Feminism within Roald Dahls Childrens Book, The Witches

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Introduction

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Like all of Roald Dahls books, The Witches is a highly entertaining and humorously sarcastic look at many of the fears and realities that children face. As the title indicates, this particular Dahl story is about witches. From this simple understanding we know that the tale is about women, for only women are witches, males are warlocks. With that perspective in mind the following paper examines how one could look at Dahls story from a feminist perspective.

The Witches

It should be noted, first and foremost, that while can argue many different perspectives in an examination of this story, the perspective being offered is one that indicates Dahls book is a very negative look at feminism and at women in general, providing a somewhat derogatory understanding of who women are.

In understanding how Dahls work seems negatively directed at women we first look at the fact that women have, perhaps throughout history, been negatively classed as a witch if they voice their opinions or make a stand of some kind. Good women were called ladies and were never considered witches. And, in all honesty, there is only one good woman in Dahls book. That woman is not just any woman but a grandmother. In this respect we can argue that the grandmother symbolizes the ideal female who is neither pretty nor truly opinionated. She is nurturing for she takes care of her grandson and loves him. That is her life and she is not sexual, pretty, or threatening in any way. She is the ideal female, in the opinion of the stereotypical and ignorant male.

We are then left with all the other women in the book, all of whom are angry vicious witches. In the following we gain an introduction into who these women are, and they are far from nurturing and positive

In fairy tales witches always wear silly black hats and black cloaks and they ride on broomsticks. But this is not a fairy tale. This is about REAL WITCHES. REAL WITCHES dress in ordinary clothes and look very much like ordinary women. They live in ordinary houses and they work in ordinary jobs. That is why they are so hard to catch (Dahl ).

This simple introduction leads us to know that we would never be able to recognize a witch, for she does everything just like everyone else. She works and dresses like any other woman. We do not ever see these other women, but we assume they are mothers and good women like grandmothers. This is further emphasized in the following, which provides us an incredibly negative look at women A real witch hates children with a red-hot sizzling hatred that is more sizzling and red-hot than any hatred which you could possibly imagine.......Even if she is working as a cashier in a supermarket or typing letters for a businessman or driving around in a fancy car (and she could be doing any of these things), her mind will always be plotting and scheming and churning and burning and whizzing and phizzing with murderous bloodthirsty thoughts (Dahl 7).

Considering that the women we see are all witches, save the grandmother, we are led to assume that all these women we see who do not have children hate children and all they stand for. They are vicious and cruel creatures that look like everyone else and who act like everyone else. But, when we get them behind closed doors their evil comes forth as they ultimately try to destroy children.

Symbolically we can argue that what we are seeing is a picture of feminists who argue that women should not be obligated to have children. Feminists have often been seen in a negative light because society assumes they should have children. These witches are those evil women who do not want children. A woman who does not want children is presumed to be very unnatural and in this novel, so unnatural that she is an evil witch that wishes to destroy children.

This also symbolizes how much of a threat such women can be. They look like everyone else, but we better watch out because these independent women are actually incredibly evil. They are successful and appear to be perfectly fine, but they do not have children. This is a sign to a man that a woman is either a lesbian or a feminist in many ways. In Dahls novel we see this very powerful possibility for there is something wrong with these women who have no children.

Dahls novel just takes it one step further and indicates that any such woman is clearly an affront to nature itself. They are evil and they are dangerous creatures. They plot to rid the world of children, and thus symbolically are trying to change the course of a society in which women love children and nurture children.

In further understanding this particular perspective we note that the grandmother is more than a simple nurturing woman, she is also a witch hunter, indicating that any good woman would want to rid the world of women who did not want children The Witches, the main character is seven years old. His Norwegian grandmother, a retired witchophile, becomes his guardian upon the death of his parents...He....enlists the help of his indomitable grandmother to stop the witches evil plot to kill all of the children in England (Royer). In this we can clearly see how the grandmother is guilty of indicating women without children are evil.

We also note that the winners of the battle are a boy and a grandmother who hates witches, or women without children. This presents us with the power of men, for the boy is essentially the mastermind and power in the story. And, the grandmother is certainly on his side wishing to propagate the notion that women should always love children.

It becomes obvious that the story of The Witches offers many negative looks at women who are less than ordinary. And, interestingly enough, Dahl has often been criticized for such approaches Dahl has been accused of sexism by feminists in England, and has been criticized for his negative portrayal of witches by witches societies in the United States. These critics point to statements such as the following in making their case against Dahl But the fact remains that all witches are women (Royer). Many argue that the witch, such as Dahls witches are seen as a celebration of and a reaction against the power of the female imagination, female sexuality, and feminist politics (Bewitched by Witches). One individual, in response to Dahls derogatory attitude towards witches, and thus women as well, states While The Witches presents the same old stereotypes about our kindred, i.e. dwelling on the idea that Witches are evil persons determined to kill children, Dahl has eliminated the !

notion that Witches are ugly, old hags. The resulting message is preposterous (New Moon Rising).

Conclusion

In the end we see that the perspective of women in Dahls book is not a pleasant nor by any means a positive perspective. However, it should also be noted that Dahls books are primarily works that address the distrust for the adult world. Dahls works have always insisted that the children are perhaps wiser than adults, and that they should truly examine the world around them through their own lenses, not through the lenses of those who are in authority. As such one could take another argument in regards to the feminist perspective in this particular work, perhaps arguing that the witches are nothing more than representative of controlling forces and women, such as his grandmother, symbolize the wisdom and strength of women in general in helping children fight against unjust authority.

WORKS CITED

Bewitched by Witches. Retrieved 7 December, 00 from http//www.rowan.edu/elan/communic/lancioni/bewitched.htm.

New Moon Rising. An Open Letter to the Pagan/Wiccan Community. Retrieved 7 December, 00 from http//www.nmrising.com/public/76.htm.

Royer, Sharon E.. Roald Dahl and Sociology 101. The Alan Review, Fall 18, v6 n1. Retrieved 7 December, 00 from http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/fall8/royer.html.

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Military spending

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Even if they have never seen a gun, millions of children suffer from wars, as resources that could have been invested in development are diverted in armament. Armament spending has both positive and negative impacts on countries.

On the plus side, military spending can be a boon to some businesses, which in turn is a shot in the arm to the nation¡¦s economy as I¡¦ll explain later in the essay. On the other hand, there are negative effects on economy as well.

It is true that a large military spending will contribute to economic growth in a short term. Militarization will bring more job opportunities to citizens directly in both military and military-related fields. Meanwhile, the important part is that there is another high amount of secondary jobs has been given. For example, a new military uniform factory opened. It not only creates jobs for the people in the factory, but also creates jobs for the people working on the cotton field, even the people doing transportations. Furthermore, it increases the employment rate instantly and significantly.

Another positive side of a great military spending is that it will put a fuller use of existing productive capacities, and thus increasing output of goods and services.

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The most important reason to maintain a high military spending is that it will give a country higher national defense capability. It is obvious that the more money government spends on the army, better weapons will be made. It will protect people better as far as the homeland security is concerted. People will live in a safer condition, and not to worry about their family while they are working. Thus, they will put more efforts in their work because they¡¦re satisfied of their primarily safety. Hopefully, this will bring a better production to nation¡¦s economy.

Other than the defense, military also plays an important role on countries¡¦ emergencies. Because the money that government spends on military is enough to train soldiers, they can protect civilians¡¦ lives from natural disaster. For example, when a country is facing flood, at the first place, the army could bring enough well-trained soldiers to build a bridge and help people get out the danger.

Even though there seems to be many reasons to believe that higher military spending will bring a better life to people in a short term, the long run of high defense spending may impede growth and development.

First, high military expenditure tends to decrease an economy¡¦s capacity to meet people¡¦s basic needs, such as food, housing, and medical services. This is because increased military production leaves less national capital and financial institutions for the civilian sector of the economy. In addition, some government cares less about the life of their citizens than how to make the strongest weapons. It¡¦s possible to observe that developing countries, despite their lower incomes, tens to spend a similar and sometime larger share of their gross domestic product (GDP) on armed forces and weaponry than do wealthy developed countries. One of the examples will be North Korea, the government spends % of their GDP on armaments, rather than try to stimulate their economy, and give their civilians basic food and clothing.

Another main disadvantage of high spending is that it leaves less money in the government budget for them to dealing with social, environmental and other developmental issues. According to a recent report from the United States, their federal government spends approximately USD $1. trillion in Fiscal Year 00. Out of all this spending, Pentagon spending now accounts for over half (50.5percent) of all discretionary spending USD $4. billions. In the same year, the U.S. government only spends USD $45 billions on education and USD $0 billions on social services. This translates to smaller social surety checks, less medical coverage, perhaps a third of country¡¦s population doing without health insurance entirely, fewer scholarships and less aid overall for education, especially higher education for the poor people. With all the money spends on the national defense, the government could build three more sets of highway, many more hospitals and YMCAs. In additional, the government could spend money on environmental projects, help economic development, or even on agriculture. All of these will help people to improve their standard of living.

Militarization also hinders an economy¡¦s efficiency, because a lack of competition. Since large amount of military spending creates lots jobs and productions, it becomes the main sources of income. But the military sector often allows military producers to feel less compelled to cut their production costs since they are paid by the government. Therefore, after a period of time, higher average production costs will depress the economy significantly. Meanwhile, it will hurt people¡¦s life due to the high price and low quality.

As for the additional employment allegedly provided by the military sector, this is only a short-term effect ¡§military production tends to use proportionately more capital equipment and less labor than civilian industries and so creates fewer jobs than could be created from a similar investment in civilian production, particularly services.¡¨ From a recent research, people find that USD $1 billion spend by the Pentagon on weapons, supplies and services generates 5,000 jobs. However, the same USD $1 billion would create 0,000 mass transit jobs, 6,000 housing jobs, 41,000 education jobs, and 47,000 health care jobs. (Pentagon Spending)

Another important factor is that there is no end line for the military spending. It would be contradictory to continue building the military arsenal while at the same time paying the high cost of destroying the old weapons. For example, to destroy chemical weapons costs about 10 times more than it does to produce them.

In the fiscal year 00, the U.S. government spends USD $4 billions on the department of defense. Meanwhile, there is a hidden number. In the same year, the government spends USD $00 billions more on military-related fields, such as foreign military aid, military retirement pay, and veterans¡¦ benefits. It¡¦s obvious that the economy will be unbalanced after a short period of time, since most money is given to people with high ranks rather the people who imperatively need them.

While putting billions dollars in the army, the mean usage of this money is not necessary for defense, but for offense- developing new weapons. Even just developing, testing, and assembling thing like unclear and biochemical weapons is dangerous, generating huge numbers of fatalities, cancers and injuries- even if the weapons are never once used in anger. As people concerted about their lives, there won¡¦t be any positive effects on the economy, because people tend to escape rather than produce.

It is clear that reducing military spending will affect civilian¡¦s life more in those exporting countries such as the United States, England, and France since countries selling their old weapons make them great revenues.

º http//www.alaskjournal.com/stories/11110/loc_001111001.shtml, Alaska Journal of Commerce Military Spending set on increase.

º http//www.cdi.org/issues/budget/transformation-stalls-pr.cfm, Bush Budget Stalls Military Transformation.

º http//www.cdi.org/missile-defense/nunn-mccurdy.cfm, Missile Defense.

º http//www.cdi.org/polling/5-foreign-aid.cfm, Economic Aid, Military Aid, or Neither.

º http//www.cdi.org/products/almanac010.pdf, CDI ALMANAC 001-00.

º http//www.clw.org/milspend/whycut.html, Why the military budget should be cut.

º http//www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/ArmsTrade/Spending.asp?Print=True, Arms Trade¡Xa major cause of suffering, high military expenditure in some places.

º http//www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR111/MR111.ch1.pdf, Defining the Problem.

º http//www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Pentagon_military/TopMilitarySoendMyths_CDI.html, Top Seven Claims Why We Need to Increase Military Spending, and why they are wrong.

º http//www.unicef.org/sowc6/8military.html, Military expenditure¡Xthe opportunity cost.

º http//www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond.pdf, Demilitarization of Economies.

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Self Harm

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Self Harm

Self-harm is when people deliberately inflict physical harm on themselves. It is not necessarily a suicide attempt and may not mean the person wants to die. People who self-harm are usually doing so to try and alter their mood, especially if they are angry or depressed. Self harm includes deliberately cutting, burning, biting and hitting your body.

Self harm can bring an immediate sense of relief but it is only a temporary solution. It can also cause permanent damage to your body if you damage nerves. If you or a friend are hurting themselves deliberately it is important that you take care of the injuries caused and if necessary, seek medical help.

It may also be necessary to speak to someone like a your local doctor or a psychologist or counsellor to help work through some of the reasons for hurting yourself and find alternative strategies for alleviating the pain you feel inside.

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In trying to stop hurting yourself, it is usually important that you have support from a friend, family member and/or health professional. It may also be necessary to have some alternative strategies to self harm for managing your emotions.

If you are feeling like you want to hurt yourself there are a number of things that you may try to distract yourself until the feelings become more manageable. Make sure that you are around people and remove any sharp objects. Some ideas for releasing energy or feelings include

Scream it Dream it - A place where you can release some of the emotions by writing things down and shooting them away in a rocket.

Do some exercise - Go for a run or walk to use up some excess energy.

Play video games - This may be a good way to distract you and help until the anxiety passes.

Learn relaxation techniques - Activities like yoga or specific relaxation techniques are often helpful in reducing anxiety.

Talk to someone - Talk with supportive friends or call a helpline like Lifeline (1 11 14) or Kids help line (1800 55 1800).

Suicides among young people nationwide have increased dramatically in recent years. Each year in the U.S., thousands of teenagers commit suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15-to-4-year-olds, and the sixth leading cause of death for 5-to-14-year-olds.

Teenagers experience strong feelings of stress, confusion, self-doubt, pressure to succeed, financial uncertainty, and other fears while growing up.

For some teenagers, divorce, the formation of a new family with step-parents and step-siblings, or moving to a new community can be very unsettling and can intensify self-doubts. In some cases, suicide appears to be a solution.

Depression and suicidal feelings are treatable mental disorders. The child or adolescent needs to have his or her illness recognized and diagnosed, and appropriate treatment plans developed. When parents are in doubt whether their child has a serious problem, a psychiatric examination can be very helpful.

Many of the symptoms of suicidal feelings are similar to those of depression. Parents should be aware of the following signs of adolescents who may try to kill themselves

change in eating and sleeping habits

withdrawal from friends, family, and regular activities

violent actions, rebellious behavior, or running away

drug and alcohol use

unusual neglect of personal appearance

marked personality change

persistent boredom, difficulty concentrating, or a decline in the quality of schoolwork

frequent complaints about physical symptoms, often related to emotions, such as stomachaches, headaches, fatigue, etc.

loss of interest in pleasurable activities

not tolerating praise or rewards

A teenager who is planning to commit suicide may also

complain of being a bad person or feeling rotten inside

give verbal hints with statements such as I wont be a problem for you much longer, Nothing matters, Its no use, and I wont see you again

put his or her affairs in order, for example, give away favorite possessions, clean his or her room, throw away important belongings, etc.

become suddenly cheerful after a period of depression

have signs of psychosis (hallucinations or bizarre thoughts)

If a child or adolescent says, I want to kill myself, or Im going to commit suicide, always take the statement seriously and seek evaluation from a child and adolescent psychiatrist or other physician. People often feel uncomfortable talking about death. However, asking the child or adolescent whether he or she is depressed or thinking about suicide can be helpful. Rather than putting thoughts in the childs head, such a question will provide assurance that somebody cares and will give the young person the chance to talk about problems.

If one or more of these signs occurs, parents need to talk to their child about their concerns and seek professional help when the concerns persist. With support from family and professional treatment, children and teenagers who are suicidal can heal and return to a more healthy path of development.

It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teen-ager - who has lived for such a short time - would choose to die. But adolescents who cant get over their depression sometimes do kill themselves.

Boys commit suicide more often than girls, but no one is immune. In one recent survey of high school students, 60 percent said they had thought about killing themselves. About percent said they had tried at least once.

Why has the youth suicide rate gone so high in recent years?

Its easier to get the tools for suicide (Boys often use firearms to kill themselves; girls usually use pills);

the pressures of modern life are greater;

competition for good grades and college admission is stiff; and

theres more violence in the newspapers and on television.

Lack of parental interest may be another problem. Many children grow up in divorced households; for others, both of their parents work and their families spend limited time together. According to one study 0 percent of suicidal teen-agers believed their families did not understand them. (However, this is such a common teen-age complaint that other factors are playing a role, too.) Young people also reported that when they tried to tell their parents about their feelings of unhappiness or failure, their mother and father denied or ignored their point of view.

If your teen-ager has been depressed, you should look closely for signs that he or she might be thinking of suicide

Has his personality changed dramatically?

Is he having trouble with a girlfriend (or, for girls, with a boyfriend)? Or is he having trouble getting along with other friends or with parents? Has he withdrawn from people he used to feel close to?

Is the quality of his schoolwork going down? Has he failed to live up to his own or someone elses standards (when it comes to school grades, for example)?

Does he always seem bored, and is he having trouble concentrating?

Is he acting like a rebel in an unexplained and severe way?

Is she pregnant and finding it hard to cope with this major life change?

Has he run away from home?

Is your teen-aager abusing drugs and/or alcohol?

Is she complaining of headaches, stomachaches, etc., that may or may not be real?

Have his eating or sleeping habits changed?

Has his or her appearance changed for the worse?

Is he giving away some of his most prized possessions?

Is he writing notes or poems about death?

Does he talk about suicide, even jokingly? Has he said things such as, Thats the last straw, I cant take it anymore, or Nobody cares about me? (Threatening to kill oneself precedes four out of five suicidal deaths.)

Has he tried to commit suicide before?

If you suspect that your teen-ager might be thinking about suicide, do not remain silent. Suicide is preventable, but you must act quickly.

Ask your teen-ager about it. Dont be afraid to say the word suicide. Getting the word out in the open may help your teen-ager think someone has heard his cries for help.

Reassure him that you love him. Remind him that no matter how awful his problems seem, they can be worked out, and you are willing to help.

Ask her to talk about her feelings. Listen carefully. Do not dismiss her problems or get angry at her.

Remove all lethal weapons from your home, including guns, pills, kitchen utensils and ropes.

Seek professional help. Ask your teen-agers pediatrician to guide you. A variety of outpatient and hospital-based treatment programs are available.

Please note that this sample paper on Self Harm is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Self Harm, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Self Harm will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Analysis of Lucy Grealy, in A"utobiography of a Face"

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Autobiography of a Face, by Lucy Grealy, is a memoir of disquieting candor and power of a cancerous adolescent experiencing and experimenting with the repercussions of chemotherapy and the threats of a manipulating society. Grealy gives her adult years somewhat shorter shrift than they deserve, but the account of her arduous coming of age is both haunting and inspirational as she makes a lyrical statement about the complex relationships between beauty and self-worth in our humanity, about the ruthless " importance in this world of having a beautiful face." Her journey entailed a painstaking recovery from physical deterioration, through mental and intellectual maturity and growth--regarding the intrinsic impact of society's discrimination on appearance, towards a receptive, introspecting human being.

Obliviously diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, and staunchly put under operation after operation, bone grafts deteriorating time and time again, destroying and un-mending her jaw, Lucy initiates her thoughts quite early, saying, "I was my face I was uglinessthough sometimes unbearable, also offered a possible point of escape " (7). She quickly accepted her eccentric reflection in the mirror as nothing but a label on her inner self, and struggled between confronting her conflict and running away from it to find refuge. Strangely, the hospital became a refuge for her, despite the pain of chemotherapy. (" Pain, if nothing else, was honest and openyou new exactly what you were dealing with", indicating she was comfortable with things that she had over, a strange sense of control and stable expectation, whereas school continued to be intolerable and home was increasingly unstable). The world seemed a far scarier place than the operation table, and the jeering of strangers cut deeper incisions than a surgical knife. The hospital was the only place she didn't feel self-conscious or inferior in, and there, she tried to come to terms with her disfigurement. It was during lonesome afternoons in Intensive Care, that she came across cognitive epiphanies, even during her teen years after she believed her face to be a locus of despair and an excuse for being "unlovable". "Instead of proving my worth on the chemo table, I would become a hero through my understanding of the real beauty that exists in the worldI decided that it was my very ugliness that allowed me access to this other beauty" (150) she said, after having difficulty in understanding and disgust towards patients who were having cosmetic surgery that didn't appreciate how lucky they were to be merely healthy, let alone normal---so she demonstrated with her decision, the strive for remarkable stoicism and effort to transcend petty needs for insubstantial things like boyfriends, and attraction.

Her mother's weakness to confront disconcerting and painful situations like illness, permeated its way through Lucy's mind , during her later years, when she not only suppressed tears during chemotherapy, but ,also, natural desires of every teenage girl the desire to be pretty. Her sister was going through puberty and there were times when, she couldn't help but wish for an aesthetic face, only to quickly respond to her envious reaction with, " My face was my face, and it was stupid to wish it any other way" ( 140), bluntly illustrating her, self-enforcing a burly façade as a defense mechanism. This improved her skills in detaching herself from her desires, lowering her expectations, and hence, decreasing any disappointment that would follow. It also protected whatever ounce of surfaced dignity that remained when not distrustfully reminded by a mirror. However, repressing had its toll, and the more she negated her feelings, "the more they crowded in", and spiraled into a vapid, self-destructive and loathing cycle. This ultimately separated herself from people whom she thought never have experienced the depth of " bottomless grief". (Ugliness). Her life was put on pause because of the reverberations of suppressed jealousy. A 'pause' meant, an indifference towards surrounding, a form of seclusion, and she believed being beautiful was to live with just the opposite sensations of life, " without the great burden of isolation, which is what feeling ugly felt like" ( 177). This feeling produced a deeper one of confinement, and extrication from society and the communitygetting a job wasn't something she was up for because her face posed as more of a problem than her rsum. Her isolation and image only served as an underpinning to the definition of her " self", which only assisted her drowning self-esteem. Her obsession with the disadvantages of her looks eventually took a deeper dive into an aura of guilt " I wasn't worthy of being looked at….my ugliness was equal to a great failure" (185), and thus a person with that intensity of shame, definitively would develop deeper tendencies to either thrive, or die, in the world of the introverted.

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Lucy, plunged into the pools of thriving and dying when it came to the consequences of living in one's own head. Her fate and faith increased now and then, as illustrated when she stated, " I considered the desire to have my body develop into a woman's body a weakness, a straying from my chosen path of truth…as I lay in bed at night I considered by powers my heightened sense of self-awareness, feeling not as if I had chosen this bath but that It had be chosen for me" (151). Her gender role and development was warped through society's critiquing which soon became mainly her own constant critiquing. The function of beauty, as society portrayed to women was to obtain the norm of love, attraction, and need. Her void being just that, a healthy social life was out of the question, even when she attended the University of Iowa and shamefully surfed through transient partners to obtain the missing construct of loving and belonging. (That she rarely received from her alienating family). That, along with random taunts in the streets from strangers, solidified all feelings of anomaly---as a woman, a member of society, a partner, and an individual.

Lucy spent her entire lifetime searching for self acceptance through other people's acceptance, ignoring the reality of her true conflict clarifying her identity as something apart from her face and the extrinsic world. She managed to become very self-actualized, and wise, it being an obvious auspice when she realizes the greatest ignored realities of such things as pain early on her life--- "Anxiety and anticipation, I was to learn are the essential ingredients in suffering from pain, as opposed to feeling pain pure and simple"(16). She used intelligence to anchor herself superior to all that had hurt her in the past, and to all that continuously intimidates every imperfect person in today's society. The negative but typical role of society in her life would have been (and was for a few years), to obliterate her mental image and composure, but she promoted her ends by intuitive self-counseling, worldly exploration of human life, and surpassed universal truths. All forms of pain and anger, both emotional and physical, eventually found healthy expression through creative observing and writingand she first found this gateway of escape in college as she notes, "Language itself, words, and images, could be wrought and shaped into vessels for the truth and beauty I had so long hungered for" (1). Writing represented her first sense of control over a creation pertaining to something appealing and beautiful. (As opposed to, for example, makeup). Through developing a full sense of self-definition, she enhanced mental aptitude and strength to retain equanimity while living in a judgmental, unforgiving world, and blessed herself with her own forgiveness, and liberation of genuine quality; Never again to feel or face the threat of a shallow, indecent, expecting society.

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Coming of Age

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Coming Of Age

Coming of age can be defined as the entrance into adulthood. Some cultures have special ceremonies for young people who are entering adulthood from childhood. The whole idea of these ceremonies is to place an individual into new surroundings of the community he/she lives in. It is the beginning of new responsibilities and understanding as well as gaining access to the society's secrets. Coming of age is when the individual sees with new eyes and gets a wide understanding of the culture and the spirit of his society.

In two stories, "Young Goodman Brown" and "Araby" the issue of coming of age is discussed. Both stories discuss this issue and show young men entering adulthood desiring to introduce themselves to the world. Both are looking to the church with new eyes, and notice the difference. Even though both stories talk about the church, Goodman Brown focuses more on mixture of culture and faith in the society in general, while Araby looks more on a boy as a person and his needs to determine his holiness in the church.

Young Goodman Brown, a young man entering adulthood introduces himself to his society and the world. On his errand to the adulthood ceremony he comes across different cultures he had never known before. He realizes that his community was corrupt. The church and his society were corrupt. The people in Salem, his village, the Minister, the Deacon and other heads of the state had looked like good Christians, doing good work to prove that they are God's chosen people, but all of them were followers of the devil by nature.

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During this trip to the devils' meeting, Goodman Brown meets many people who had good reputation in Salem village and were good Christians. He was however, surprised to see them in the forest. Having been raised in a good Christian family he asked himself questions during his journey. Why was he in the forest and why had he decided to follow the devil. "We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of martyrs; and shall I be the first to the name of Brown that ever took this path and kept", (15) he asks himself.

The voices in the forest answered and told him that even his father and grandfather were followers of the devil. He was surprised, however, as to why they never spoke about it in the village. His response to those voices is, "We are a people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness". (15)

This statement demonstrates Goodman Brown's innocence but clearly shows that he was now experiencing new ideas, a new culture as well as spirits. This is something he didn't know before. These were secrets that were hidden from him during his childhood. His parents and the society as a whole never revealed those secrets to him because he was not supposed to know them, anyway.

By joining the adult group as a member of the community, Goodman Brown followed his parents' race and culture even though naturally it is dirt and corrupt. The dark figure calls all members of the society to join the congregation and to accept the reality that every person is sinful. " Welcome, my children" said the dark figure, "to the communion of your race. Ye have found thus young your nature and your destiny. My children, look behind you" (60).

By welcoming them to the "communion of your race" he is emphasizing that people are unified by the fact that everyone is evil. The devil figure is like a puritan minister trying to tell everyone that they are evil, but he tells them to accept it, that "evil must be your only happiness" (65), people can live happily if they only realize that evil is the way they are meant to be, and to fight it is useless. The congregation accepts his invitation "in one cry despair and triumph" (65). They are celebrating even though truly they are condemning themselves.

Hawthorne is using religious figures throughout the story. Brown is surprised to realize that those he had looked at as pious are all sinful. He noticed that in Salem Village sin and faith mixed together. He says, " It was strange to se that the good shrank not from the wicked, nor were the sinners abashed by the saints" (55). Those who go to church everyday are the same people who are followers of devil.

After he returns from the devil's meeting, Brown looks at the church in a different image, knowing that the minister, deacon and all members are liars. What they do in front of people is not who they are inside their hearts.

James Joyce in his story "Araby" also discusses coming of age. The word 'araby' means to orient, to establish yourself and understand what is around you. A young boy in the story reaches adulthood and wants to orient himself to his society. The boy lives in an Irish community where most of the people are Christians. He doesn't have knowledge about the church and the society. As he grows up, and sees with new eyes, he realizes that the church is the center of Irish community but is kind of dead. The heads of the church are acting against the church. They use the church as a path to satisfy their personal needs and not the needs of the society.

The boy describes the street he lives in as "blind" and that his house stood at the "blind end". In this description he shows how he doesn't have any hope for his future. He also uses the image of a dead priest who was a tenant in that house. The priest is shown as having been insensitive to the spiritual needs of his people. His legacy was a collection of books that demonstrated his confusion. There is evidence that he devoted his life to gathering money and materials. He writes, "He had been a very charitable priest in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture if his house to his sister." (5). By not leaving the money and all his belonging to the church where everything belongs, the priest left no evidence of a life of spiritual influence. The priest's behavior clearly proves the fact that he used the church as mask to obtain money for personal gain.

People in the society obey the church's rules. For example the old lady in the story is collecting "used stamps" for the purpose of raising money for the pious. They don't have a vision to realize that the heads of the church are using the money for their personal interests and not for the society.

As he grows up the boy is determined to follow Christian ways; he has a natural feeling of holiness. Unfortunately, his dreams are not realized. After realizing that his dreams to invest in the church is inconsistent with the actual world the boy is directs his anger not to the church but to himself. He takes it as a personal failure.

Due to these unwelcome surroundings the boy is determined to find some evidence of the loveliness and his dreams tells him to exit the church. The girl next door who he fell in love with became the only point of his faith. After taking a trip to a Bazaar the boy comes to realize that his dreams are not true. In the Bazaar he sees the same symbols of money as in the church. He sees in the "two men were counting money on a salver" (5) a symbol of money in the temple. He allows the pennies to fall from his pocket, the lights in the hall go out; his "church" is in darkness. These symbols of money make him understand, what money means in the world. He realizes that his faith has been blind. He failed completely to see the world as it was. He sees himself as "creative driven and derided by vanity" (5), he sees himself being unsuccessful on his effort to find faith and he is directing the anger at himself as a person and not the society.

Both Young Goodman Brown and the boy in araby are struggling to find the truth about the church. They are facing situations, which are difficult for them to accept. Brown's come back with the idea that everyone in the society was evil made him very unhappy. The young boy in araby is upset because he failed to accept the reality. He tries to leave the church hoping to find faith in love. At the end he realizes that humans are sinful by nature.

Bibliography

Hawthorne, Nathaniel."Young Goodman Brown".Responding to

Literature.Ed.JudithA.Stanford.NewYorkMcGraw,00.161-171. Joyce, James."Araby".Responding to Literature.Ed.Judith A. Stanford.New.

YorkMcGraw,00.171-176

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Tourism profile of Cyprus

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TOURISM PROFILE OF CYPRUS

"One island, a world of options "

INTRODUCTION Although Cyprus is a small island, it has managed to be wide spread known as a paradise destination for tourists all over the world. Especially in the last 0 years the tourism industry is growing rapidly, attracting more and more tourists every year offering them unforgettable holidays.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM TO CYPRUS ECONOMY

- Tourism accounted for .7% of total gross value added (001)

- Tourism receipts CYP 1.77 million which amounts 46% of the total foreign exchange of goods and services (001)

- In 001 receipts form tourist accounted % of GDP

- In 00 travel and tourism is expected to generate 51.% of the total export

- Capital investment in tourism is estimated at 0.8% of total investment in 00

- Tourist sector accounted for 5776 jobs, 15.% of total employment

- In 00 there were 046 beds available in tourism accommodation

- Tourists arrivals in 00 were 66 7 and excursionist arrivals were 14

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

a) Domestic tourism -the latest study on domestic tourism conducted in 15 revealed that some 46% of Cypriots take long holidays. Out of these 61% took their long holidays exclusively in Cyprus, 8% in Cyprus and abroad, while 1% chose to only travel abroad. In addition the domestic tourism represents the 1/5 of the overseas tourism.

b) International tourism-667 in 00, mainly mass tourism, high level of importance, main part of the industry.

c) Special tourism products sea (11 beaches with blue flags), sun (all year time), excellent gastronomy (food, wine, fruits, sweets), attractions (theme parks-aquarium, dinosaurs park, camel park- , water parks, events, festivals, nightlife, archaeological monuments, hospitality of the locals, culture. EXCELLENT ACCOMMODATION (0 5star hotels, 54 4star hotels, spa resorts and many other types of accommodation. EXCELLENT LEISURE FACILITIES (18 holes golf courts, indoor heated swimming pools, sport facilities etc.)

d) Seasonal tourism

e) Geographical concentration- 4 main cities Nicosia 06 00p Limassol 161 Larnaka 7 000p Paphos 47 00p coastal region - 40% of total population - 57% of the total urban population - 0% of the republic's tourist activity - % of the tourist accommodation .tourism is largely based on hotel capacity in coastal areas.

f) Maturity of the industry-tourism growth after independence of Britain in 160 - big growth in tourist arrivals (185-877, 00-667), accommodation capacity (185-446, 00-046) and quality, number of employees in the industry (185-550, 00-5776). - industry is steel growing - the industry is strongly supported the by government, other related industries, EU(funding).

g) Degree of diversity of tourism products -summer tourism -winter tourism (mountain resorts) -conference tourism -sport tourism -agro tourism (rural tourism) -ecotourism (nature ) -yachting (4 high quality marinas) -adventure tourism(extreme sports) -cruises (middle east Mediterranean)

ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN THE TOURIST INDUSTRY

a) Vital step the establishment in 16 of the Cyprus Tourism Organization (CTO)

b) CTO has drawn a strategic plan for tourism for the period 000-010 c) the main targets of the plan are increase of the per capita tourist expenditure, improvement of seasonality, increase of tourists arrivals, increase of the length of the stay, increase of repeated tourism. d) Government's funds. e) Government's provisions and easements to the corporations and developers of the industry.(low taxes, tax allowances) f)promotion of tourism programs (agrotourism, conference tourism)

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY

Strengths - coordination role of the CTO, developed a long-term strategy, trend towards quality instead of quantity -well organised travel agencies -hotel infrastructure is well developed -quality and quantity of accommodation -ideal weather, san, sea, sand -food processing sector is highly modernised -easy to communicate -safety -high level of hospitality and friendliness -countryside (winning award for agro tourism) -easy accessibility -low taxes

Weaknesses -the strategy of the CTO is not very consistent -not enough well-educated employees -inflexible working hours -degree of cooperation and coordination within related sectors -seasonal concentration during summer -low-middle class tourists -Cyprus political problem

Opportunities -accession of Cyprus in the EU in May 004 -open skies policy -infrastructure investments in all sectors -upgrading of accommodation -development of other forms of tourism -low taxes -Cyprus' intends to attract more sophisticated tourists, high income tourists

Threats -increased price competition from other tourist organizations -other destinations with lower prices and higher degree of cooperation within tourism related sectors -external events (shocks) -introduction of euro could result in rising prices

CONCLUSION -Industry is still growing -large number of consumers -development of accommodation and infrastructure -great opportunities (solution of Cyprus problem, EU) -guaranteed investment revenue

TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY! INVEST IN CYPRUS!

Once more, well met in Cyprus! (Shakespeare, Othello, act )

References -Mediterranean tourism.( Facets of socioeconomic development and structure.) Y.Apostolopoulos, P Loukissas 001 -www.visitcyprus.org.cy. -www.agrotourism.com.cy -www.pio.gov.cy -Tourism on Cyprus. Annex of the contract ETD/00/06/50 IBM

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Last chapter Z for Zachariah

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Chapter 7

August 1

Morning.

I'm lying down in the tent. My vision is blurry and I'm disorientated. I'm unsure whether this suit is doing any good. I suppose it is, otherwise I may be dead by now. But it is weighing me down and I'm finding it difficult to walk. I feel my legs and arms getting weaker and weaker.

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Staying alive seems to be a struggle. I now have an idea of what it must be like to be old and frail, or to have a life threatening disease. My vision of death now is more vivid than ever. I hadn't really thought of death much before, because I didn't think I was close to it.

Yesterday, I saw what part of my journey was about. The truck. I knew straight away which truck it was. It was the truck which left my driveway carrying my family, a few months ago. I fell to my knees. I didn't know whether to feel happy and relieved or sad and tearful. I cried anyway.

" Mum! Dad!" I shouted, running towards the truck. I prayed to God to find my family alive. I was horrified with what I saw. Three dead bodies. I made out they were the ones of my mother, father and Joseph. David was missing. I searched the truck, and all around it. Where could David be? He could have ran off, or somehow disintegrated. I didn't care what happened to him, I only wanted to know if he was alive or dead.

I carried the bodies out and rested them on the ground, side by side.

I wanted to show my respect and cover them up. I saw a large tarpaulin about 0 yards away. When I lifted it up, I put it straight down. More dead bodies. They were arranged, side by side, with arms crossed. I knew someone took much care to bury their loved ones. I went with my conscience and left it be.

I wrote names in the dry, crumbly earth above the heads of my family. After a quiet 10 minute mourning session alone, I walked away and carried on with my journey. I would have driven the truck, but I couldn't find the key, and there may not have been much petrol left in the tank. It's been weeks. Maybe months, but nothing. I look out for every little thing, every little sign of life. An abandoned birds' nest, a dead leaf or a little scrap of radioactive food is the closest to life I've seen. I did see a small insect scurrying around on the crumbly earth under me. It was an earwig. I wondered whether it was going through what I'm going through. This idea moved me. Maybe it's looking for a sign of life, or a mate. I presumed it needed help, so I picked it up and put it in a small matchbox I found, which I've been using recently for fire. I t is around the peak of winter, so it is very cold.

This earwig made me overcome my fear of insects. I knew it needed something from above, to help it, so I became that "something from above". We were alike. I needed "something from above" too. But lately, I've been losing faith. I don't want to, but I can't help it. Maybe that is why God isn't giving me any guidance. He does know everything I say and think, so I'm not surprised. I keep telling asking him to help me. But each time, I become more convinced that nothing is happening, or that God isn't listening. I feel so alone.

It may seem like a silly little earwig, but for a long time it's the first life form I've seen for months. It means so much to me, to find something alike to make me feel I'm the not the only one.

I also wonder how it has survived, how it has eaten and what it has eaten. For the past few days, I've been lying down and watching the earwig for hours on end in fascination. I've been feeding it by putting a small pile of tinned soup on the ground. It seems to like it.

I've been thinking of giving it a name, but I don't know what sex it is. I could call it Jackie or Charlie. I soon discounted the idea, as it doesn't really need a name and I don't think it's bothered too much.

Yesterday, I lost it. I woke up and the matchbox was missing. I still used it as a shelter, even though I have no matches left.

An hour later, I found the matchbox. It was open. I always left it open, as it needed air and I didn't think it could jump out. It must have jumped out, or smartly tipped the matchbox over to let itself free. I felt rejected. During the three days of knowing it , I've been treating it like a human. So I felt like a friend befriending me whereas it is just a measly little insect which has no emotional feelings. I suppose the loss of the earwig did good to me. In the last few days, I have made hardly any ground. Barely half a mile. Usually, I've been making a few miles a day, so I am now back on track. I was also starting to go mad. The best part of my last few days was spent with the earwig, so the loss of it has been a relief.

I've noticed I haven't been writing about Mr. Loomis at all. I have been thinking about him now and again, but I've decided not to write about him.

I've lost track of time and direction. It could be a year or so, since I left the house, and I could be miles away from home, even in a different state. I swear I look older. When I look at myself in a reflection, I can see changes in my appearance. I must be a year or two older.

I've just woken up, I had a bad dream. I was in a laboratory and I was wearing an orange suit with a strange man and he was holding a gun and was pointing it at me. I turned around and saw a door. I instantly ran towards it, but it was getting farther away from me and were gradually closing. The strange man was calling,

"EDWARD! EDWARD!"

I think he was calling for someone but when the doors closed, there was pitch black and I felt an eerie feeling in my shoulder. Then I woke up.

I must have lost my memory. I've been reading some journals which were mine. I recognised they were mine because they are in my handwriting. I remember writing up to the point when my family left in the truck. Since then, the story has been new to me.

Maybe someone has written new things in my journal but it's all in my handwriting. I don't know where I am but I am in a tent which I've written about.

Everything from my journal seems to be true. Everything I've written is happening. It may be a dream and that I'll wake up any minute. I hope it is dream. I want to go back before my family left and before I met Mr. Loomis. I can't believe I did what I did to him. If I went back I would have done things differently. I better not talk of him any more. I did tell myself not to. For the last few months, I've been walking in ,what I hope to be, one direction with little breaks. My aim was to find another place which supports life. I am sure the only place was back home.

I've been surviving on any tinned food from stores I come across. It's all cold. Cold soup, beans and tomatoes.

Tinned food is all I can eat. Any other food would be radioactive. Maybe tinned food is radioactive, but it's the safest I can eat.

The most amazing thing has happened. I have ended up here destiny has taken me. A large area outside deadness. It looked like my house. I swore it was. But there was something different about it. It felt like it wasn't mine, someone else owned it. I felt guilty about going inside. But I did. I saw open cupboards and wardrobes and an unmade bed.

I felt someone was watching me but if they were hiding, they would be in the house. Right? I went back outside.

"HELLO! HELLO!" I called. There was no reply.

I had djà vu. It seemed like everything I did already happened before. If someone was watching me, I would have looked quite weird with a large orange suit, and whoever was watching me must have been quite scared.

I was almost certain I was being watched. That strange feeling inside was getting stronger and stronger.

I haven't washed for years. I saw a river. I presumed it was safe to bathe in, as it was out of the deadness. Without checking with Geiger counters, I stripped off and made no hesitation to get in.

Just as I was about to get in, I thought I heard a shout, a warning. This djà vu was as strong as ever. I knew this has happened before. Things were very, very similar.

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