniors and single parents.

Ryan also addresses the needs of women and those of the elderly when he discusses the support of the government for income security programs. For the elderly, Ryan points to the Quebec Pension Plan as the main source of financial assistance to seniors. He notes that each worker contributes to the Plan in their lifetime and thus receives income support post-retirement. (7) He doesn't discuss though the effect on the QPP of the increasing size of the retired population due to the aging baby boomers, and whether or not the government program will be able to support them all, and further, whether it will be able to support future generations of retirees. Ryan also fails to question the bias against women of a system that compensates workers according to number of years in the workforce ( proportional to the amount paid into the QPP), neglecting to account for women who must leave paid labour positions to raise children. How will women who take time out of the paid workforce be fairly compensated?Ryan delves at length to government income security program for underprivileged individuals and families. He claims that the current government, through reform of this program, has achieved two goals. First, that the Liberal Government has increased the benefits received by needy families. Second, that disadvantaged families including children too young for school have received special attention increased payments, which would be of particular interest to single mothers. (7) Ryan goes to state that the Liberal government has "…cut off many beneficiaries who were not eligible for financial assistance…" (7). It is difficult to see by this statement whether these reforms have truly benefited the public after all, when he is vague about the reformed qualifications for receiving income assistance in the first place. Perhaps these stricter qualifications also serve to discriminate against the very populations that the reforms claim to assist. Further, Ryan does not discuss how the elderly receiving an insufficient pension might be assisted through the income supplement program.

The maintenance of the population in Quebec is a serious problem. Birth rates are low, and with the increasing number of elderly and deceased among the baby boomer era, the province must encourage family growth and immigration if it hopes to maintain the current population. Ryan points to several initiatives of the Liberal government that aim to achieve this end. Examples include providing tax breaks, financial support and birth allowances to families with young children, aiming to increase the resident population, and providing a welcoming environment to immigrants without whom the population would be decreasing each year. By subsidizing day care, the province hopes to ease the financial burden on families, thus encouraging growth.

Very few solutions to social problems are proposed Ryan's manifesto. Overall, the author is trying to applaud the Liberal government for it's achievements thus far, ignoring the fact that many of the target population for these programs are falling through the cracks. He fails to propose how our healthcare system will adapt to serve the needs of the growing aging population, among many things. One suggestion he does make, however, that is very intriguing is that the Liberal government adopt elements of proportional representation to better reflect the population and diversity in the National Assembly (Ryan, 11). Proportional representation systems often increase the number of women and minorities to a given body, thereby serving to give them voice in government (Sodaro, 10).

There are many conflicts between ideals represented in Ryan's Liberal Values in Contemporary Quebec and the context in which the government must act; the most prominent of these is the clash between the need to place more funding into public social services and the government and public resistance to increased taxation. Ryan writes of the reforms instituted during the Bouchard and Landry governments

The reduction of the assistance given to welfare recipients who were unable to join the work force, the savage deinstitutionalization of patients in psychiatric hospitals, the deterioration of services offered for students with learning difficulties in our schoolsthese are some of the measures whose negative effects will be felt well into the future. (7)

While Ryan condemns these program cuts of previous governments, he makes no indication that any attempts are being made to repair the damage. He also discusses cuts that the Liberal government has made and points out that "the sectors of education and healthcare received special consideration".(1) While this may be true, it's obvious by the wording of this statement that cuts were indeed made to core social services. When we reflect on rising prices and cost of living, even maintaining the budget for social services at this point is depriving those in need of the care they deserve. Money that should be flowing into these programs has only two sources in Ryan's opinion" taxation and borrowing " (1). He also states that "taxation has reached the saturation point"(1) yet suggests no practical solution to finding funding, preferring to instead praise the Liberal party for it's so called program support and pointing out the difficulties with solutions proposed by other parties.

Claude Ryan's essay, Liberal Values in Contemporary Quebec outlines ways in which the Quebec Liberal Party has used liberal values to steer their policy making and budgetary focus. While the Liberal Party may have an impressive record for creating laws and programs to support the most vulnerable portion of the population, there is little being done now to allow these same programs to evolve and adapt to fit the contexts of social welfare outlined here, feminism and an aging core population. Perhaps instead of researching the past and applauding achievements made then and there, it would have been more useful of Ryan to focus his propaganda on the future of the Liberal Party and their vision of social welfare as it applies to today's and future generations of voters.

Please note that this sample paper on Liberal Values in Quebec is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Liberal Values in Quebec, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Liberal Values in Quebec will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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