Organizatinal Analysis

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Organizational Analysis of the YWCA

I. Introduction

a. The Young Women's Christian Association states its mission as the following "The YWCA of the United States of America is a women's membership movement nourished by its roots in the Christian faith and sustained by the richness of many beliefs and values. Strengthened by diversity, the Association draws together members who strive to create opportunities for women's growth, leadership and power in order to attain a common vision peace, justice, freedom and dignity for all people" (YWCA Mission). The Richmond branch of the YWCA strives to empower women, children, and families through their current programs addressing family violence, sexual assault, and homelessness.

b. The YWCA currently employs 65 part-time and full-time staff. In addition to the staff, the YWCA utilizes many volunteers and interns to assist the agency in providing various services to women and children in the community. The agency is located in a newly renovated building on 5th Avenue in downtown Richmond. The building is comprised of four levels that have been built to accommodate those with physical disabilities. When entering the edifice, one is located on the first floor that houses the secretary, two conference rooms, the gymnasium, and the only two enclosed offices of the Executive Director and the Assistant Executive Director. The basement is a newly constructed children's center. This location includes several classrooms, a computer room, and a cafeteria. The second floor consists of a break room for the staff, an art room designed for the children, and a large play area that the children partake in many activities including riding tricycles to taking their naps. The third floor contains cubicles that house the student unit, the rest of the full-time and part-time staff (excluding childcare workers), three private rooms for the purpose of counseling services, and a large room utilized for support group meetings. The entire agency atmosphere produces an environment that is conducive to feelings of support, comfort, and an overall sense of openness. This is demonstrated by not only the structure and design itself, but by the employees staffed at the YWCA. Please refer to Figure 1.1 for an organizational chart of the agency.

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c. The YWCA offers a variety of services to women, children, and families located in the Richmond community. For example, the agency maintains two twenty-four hour crisis hotlines operated by crisis hotline specialists and has two confidential emergency shelters for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. The two shelters are located in the Richmond and Chesterfield areas that each can accommodate twenty women and children. The shelters provide individual and group counseling for women and their children, case management services, employment and legal assistance and childcare for victims of domestic violence, and serve as temporary emergency shelter for victims of sexual assault. The main office, located on 5th street, provides individual short-term crisis counseling for women, men, and adolescents who are victims. In addition, group counseling is available for victims of domestic violence with a concurrent group for their children. Groups are also available for adults and teenagers who are victims of sexual assault. Furthermore, a trained volunteer or staff member is available 4-hours a day to meet sexual assault clients at the hospital emergency room to provide support and information. Another example of the services provided by the YWCA is the childcare program implemented for low and no income families. The YWCA Children's Center is the only source of free childcare for families living in area homeless shelters. As one of Richmond's largest Head Start sites, the YWCA serves over sixty preschoolers each day with comprehensive programming (YWCA Children's Center). After school and during the summer, homeless and low-income children enjoy field trips, homework assistance, and educational activities in a safe, nurturing environment. Last, but certainly not least, the YWCA provides educational programs on the issues of domestic violence, sexual assault, and healthy relationships for organizations, businesses, prisons, schools and youth groups.

d. The YWCA serves women, children, and families of all ages, races, and income levels. Specifically, the agency serves any and all primary or secondary victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. The majority of the client population lives in the Greater Richmond area. However, clients are welcome from any location. Moreover, the agency serves the children of no and low-income

families.

II. Theory

a. The political economy model, as presented in Hutchinson (1), reflects the organizational theory that best applies to the YWCA. This model focuses on the dependence of an agency on environment resources in its ability to function and provide appropriate and necessary services to the community (Hutchinson, 1). Specifically, the political economy model addresses two main resources necessary for such organizations (1) political resources and () economic resources (Hutchinson, 1). The interplay of these two sources results in the overall operation of the agency. It is also important to note that this model recognizes clients as a potential resource for advocacy and power in the political arena (Hutchinson, 1).

b. The YWCA is a non-profit organization that depends on both political and economic resources to fund the agency. Therefore, the actions of the political arena directly effect the operations of the YWCA. If the government officials in power have elected to campaign for issues concerning domestic violence and sexual assault, the YWCA can ultimately benefits from such interactions and attention. Often, when political figures get involved in advocating for domestic violence, private donators become more aware of the need for such services provided by the YWCA. This awareness is a potential avenue to raise donations for the agency. Moreover, political figures make the decisions concerning federal and state laws. These political resources provide potential for additional granting and funds for the organization. In addition, several large organizations and businesses, including United Way and Capital One, provide funding for the YWCA. These funds are accompanied with expectations and obligations by such businesses. Therefore, they claim power over what type of services and programming they would prefer to fund. The YWCA is directly affected by their major contributors in that fashion, often creating limitations for the organization. However, the agency depends on these resources to operate effectively and efficiently. A number of other funds and grants are needed to run the YWCA. Whether or not these grants are approved on a yearly basis, seriously affects the clients, community, and the staff. For example, one part-time staff member was recently dismissed from her position because the grant the agency needed to continue funding her position was lost. As a result, they lost the only staff member that ran the Teen Advocacy Program. Since her departure, the YWCA has had to cancel over thirty scheduled teen public education seminars. Due to the political economy model, these types of decisions are often the result of the interplay between political and economic interest. The YWCA had no other feasible options, because of economic resources, other than to eliminate her position within the organization.

III. Critique

a. The YWCA performs poorly under the political economy model. Unfortunately, due to the nature of a non-profit organization, these conflicts will always be an issue and effect the organization on some level. Because the YWCA is so heavily dependent on political and economic resources, it is not always possible to provide efficient and effective services to clients, nor is there always the possibility of implementing additional programs the community addresses as needs. It is also important to reflect on the aforementioned staff member who was dismissed due to lack of funding. Now that her position is eliminated, the Teen Advocacy Program has no available staff to take her place resulting in the elimination of a community educational program. Therefore, this indicates a lack of efficiency and effectiveness to service those potential client populations. Moreover, the lack of government and overall funding is causing the agency to collapse positions together resulting in staffing patterns that are inappropriate the services being provided. For example, the Director of Domestic Violence has additionally been assigned the position and responsibility of Director of Community Outreach. She is not only handing an abundance of individual domestic violence clients, but is now responsible for follow-up and outreach counseling in the community. It would be impossible for her to adequately, efficiently, and effectively serve each client to the best of her ability. Unfortunately, many of the other staff members are encountering the same problems and issues. Another example are the childcare workers. They often have more children in their care than they can feasibly manage. In addition, they are not trained appropriately to provide the necessary services to the population of children. The problem here arises in the issues of salary. The YWCA cannot afford to hire qualified individuals in their childcare programs. As a result, the programs offered to these children are not performing to their highest expectations. As a whole, there are not enough people within the organization to accomplish the expectations given to them on a daily basis. This could, and probably is, affecting the way clients are being served at the agency. However, there does seem to be a common understanding among management and line staff within each program about problems, populations to be served, services to be provided, and client outcomes to be achieved. The problem arises when such needs, issues, and problems are not being met. Most of the issues concerning efficiency and effectiveness of the YWCA stems from the political and economic resources the organizations depends on for its existence. On a more positive note, the YWCA does utilize their clients as resources in the political arena. Often, the clients return to collaborate with the YWCA on political issues. Together they advocate for new governmental policies and regulations. These collaborations have proven to be effective process for change.

b. The contingency theory should be considered as a possible model that might prove to be effective for the YWCA. This theory states that there is no "one best way" to organize (Hutchinson, 1). It maintains that flexibility within the organization is key to identifying and adapting to the changing environment. Since the YWCA is consistently redefining issues of importance within the community, a more flexible theory would assist in the organization of the agency. However, the failure to recognize the strong influences of political and economic forces regarding the agency may ultimately be a limitation.

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Progressivism

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BLOCK THREE PROGRESSIVISM AND INTERNATIONALISM, 188-141

IDENTIFICATIONS

1. Lend-Lease Bill

Who-Spanish diplomat Enrique Dupuy de Lome, United States President William McKinley, William Randolph Hearst and his New York Journal

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What- The DeLome letter was a letter from the Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lome, in Washington, D.C., to Don Jose Canalejas, in Havana, Cuba, that was intercepted by a Cuban agent, leaked to William Randolph Hearst, and published on the front page of the New York Journal. This letter was humiliating to President William McKinley, and ultimately increased the U.S.'s tensions with Spain.

When- written and published in 188

Where- Havana, Cuba and Washington, D.C.

Significance- The De Lome letter greatly increased the United States tensions with Spain. Then when the U.S.S. Maine was sunk in the Havana Harbor on February 15, 188, and 60 lives were lost, it was difficult for the United States to believe that the Spanish had nothing to do with this disaster. Two months later, in April, McKinley approved Congress's resolution that called for the immediate withdrawal of Spanish troops from Cuba. Four days later, the Spanish government declared war. The DeLome letter instigated all of these events, ultimately leading to the Spanish-American War.

The first picture is Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lome from

http//www.spanamwar.com/Delome.htm

The second picture is U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor from the website

http//www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_60_Notes.htm

. Yellow Journalism

Who- Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

What- Yellow journalism began through the fierce competition between Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal. It was used to attract more readers and to increase circulation. Some yellow journalism techniques include banner headlines, colored comics, and copious illustrations. Yellow journalism received its name when Hearst stole Pulitzer's "The Yellow Kid" comic strip writer.

When- 180's

Where- New York City

Significance- Through yellow journalism, it became common for newspapers to report everything through the editor's eyes regardless of whether the information was inaccurate, biased, or true. Since the American public had limited sources to verify the information, newspapers received tremendous political power through the people. Because of this, yellow journalism played a key role in beginning the Spanish-American War by the New York Journal's printing to the controversial DeLome letter on its front page.

The first picture is of the William Randolph Hearst and the second picture is of Joseph Pulitzer both taken from the website

http//www.spanamwar.com/press.htm

. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Who- United States Secretary of State John Hay, Panamanian envoy to United States Philippe Bunau-Varilla, and United States President Theodore Roosevelt

What- This treaty was an agreement between the United States and Panama in which the United States would receive the rights to a canal zone ten miles wide in exchange for $10 million and an annual rent of $50,000.

When- November 10

Where- Panama and the United States

Significance- This treaty gave the United States exclusive rights and perpetual use of the Panama Canal. It also secured the United States' position as the economic and political leader of the Western Hemisphere. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines had already been established as official protectorates, and with this treaty came Panama. The United States also became free to transport good between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and to decide who else could have this privilege.

4. Roosevelt Corollary

Who- Theodore Roosevelt

What- This was a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that justified American intervention throughout the Western hemisphere. It stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, did not violate the rights of the United States, or did not invite foreign invasions into the United States. This corollary mainly justified U.S. interventions in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Haiti, and Nicaragua.

When- December 104

Where- Washington, D.C., United States Congress

Significance- This corollary came about as Europe began to use force in order to urge several Latin American countries to repay their debts. Thus, America began to fear European intervention in Latin America. Roosevelt worried that intervention would take away the United States' dominance in Latin America. To keep European powers out and ensure financial stability, Roosevelt issued this corollary. The fact that Roosevelt tied this corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was ironic because the Monroe Doctrine had been issued to prevent European intervention in the Western hemisphere, and the Roosevelt Corollary was issued to justify American intervention in the Western hemisphere.

The above picture is President Teddy Roosevelt taken from this website

http//www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/biopictures.htm

5. Lusitania

Who- Great Britain, Germany, United States

What- Lusitania was a British ocean liner sunk near Ireland by a German submarine. She was believed to be carrying ammunition to be delivered to the Allies in England. One thousand one hundred ninety-eight people drowned as a result of the explosion. This included 18 Americans.

When- May of 115

Where- south of the coast of Ireland

Significance- When Germany sank Britain's Lusitania, the American people were outraged. The United States protested Germany's action and warned them to limit their submarine campaign against Britain. However, when Germany continued unrestricted submarine warfare, the United States entered World War I in April of 117. It was the sinking of the Lusitania that created enough turmoil among the American public to allow the United States to enter into the war. This event also proved that the civilized warfare methods of the 1th century were a thing of the past.

The above picture is a postcard that was issued to commemorate the sinking of the Lusitania. It features the Lusitania and her captain, William Turner. This picture was taken from the website

http//www.gwpda.org/naval/lusika00.htm

6. Fourteen Points

Who- President Woodrow Wilson

What- Fourteen Points was a peace settlement proposed by Woodrow Wilson following World War I. This proposal called for open covenants of peace that were freely arrived at, freedom of navigation of the seas, removal of economic barriers and establishment of equality of trade conditions, and also outlined territorial adjustments. Further conditions of this settlement were evacuation of Russian territory, evacuation and restoration of Belgium territory, evacuation of French territory, readjustment of Italy's boundaries, safeguarding of Austria-Hungary, evacuation of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro, secured sovereignty of Turkish portion of the Ottoman Empire, and erection of an independent Polish state. The last point called for a League of Nations to enforce the peace.

When- January 118

Where- Washington, D.C. and the United States Congress

Significance- This proposal showed President Wilson's eagerness to end World War I with both sides participating in a lasting peace. These points transformed the concepts of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination into concepts of foreign policy. They were also the basis of Germany's surrender to end the war. It further pressed that morality should be the basis for all foreign policies.

Above is a picture of President Woodrow Wilson taken from the website

http//www.angelfire.com/in/wilson/wilson.html

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The Psychology of Death and Dying

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Collectively, Americans seem to actively deny death as a natural occurrence in life. Just like our obsession with maintaining youthful appearances, we are fixated on maintaining unprecedented life spans, now a possibility through stem cell research and the potential future of widespread eugenics. Instead of acknowledging death, it becomes a taboo subject, occasionally brought up during life insurance policies and estate sales. Americans do not have holidays to pay homage to the deceased like El Dia De Los Muertos in Mexico or shrines of ancestors as a permanent fixture in their homes like the Japanese. The only portrayal of death found in the media is the typical notion of heaven and hell, for example movies like What Dreams May Come, where Robin Williams must emancipate his wife from the shackles of hell. Or other popular movies, such as Contact with Jodie Foster, where children perceive the dead as normal people existing in a parallel realm, not unlike physical reality. Another common misconception is that death is a temporary inconvenience, often illustrated in children's movies like Sleeping Beauty and Snow White. Children are given the impression that death is just a really long, luxurious nap and if the right man kisses the sleeping individual she will magically spring back into consciousness.

Unfortunately, the only other prevalent acknowledgement of death in the popular media and American society can be found in violent actions movies and psychological thrillers. Gratuitous violence and cold-blooded murder accompanied by internal body parts externalized, decapitated heads and even cannibalism. We have a gross fascination concerning violence and the mutilation of the human form, a rather unhealthy obsession lurking in video games and cult classic movies. Americans have not addressed the finality of death, and only in recent years have new age religions fabricated a new approach toward death, or the passageway into the unknown.

As I child, forced to attend Christian services on Sundays, I bought into the fire and brimstone portrayal of death and spirituality. If an individual did not accept Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior, bad things were destined to happen to that individual in the afterlife. I was pressured into believing that if I did not eat of the bread and drink of the wine, that I was going to instantaneously combust and be shot down into the fiery pits of hell. As I grew older and exposed to other belief systems, this innate fear of the wrathful divine slowly dwindled. After intense observation, I came to the conclusion that organized religion was used as a means to control the masses. I rejected the absolutist attitude enforced upon me since childhood and wanted to discover a different approach toward death and dying.

I had been exposed to death at a relatively young age. I had many elderly relatives and neighbors who died quite consistently; I've lost count of the various funerals and memorials that I've attended. The only reassuring aspect of organized religion is the certainty one feels concerning death and the afterlife. When I realized that I was skeptical of Christianity and heaven and hell, I had a difficult time understanding death and coming to terms with my own fears of it. For many years I had no concrete death ethic, it was just something I avoided or ignored. After taking this course, I have started to construct my own death ethic and idea about the afterlife, by gathering information and borrowing ideas from material that supports this course. I feel comfortable talking about death, it is no longer a clandestine subject, it is a natural occurrence in life, and ultimately it is the last rite of passage for every human being.

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I've adopted more of a non-Western death ethic, where death is an invaluable experience for the dying individual. From my in-class notes on September 10, non-Western cultures view death as a transition for the deceased person, while Americans typically focus on death as a transition for those who are left behind. Non-western cultures tend to encourage the bereaved to express their emotions, while Westerners are given the three-day time period to mourn and are expected to carry on with their respective lives as usual, unaffected by grief. The only time Westerners are allowed to express their immeasurable grief is at the actual ceremony, where they are expected to repress their emotions afterward. I find this aspect of Western culture counterproductive, where emotions are never a catharsis for grief. Often, when we see others in pain, we turn the other direction, unsure of how to comfort them.

I believe death should be a commonly discussed topic, especially during the later years in ones life. We don't know what occurs after this life; therefore we should not approach our own death with negativity or fear. I don't have my beliefs of the afterlife cemented in a permanent belief system; I'm still gathering information in order to form a solidified idea. I am fond of the Native American belief that we reunite with our ancestors after this life. I find the beliefs of Native Americans very appealing, abandoning the linear rationalization of Western logic. "Many commentators have suggested that Native Americans tend to view life and death not in a linear but in a circular or interwoven fashion in which death is regarded as a part of life" (Reader, 5) I find this holistic approach toward death more accepting of the inevitable. Death should not be an isolated and dreaded incident after life, although it brings us incalculable pain, it also serves as a vehicle for unity to those who are left behind.

It does seem like a cruel, harsh world when we know our loved ones will be irrevocably removed from our physical lives, but the fleeting fragility of life generates deeper appreciation for those around us and our own lives. I believe if we were created to live forever, everything would be meaningless and taken for granted. The easier it is to lose something the more invaluable it becomes. I believe life is a great adventure, every moment is an opportunity to gain more wisdom, and that love is the compelling force within each of us. Death is a part of life; we know it will eventually steal us from this world, yet we are not knowledgeable of what threshold it will deliver us onto. The deceased never really leave us anyway; they live in our thoughts, memories and dreams. Just like your Relational Grief Theory, Kim, I believe our relationships with the deceased continue to grow, where we fabricate a new relationship that allows the deceased and bereaved to grow and ultimately heal. Beyond physical life the essence of the deceased still continues to accompany us in this life, perhaps to meet again in the afterlife.

"This process of mythologizing, or making stories out of the splinters of remembered experience, is one of the ways in which a physical person is transformed into an imaginal integrity" (Reader, 1) I find this excerpt and theory very comforting when I confront my own relationships with deceased loved ones. Death is a permanent predicament in this life, but the finality of our relationships with the deceased no longer exists. It opens a new door and sheds some light onto a dark mentality, we no longer feel defeated or imprisoned by grief. I am ready to confront death with less fear and dread, which is a repercussion of this insightful course.

I want her to lie full of peace

Next to my father

Under the dogwood and holly.

I know she will speak her silence

To me

Then it may be the time to listen.

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Youth crime in New Zealand

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The increase in youth crime has aroused the public attention. Concern about juvenile's behaviour is not new. Public believe that youth crime is serious and out of control. The media headlines focusing on the increases in child offending has reinforced this view (Maxwell et al., 000). The statistics show that there has been a steady increase in the number of young people offending from ,500 in 188/18 to 4,504 in 17/18 (Maxwell, Morris, & Victoria University of Wellington, 000). Over per cent of all the offences are attributed to young people in 16 (Triggs, 18). Youth offending has increased over the past 1 years, but less so in the past five years. There are stable figures in the number of youth crime since 16 (Maxwell et al., 000). Therefore, the claim of increase in youth crime does not match the experience of those who working with young offenders. They believe youth crime is getting better and no worse than before.

Although youth violence declined slightly in the late 10s, adolescents are frequently exposed to drug-related crime, violence and delinquency. This research essay focuses on the significant areas of New Zealand society in which may affect juvenile delinquent behaviour over the past 1 years, such as family environment, social factors and media effect.

Family dysfunction

One of the significant factors contributing to youth crime within New Zealand today is dysfunctional family. Garnier and Stein (00) reveal that the relationship in the early family environment is associated with children's development and peer group experience. They explain that young people coming from nonconventional values family have more possibility to involve in high-risk behaviours such as heavy drug use and serious offending. Moreover, young people tend to associate with friends whose values are similar to their own (Elder, 180, as cited in Garnier & Stein, 00). Therefore, family environment and parents attitudes are key factors in the development of problem behaviours. When children are exposed to domestic violence, parental drug abuse and high levels of conflict, they tend to transmit these values to themselves. Garnier and Stein (000) apply this perspective into social learning theories.

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Social learning theories assert that children acquire their values and behaviours from the most important role such as parents, and child-initiated violence is a strategy used by child to cope with other people's hostile and aggressive behaviour (Garnier & Stein, 00; Brezina, 1). In other words, family environment and parents attitudes may provide children an opportunity to engage in problem behaviour and attitudes. Children will imitate parents' aggressive attitudes and values to manage the inimical behaviour of others. Once their behaviour has led to a decrease of threatening from others, their negative attitudes are reinforced. Patterson's coercion theory explains that children's aggressive behaviour towards other people can provide an effective means to control or restrain people's behaviour (18, as cited in Brezina, 1). Moreover, Agnew's general strain theory argues, "delinquency represents a means by which youths attempt to cope with various sources of environmental adversity" (1, as cited in Brezina, 1, p.418). Therefore, they will continue repeating their negative behaviour when they experience threatening, and most of the behaviour may relate to delinquency or crime.

Furthermore, parental values can also influent the peer affiliation. What children learn at home from their parents, they bring to the peer group. Youth pick peers who have common values, social status and backgrounds to be friends (Garnier & Stein, 00). According to this, youth who engage in problem behaviour are more likely to associate with other youth who are involved in similar behaviours. Therefore, a group of youth may become an aggressive gang to engage in illegal group activities.

The above theories and arguments support that the family dysfunction has contributed to the increase of youth crime. Dysfunctional family such as sole-parent and divorced family can affect children's values and beliefs. However, these types of families affect children in different ways, due to different personal situations (Drummond & Bowler, 1). Coleman and Hendry (10) explain that divorce is "an ongoing process of uncertainty and confusion" (as cited in Drummond & Bowler, 1, p. ). In this process, parents are more likely to produce an aggressive and stressful atmosphere in family environment. Divorce for adolescents is more than just parents breaking up. It is hard for adolescents to comprehend and cope well. Adolescents tend to deny parent-developed values and search for external supports such as peers. Therefore, adolescents will reconstruct their values from their peers and friends. This group socialisation theory argues that children will carry their values and behaviours that are learned from peers into adulthood (Harris, 18, as cited in Garnier & stein, 00). Although peers may have positive effects on adolescents, negative effects have a higher risk factor causing delinquency.

However, there is limited statistic to show the relatives between youth crime and family dysfunction.

Bessant, J. (15). Youth unemployment and crime Policy, work and the risk society. Australia Youth Research Centre.

Brezina, T. (1). Teenage violence toward parents as an adaptation to family strain. Youth and Society, 0, 416-444.

Drummond, W., & Bowler, D. (1). New Zealand adolescents new millennium issues. New Zealand Nagare Press.

Funk, J. B., Flores, G., Buchman, D. D., & Germann, J. N. (1). Rating electronic games Violence is in the eye of the beholder. Youth and Society, 0, 8-1.

Garnier, H. E., & Stein, J. A. (00). An 18-year model of family and peer effects on adolescent drug use and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1, 45-57.

Langer, J. (15). The case of media violence. Youth studies, 14, .

Ledingham, J., & Richardson, J. (1). The effect of media violence on children. Retrieved May , 00, from Health Canada Online website

http//www.hc-sc.gc.ca/familyviolence/html/mediaviolence.htm

Levine, M. (16). Viewing violence. New York Doubleday.

Lotz, R., & Lee, L. (1). Sociability, school experience, and delinquency. Youth and Society, 1, 1-.

Marriage and divorce in New Zealand. (001). Retrived May , 00, from Statistics New Zealand websites http//www.stats.govt.nz

McDowell, H., & Ziginskas, D. (14). Feeling stink A resource on young people's mental health issues for those who work with them. Wellington Ministry of Health.

Masters, C. (00, June 8). Our children Are criminals starting younger. Retrieved May , 00, from New Zealand Herald website http//www.nzherald.co.nz

Maxwell, G., Morris, A., & Victoria University of Wellington. (000, February). Young Offenders. New Zealand Law Journal, p.8-.

Minister says report on youth crime and suicide flawed. (00, February 5) retrieved May , 00, from New Zealand herald website http//www.nzherald.co.nz/

Smihth, S. L., & Wilson, B. J. (000). Children's reaction to a television news story. Communication research, 7, 641-67.

Tepperman, J. (17). Toxic lessons What do children learn from media violence. Retrieved May , 00, from Action Alliance for Children website http///www.4children.org/news/1-7toxl.htm

Triggs, S. (18). From crime to sentence Trends in crime justice, 186 to16. New Zealand Ministry of Justice.

Unemployment Trends for you people, 11-000. (000). Retrieved May , 00, from Statistics New Zealand website http//www.stats.govt.nz

Please note that this sample paper on Youth crime in New Zealand is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Youth crime in New Zealand, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on Youth crime in New Zealand will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dada Kamera: Performance Response

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IN ON IT

Performance Response

Dada Kamera's performance In On It showcased in the Fresh Terrain Festival is a powerful performance of two gay men, This One and That One, who are working on play within a play. The play they are working on is the story of a man who has just found out that he is terminally ill and only has a short time to live. He tries to tell his son who shuts him out. He tries to tell his wife, and she leaves him for another man. In the end, just before he drives his "blue Mercedes Benz" into oncoming traffic, he leaves his life insurance policy to the wife and son of the man who left with his wife. This One and That One are victims of the "accident" because one of them is driving the car that the man hits, leaving the other to tell the tragic story. The play confronts issues of relationships, both homosexual and heterosexual. These two cultures collide in the end - literally. Although it is merely by chance, it still points out the conflicted intersection of these two cultures. But more importantly, it reminds me to cherish every moment. It is through powerful lighting design that I am able to follow the complexity of the play and the various storylines that emerge.

The two characters work in three different realities and storylines - moving back and forth from one to another. One reality is the two men working on a play in front of the audience and even breaking the fourth wall at times. Another reality is the characters within the play they are working on. The final reality is the remembered thoughts of the men about their own relationship. The ability to move in and out of these realities could be confusing but are seamless to me, due largely to the light designs choices.

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As the show begins, the more than sufficient bright white house lights fade to complete blackness as a single ray of deep, blue light rises. It is focused tightly on something on the floor. My eyes slowly begin to adjust to the darkness, and I can make out a man's jacket lying on the floor. I don't know the importance of the jacket, but the light draws my attention to it. Even though I do not know what the jacket's ultimate meaning is to the characters, this light design choice accomplished its goal getting me to wonder, "what is so important about this jacket?" From this point on, I'll watch the jacket. This One and That One put it on, taking on a role of the terminal man in the play which they are writing. The jacket tells me what character they are playing. It becomes an emotional item when That One tells This One, during an argument, that the jacket is his favorite because This One told him that he looked good in it the first time they met. At the end of the show, as the sounds of the car accident disappear, the lights fade to darkness, and the single deep blue light rises as This One takes the jacket and places it back on the floor and exits. I'm left again, staring at the jacket on the floor, but it now has meaning, completing a cycle and reminding me of the small things that are so important in life. The importance of the jacket is highlighted by this light design choice. Because the designer focused only one deeply saturated light on the jacket, I am forced to pay attention to it and understand the meaning it conveys.

At the first moment the two men are both on the stage together, they are lit with lights that are shuttered and focused to create a square area of light. This square area of light is created by multiple lights shuttered at right angles, so that smaller areas can be created with the same rigid effect. The edges help provide a stage area that the two men never leave. The area is quite small in comparison to the size of the theatre. This helps me focus in and feel more intimate with the characters. I think the best way to describe the sensation would be like looking through a camera and zooming in from a panoramic view to a close-up. This square area of light is the basic look for the reality of the two men working on the play. Although this area may change in size, it is generally larger than the other realities. This reality is also lit with a somewhat warm colorless look that comes from typical theatre lighting equipment.

As the two men speak about the play they are working on, This One and That One narrate the story and then choose a role to step into. This One takes off the jacket and reveals a white shirt, becoming the doctor for a scene. That One puts on the jacket, grabs a chair, and sits as he takes the role of the terminally ill man. It is clear that the reality has changed because as they set up the scene, a smaller cool area of light is left contrasting from the larger warm area of the other reality. This is typical of the reality of the play within the play. Within this reality they always step into the roles of these characters by stepping into a smaller area of light, which tends to be cooler white/blue light in a smaller concentrated area. The lights are still shuttered at right angles so that the men, at many times, are standing or sitting only in one square shaft of light. If the first reality gave me a sense of a close-up, this reality tends to be almost invasive into the character. The small squares shafts of light also seem to isolate the characters. At one moment, a terminally ill man sits in a chair facing forward with one square shaft of light on him. On the other side of the stage sits his son in a single square shaft of light. Darkness separates the characters as the father tells his son that he is dying. This design choice allows me to see into the eyes of both characters and see them as individuals in an extreme close-up, but at the same time it creates isolation for the two characters. Eventually, the scene ends and the lights return to a larger warm square area of light, and This One and That One can interact directly with each other again.

The other reality of the two men remembering moments of their own relationship is handled in a similar manner. The major difference is that the two are seldom separated by darkness, and the area tends to be a bridge of light between the two making the shape of a thin rectangle on the floor. The two men tend to face each other as they are in this reality, and the audience seems to disappear to them just as it does in the reality of the play within the play. The color of light varies in this reality but tends to be more saturated, warm colors in comparison to the rest of the play. As the memory passes, the lights rise again to the larger, colorless square, and the men step immediately back into the present reality of working on the play.

The scenes tend to move from this present reality into the other realities seldom cutting from the play within the play to scenes of the remembered past. The lights go from a large square area to individual, small areas where the men are already standing. They never leave the light, but the light just seems to intensify where they stand and disappear in the space between them. As the scene ends, the lights rise again to the larger square until they either return to the play within the play, with its small, isolated lights, or they turn to face each other as the lights dim into a narrow bridge of light between them. The space seems to breathe as the lights expand and contract over and over again. The repetition of the light patterns in their respective realities adds to the continuity and fluidity of the performance. The performance moves in and out of these realities but the lights help to make it seamless.

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Animal Cruelty

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The controversy of animal experiments has long been debated in our society (Rowan 1). Time and time again the question of whether or not scientific researchers should have the right to perform experiments on animals has been an issue. Should researchers be able to perform experiments on animals? Should researchers only be able to perform limited experiments on animals? Or should researchers not be able to perform experiments at all? These questions are argued over every day, everywhere in the world. There are many people for all sides of the debate. This is an extremely huge controversy today (Rowan 1).

Many say that animal experimentation is pointless. When it comes to animals and their rights there is a definite fine line between our needs and our taking advantage of these species we consider inferior (Posner 1). Several thousands of animals are experimented on each day; yet there have been close to no cures found. Why continue experiments on animals if there is no point to it? Scientists who are performing outdated and inaccurate tests that prove no benefit to humans or animals are wasting millions of dollars every year (Animal Experimentation). A lot of money is spent on research; however this money instead could go to hospitals, hungry people, or even the building of more schools.

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It is said that humans and animals react differently to drugs (Animal experimentation). This is a proven fact that you cannot argue against. If one kind of

animal is repeatedly tested on with the same drug (which is practiced continuously); this will all be done for no reason. What would the purpose be? Many animals would have been killed and we would have still no cure. Moreover, scientists say it is impossible to recreate a human disease into a perfectly healthy animal (Animal Experimentation1).

One thing to keep in mind is that to invent new methods for animal experiments are being invented. Congress has recently suggested replacing animal experiments with other relevant models when available (Werner 2). Dummies could be used in exchange for animals. To this day our technology is so advanced, computers are predicted to help us in many more ways then we realize. People believe one-day computers will replace the use of animals. Cutting down on many experiments should be another definite plan, so that there is less animal suffering and less loss of lives.

Considered by many, the worst and saddest downfall to animal experimentation is the pain and suffering the animals are forced to undergo, which is unbelievable. You can compare their experiments to brutal torture. Many experiments include starvation to the death; breaking of the bones, vertebrae, and ribcage; heart puncturing, skin and fur burning; chemical injections; removing of the skin; implantation of tumors; drilling the vision. Some experiments can even get as foolish as forcing the animal to smoke tobacco

and marijuana, and even forcing the animal to take LSD. Can you imagine a human being physically forced into smoking marijuana or taking LSD, both illegal drugs?

To speak of levels of psychological moralities, researching through the experimentation of animals is a bad example of positive morals. The point where justifying morally right from wrong has been crossed with animal experimentation. Human hearts have turned cold and vicious. Human minds have mutated into finding the

easier, less guilty way out. Professional, scientific researchers have narrowed their options down to certain animals, animals that will not be difficult. Rabbits are selected to have chemicals dropped into their eyes because their eyes do not cry or water; beagle dogs are selected for their calm temperament when people harm them.

It is true that, animal experimentation can be helpful. Experimenting on animals can help scientists to discover new ways to cure diseases. But once again, you have to ask yourself, if hardly any cures are found, why continue with the endless torture and excruciating pain? Imagine a society where humans are the guinea pigs. After all, man is animal. You meet your death by starving. You may even be burned all over your body, or even get lung cancer from being forced to smoke tobacco (Animal Experimentation). Doesn't sound fun does it? When humans are exchanged for animals in research experiments, humans will not be able to be experimented on since our laws prohibit that

torture. And what about cruelty to animals? It is understood by many that animal cruelty was outlawed. To this day, animal experimentation is the worst type of animal torture one

could imagine. It is difficult to even think of what it would be like if humans were used in place of animals.

The animal rights activists believe that animals suffer as humans do and that all creatures, regardless of having a moral- reasoning capability, are entitled to freedom of torture and pain. As scientists became more advanced, the experimenting became more creative. A scientist studying for head trauma strapped an animal in machinery to receive high impact blows to the head that left the head severely damaged. Another time to examine for severe burns, pigs were restrained so that they could not escape and then burned alive with flames until flesh could be removed to examine. Was this really necessary? How does this directly benefit us?

Animals are not the only things being destroyed our environment is also destroyed. We do not stop and think about the consequences of our actions until it is already done. Pesticides and other chemicals have been damaging our land due to pollution. Not only on land but also in rivers, oceans and even our plants (Animal experimentation). If we keep this up we may not have clean water to swim in, fresh air to breath, or clean soil to grow our plants in.

Animal experimentation needs to be stopped. The endless, continuing tragedy of millions of animals dying has to stop. This has to start with someone, somewhere. As a society we need to wake up and start thinking about how we can stop the cruelty towards animals, instead of how to kill them. If it is morally wrong to kill unborn babies, why is it

not morally wrong to kill and torture poor, defenseless animals? (Cruelty Prevention) The public does not see what goes on behind closed doors. This is because product testers do

not want people to see the animal suffer and die. Once they are done with the experiment they kill the animal off as if it meant nothing. Is this how people were brought up to kill innocent creatures and not even thinking twice about what they are doing? When will this sick torment end?

There is a group called PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) that have over a hundred thousand members in it. Its one of the largest animal rights organizations in the world. The organization seeks to tell the public and educate them about the attitudes towards animals. By showing films and pictures they hope to reach many people, and show them that there are alternatives to their experimenting. PETA was founded in 1980. It was established to protect all rights of all animals. With this organization developed, cruelty towards animals has been the same. Nothing has changed. Why do people still chose to do wrong when they know perfectly well that animal experimentation is not right? What we need to do is get off the high horse and realize that we are no better than any other animal that roams the earth. We may be more powerful and smarter than most animals, but that does not give us the rights to treat them as we do in animal experiments. It is not amusing or right.

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"Stress research has important implications in that it can advise us on how to manage our own and other stress reaction." Discuss how research into the physiological response to stress has enabled the development of physiological approaches to reducing st

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This essay will explore the research that has been conducted into the physiological stress response. It will look in particular at psychologists such as Seyle and his extensive study into the physiological aspects of stress as well Glaser et al., who studied the link between stress and the immune system. Finally this essay will examine stress management in regards to reducing the physiological aspects of stress.

The first psychologist to examine the physiological aspects of stress was a man named Hans Seyle. Seyle is a significant figure in the history of psychology, made so by the model he produced in 156 known as the General Adaptation Syndrome. This model termed GAS focused mainly on the physiological aspects of the stress response. The model consisted of three main stages Alarm reaction, Resistance and Exhaustion. The first stage of the syndrome (Alarm Reaction) was determined as being the stage in which the body's level of arousal is heightened, the heart rate and blood pressure are increased, sugar stored by the liver is released into the blood to fuel the muscles, muscles become tense and alertness increases. This first stage of Seyle's model has lead to many people becoming more aware of when they produce the symptoms of stress. Therefore many people try to control their stress levels by trying to control their symptoms. For example if a person notices that their breathing rate has deepened or they are sweating more, they will be able to recognise they are suffering from stress and will automatically try to breathe more slowly and relax more in order to prevent further symptoms of stress. Seyle went on to say that if the stress sufferer cannot deal with the stress in a productive way, they will experience stage three; exhaustion. This can lead to psychosomatic illnesses, such as ulcers and heart attacks.

In recent years drugs have been created to help suppress the symptoms named in the General Adaptation Syndrome. Anti-anxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines, which are manufactured under the names of Librium and Valium, are designed to decrease arousal and relieve the tension in the muscles, in an attempt to lower the risk .

There have been a lot of studies into how stress is linked to the physiological aspects of a person's life. Glaser et al., 186 conducted a study of medical students (forty in total) who were about to take an exam. He found that six weeks prior to the exam, they had lower levels of stress than at the time of the exam. He also discovered that the number of T cells at exam time were lower than they had been previously. T cells are lymphocytes found in the blood that help to destroy the harmful bacteria and viruses. Glaser had therefore determined that stress had suppressed the immune system. These findings have led to the creation of a stress management method called biofeedback.

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Biofeedback is a physiological method of stress management. Biofeedback allows a person to supervise the interactions within their body and gives them a suitable degree of control over these processes/ interactions. Shapiro et al., 170 stated that biofeedback allowed participants to "make significant short-term changes in their biological processes" This could include raising their heart rate or lowering their blood pressure. Biofeedback has been used alongside relaxation techniques. From Seyle's findings and model we have been able to determine that when a body gets stressed it becomes more alert and their level of arousal increases. In an attempt to reduce the stress levels, relaxation techniques have been developed that help to slow down some of the symptoms of stress such as deep breathing and alertness. They have also helped lower a person's arousal level.

Another important development has occurred in reducing the risk of CHD. When a person becomes stressed it has been discovered that sympathetic branch of the ANS is stimulated, leading to the constriction of the blood vessels, resulting in a rise in heart rate and blood pressure. If the stress becomes prolonged, the arteries can become damaged. The narrowing of the arteries causes CHD; which is known as arteriosclerosis. An attempt has been made to educe the risk of CHD, in the form of drugs. Beta-blockers decrease the activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and so slow the heart rate and attempt to reduce the constriction. Thus resulting in lowering the blood pressure.

Finally, there have been various studies into how the endocrine system is connected to a person's stress levels. It has been found that when a person experiences stress the endocrine glands secrete hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. Anxiolytic drugs have been developed based on the findings related to the endocrine system. These drugs try to reduce the anxiety a person experiences due to the chemical (hormones) released in the endocrine system. An example of an anxiolytic drug is Barbiturates.

In conclusion, research into the physiological aspects of stress has proven very useful in the construction of methods to deal with stress. This research has provided the basis for further investigations into how to cope with stress and has been fairly successful in limiting or reducing the amount of stress felt by a person.

Please note that this sample paper on "Stress research has important implications in that it can advise us on how to manage our own and other stress reaction." Discuss how research into the physiological response to stress has enabled the development of physiological approaches to reducing st is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Stress research has important implications in that it can advise us on how to manage our own and other stress reaction." Discuss how research into the physiological response to stress has enabled the development of physiological approaches to reducing st, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on "Stress research has important implications in that it can advise us on how to manage our own and other stress reaction." Discuss how research into the physiological response to stress has enabled the development of physiological approaches to reducing st will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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