CommercialBanks Vs. Thrifts

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Commercial Bank vs. Thrift Institution

Commercial banks are considered to be the largest group of depository institutions when measured by asset size; they are very distinguishable from savings institutions and credit unions in the size, regulation and composition of their loans and deposits. Deposits are the main source of funding for commercial banks while their liabilities may include various non-deposit funds such as subordinated notes and debentures.

Commercial banks have two main assets on their balance sheet; loans and investment securities. Loans are responsible for the majority of assets held by commercial banks and are considered to be the most important revenue generator. The four main types of commercial bank loans are; business loans, real-estate loans, individual loans, and various other loans, which may be loans to emerging countries. Real-estate loans rank as the largest asset of the four main types of loans. Investment securities represent the second major asset on a commercial bank balance sheet. These consist of items such as; interest bearing deposit purchases from other financial institutions, federal funds sold to other banks, repurchase agreements and U.S. Treasury securities, just to mention a few. Investment securities benefit commercial banks in liquidity management, generation of interest income, low default risk and are effectively traded in the secondary market. Due to the high levels of liquidity risk for commercial banks, they usually hold large amounts of cash and investment securities in order to meet the claims of their liability customers, upon liquidation. In the event of loan default the losses are charged off against the bank equity, thus reducing retained earnings and the equity of the bank.

Commercial banks have two main sources of funds, deposits and borrowed money, which are represented as liabilities on their balance sheet. Deposit accounts are comprised of four major sections; non-transaction accounts and transaction accounts, which include the sum of non-interest bearing demand deposits and interest bearing checking accounts, make up the first section. A second section is retail or household savings and time deposits; normally these are individual account holdings of less than one- hundred dollars. Large time deposits in excess of one hundred dollars make up the third section; these are usually negotiable certificates of deposit that can be sold in the secondary market to outside investors. A final section is nondeposit liabilities, which include instruments such as repurchase agreements and federal fund purchases. When examining a commercial bank balance sheet an interesting aspect that distinguishes them from other financial institutions is their high debt to assets ratio, which implies that a very large amount assets is funded by debt, either being deposits or borrowed funds.

Commercial bank balance sheets also consist of off balance sheet activities. These may be various fee-generating activities such as issuing letters of credit or engaging in futures, forwards, options and swap contracts. When an off-balance-sheet asset occurs it is recognized on the asset side of the balance sheet or income will be attributed to the income statement. On the other hand when an off-balance-sheet liability occurs this item is represented on the liability side of the balance sheet or an expense is recognized on the income statement. Off-balance-sheet activities are beneficial to banks in that they allow banks to earn additional fees to complement declining business margins. Since reserve requirements and deposit insurance premiums are not taxed on off-balance-sheet activities this creates a tax incentive for commercial banks.

The commercial banking industry has become highly competitive due to the rapid advancements in technology, bank mergers, and the increase in the number of non-bank institutions. One of the most significant technological advances made by commercial banks has been the automated teller machine; this has made banking much easier for customers, 4 hours a day. Online banking has also been a major competitive tool for commercial banks; customers are now able to satisfy the majority of their banking online. Technology has not been the only reason for job declines in commercial banks; mergers and bank failures have also had a major effect on commercial banking. Mergers lead to fewer jobs because similar operations are consolidated.

Deregulation in commercial banks began in 180 when congress passed the Depository Institutions Deregulatory and Monetary Control Act. This act gradually abolished the restrictions on interest rates, and allowed the Growth of ATM's over state lines. Prior to this act banks had been subject to a ceiling on the level of interest paid to depositors. With the elimination of this ceiling interest rates became a major selling point, thus increasing competition among banks.

With commercial banks mainly focusing on the needs of businesses, thrift institutions were introduced in the early 1800's to serve the needs of individuals wanting to purchase homes. There are three main types of thrift institutions savings associations, savings banks, and credit unions.

Savings associations and savings banks specialize in real estate lending, particularly loans for single-family homes and other residential properties. Shareholders or depositors and borrowers can own these two types of thrifts. These institutions are referred to as thrifts, because they originally offered only savings accounts, or time deposits. Over the past two decades, however, they have acquired a wide range of financial powers, and now offer checking accounts and make business and consumer loans as well as mortgages, just as commercial banks.

Both saving associations and savings banks may be chartered by either the federal Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) or by a state government regulator. Generally, the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) insures savings and loan associations, and the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) insures savings banks.

Savings institutions must hold a certain percentage of their loan portfolio in housing-related assets to retain their charter, as well as their membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank System. This is called the qualified thrift lender (QTL) test. Savings institutions must maintain 65% of their portfolio in housing-related or other qualified assets to maintain their status.

Credit unions (Cus) are not-for-profit depository institutions, owned by their members, and accept deposits in a variety of accounts. Unlike commercial banks credit unions are prohibited from serving the general public, members are required to have a common bond such as having a university affiliation. All credit unions' offer savings accounts, or time deposits; the larger institutions also offer checking and money market accounts, similar to commercial banks. Credit unions financial powers have expanded to include almost anything a bank or savings association can do, including making home loans, issuing credit cards, and even making some commercial loans. Credit unions are exempt from federal taxation and sometimes receive subsidies, in the form of free space or supplies, from their sponsoring organizations.

The number of thrifts declined dramatically in the late 180's and early 10's. The savings and loan crisis of the 180's forced many institutions to close or merge with others, at great costs to the federal government. However, there has been a resurgence of thrifts in recent years.

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Medea, the Embodiment of the New Female in Greek Society

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In Euripides' Medea, the protagonist, portrayed as the main character, abandoned the gender roles of ancient Greek society. As a result of this, Euripides invented a new version of the gender female. Medea defied perceptions of gender by exhibiting male characteristics while existing in the bounds of the "female mentality. Medea brings a sense of manly courage to womans gender by slaying Creon and Creusa. She brings power and hubris, decidedly male characteristics, to a womans role by slaying her own children, in a society where women's identity was dependent on having a husband and bearing children. Finally, Medea does not commit suicide, as do the other Greek heroines of the time but she takes on male behavioral characteristics as she exhibits intelligence and an ability to control herself emotionally as she designs her plot for retribution. Medea is determined not to let herself become the traditional female victim in a Greek tragedy. She insists on her right to do what her male counterparts have traditionally done in the past.

In ancient Greek society, murder is commonly associated with male protagonists, in fact, the crimes that Medea commits are no worse than the kinds of butchery committed by the great male heroes of tragedy and epic commonly associated with women. One of these crimes is the courageous slaying of her brother which she claims she has done for the sake of Jason, lamenting, "Oh My Father! Oh my country! In what dishonor / I left you, killing my own brother for it" (6, 4-5). She further goes on to justify and rationalize her plans for the murder of Creon and his daughter Glauke, and she does not have any remorse but feels it is just retribution for her dishonor. "If I can find the means or devise any scheme / To pay my husband back for what he has done to me-/Him and his father-in-law and the girl who married him-/…For in other ways a woman / is full of fear, defenseless, dreads the sight of cold / Steel; but when once she is wronged in the matter of love, / No other soul can hold so many thoughts of blood" (, -). When Medea says that she is one who can hurt my enemies and help my friends (6, 6), she is essentially justifying her actions according to certain "code" of behavior traditionally set aside only for male heroic, just and courageous actions. Medea represents herself as the "new female", she attempts to strike at the very heart of the patriarchy in which she is bound, and seeks to destroy Jason's identity as he destroyed hers.

In ancient Athenian society, women could only aspire to a single identity--that of a wife and mother. She loses this semblance of an identity when Jason marries Creons daughter. Medea has none of the traditional male options available to her to regain her lost honor, such as personal combat or duel with her enemy or rushing into battle. Women at this time had only one destiny and one fate--to marry and have children. When her honor, her very identity, is taken from her, she refuses to lay down and die and be the traditional victim, she strikes back at her oppressor with cunning ruthlessness and a surprising lack of moral fortitude, using her children as pawns to cause hurt in return of the pain caused by her enemy "…for I shall kill my own children…For those children he had from me he will never / see alive again…" (6 , 0-1). Her guile and absolute refusal to view herself as a victim is apparent when she says, "Let no one think me a weak one, feeble-spirited, / A stay-at-home, but rather just the opposite." (6, 5-6). Medea displays extreme pride, which is stereotyped as a male characteristic. She is willing to sacrifice everything, including her children, to restore her reputation. She is fully cognizant in what she is planning to do. "I know indeed what evil I intend to do, / But stronger than all my afterthoughts is my fury / Fury that brings upon mortals the greatest evils" (5, 10-1). It is a common belief that a woman's weakness is her children, but this is not the case with Medea. Her sense of pride prevails over her maternal instincts. Medea seeks vengeance with the same forceful determination to rectify the situation as a man would. A woman seeking revenge challenges society's view of women as weak and passive. Medea will go to great lengths to hurt Jason for the wrongs he committed against her in order to restore her honor. In doing so, she defines her new identity.

At first, in realizing that her identity had been taken away, Medea dwells in self-pity until contriving a scheme that will avenge her hurt. Wallowing in self-contempt is generally a quality attributed to women by society, it also is the tragic flaw that is set up to illicit pity and sympathy for the protagonists of Greek tragedy. They must suffer some incredible pain in order to be justified in their actions to avenge themselves. Medea at first, is so distraught after her marriage with Jason ended that she wanted to die, crying out to in a speech to her female friends, "My friends, I only want to die / It was everything to me to think well of one man" (8, 4-5). As her soliloquy continues and she begins to hear herself, she begins to embody more of what is considered to be "male characteristics" saying, "I would very much rather stand / Three times in the front of battle than bear one child" (, 1-14), indicating she is less willing to "play the victim" role than what was previously intonated. Until finally, she realizes that she must avenge her honor and punish those who did her harm, "If I can find the means or devise any scheme / To pay my husband back for what he has done to me…" (, -4). It is at this point Medea acknowledges that she will not take the "traditional" route and kill herself in answer to her suffering. She will, in fact, do quite the opposite. She instead begins to use her guile and cunning, which involves emotional control not traditionally assigned to female characters in Greek tragedy, in order to form her plot for retribution. This is evidenced in her dealings with Creon, in her "bargaining" for one extra day before she and her children are forced into exile when she pleads, "Allow me to remain here for just this one day, / So I may consider where to live in my exile" (1, 5-6). Meanwhile, she it is clear she is using him for her own gain when she rhetorically asks the Chorus, "Do you think that I would have ever fawned on that man / Unless I had some end to gain or profit in it?" (1, -). Medea, then, as a result of her intelligence, emotional control and cunning, differs dramatically from any other "heroine" of this time, embodying decidedly male characteristics.

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Medea defied the society's stereotypes of male and female characters, and simultaneously defined a new view of women in that society. Throughout Euripides' Medea, the protagonist exhibited the tendencies of the epic male hero while revolting against the more "female" aspects as realized in Athenian society. As a result of this, she stands apart from other women as they were portrayed then, and stands closer than ever to her male counterparts in Greek tragedy.

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Bismarck's role in the unfication of Germany

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Q - Account for Bismarck's use of the forces of Nationalism and Liberalism in the unification of the German states up to 1871.

Otto Von Bismarck was instrumental in the unification of German states up for 1871. His experience as ambassador in St. Petersburg and Paris gave him considerable experience in foreign affairs, and his aim sought to deliver Prussia a higher status in Europe. Representing the Junker class, Bismarck was a great opportunist, delivering and commanding decisions well by exploiting situations at the right time. He accomplished unification through diplomatic persuasion and well prepared wars. He would often have individual tactics from the King.

Germans awarded much praise to Bismarck in the era, even some pronouncing him as a political genius. Today's' Historians are perhaps not so defiant in Bismarck's tactics, but rather his time of emergence and ability to exploit opportunities. An example is when Bismarck claimed "Man cannot create the current of events. He can only float with it and steer". In the 1850's, Prussia's rival, Austria was declining in hierarchy and dominance. Bad decisions and long-term mistakes would creep into Austrian politics after the death Schwarzenberg in 185. However, Prussia would continue it's impressive economic position and this increased nationalistic views and attitudes.

Meternich was determined to keep Austria in the 'drivers' seat'. Perhaps influenced by France, Meternich saw Germany as ripe for revolution from a combination of political unrest and social discontent. Senior posts in the Army, political power and all forms of bureaucracy would stay only with the noble class, which agitated the Middle class. Agricultural labourers and urban workers lived and worked in terrible conditions. An era of new technology left many people unemployed and caused protests in several industries. Together with potato blight, cholera, drought and economic inflation, the position heightened in tension.

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As if a long-term showdown was rumoured, Prussia had a head-start. Prussia had well trained military due to it's huge disciplined army, and it also had a growing economy from establishment of railroads as well the strong iron and steel production. In an entity ruled by King Wilhelm who appointed Bismarck in 186 to settle a dispute between the King and parliament over military reforms, there was everything but regression. In fact, the king gave Bismarck both full control of foreign and domestic affairs. Bismarck was a driven man who took whatever form of action necessary in order to achieve his desired goals.

When arriving on the scene and claiming there was no current provision to sort disputes in the constitution, Bismarck granted power back to the King, who in turn continued to collect taxes in order to finance the growing Prussian military. Bismarck released his famous "Iron and Blood" declaration in impeccable timing to the Prussian people, as a dispute with neighbours' Denmark shadowed closely.

In the year of 186, Denmark attempted to include a heavily German spoken region called Schleswig-Holstein in her own Kingdom. The Danish King breached a 185 Treaty of London, and due to gross unrest from Nationalists and Liberals back home, the Diet formed an alliance of Hanover, Saxony, Prussia and Austria. In a strategic move by Bismarck, he went against the Diet and only welcomed the Austrian alliance, determined to stand Prussia as the leader and gain support from Nationalists. The Danes were defeated and Bismarck demonstrated his willingness to overrule the Diet's rules in order to get what he wanted.

By this stage, Bismarck had already forecasted one move further than Austria. With war in mind, talks were made to France to keep her out of any involvement. This is an immensely important move towards the fulfilling task of the establishment of German national unity under the leadership of the King of Prussia. Bismarck eager to keep "on a roll", quickly released a constitution doing exactly his aims; to exclude Austria from German unification. This blatant move to create anger from Austria invited conflict and war soon broke out. Once again, Bismarck had timed this war well as his ruthless army took just six weeks to defeat Austria. Bismarck made an effort to stop a complete demolishment of Austria "to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge" as Bismarck said in 1866.

Although it was not the liberals that united Germany, Bismarck received much support from them when he created a new North German Confederation. One assumes this was a dramatic change for Bismarck from when he studied law in the (Liberal) University of Göttingen, where his hatred of liberalism intensified. One liberal by the name of Von Schering claimed "I bow before the genius of Bismarck. I have forgiven the man everything he has up to now".

Prussia spearheaded the combination of seventeen small German states, and all were left little choice but to join the new government. Bismarck's foreign policy included nationalistic traits, for example, the purpose of safeguarding the internal and external security of Germany. Other advantages include morale unity, equal commercial laws, common administration of affairs and an unobstructed internal economy.

Bismarck, carefully edited the Kings words to give an impression that the King Wilhelm had insulted the French ambassador. France immediately declared war on Prussia in 1870. The south German states aligned between North Germany and France felt the threat of War and joined the North German Confederation. At this point, Bismarck perhaps could not believe his luck, or perhaps better described as an operation gone perfectly to the blueprint. Prussia defeated France in two months. King Wilhelm was crowned Kaiser of the new German Empire and Germany received five billion francs and the regions of Alsace and Lorraine. This was utter embarrassment for the French and another successful war campaign from Bismarck.

Bismarck was the architect of a policy that came to be known as realpolitik this means practical politics. During his time as Prime Minister he stay focused to his prime aim of strengthening Prussia. Alliances to him, were mere relationships that could be sacrificed conveniently in order to an opportunity. Although Bismarck supported democracy, this was only done to gain support from the public, However he dismissed liberalism and used it to improve his status amongst a fast growing Liberal movement at the time. Even in his most aggressive international conflicts, he would closely watch international affairs to work one opportunity off another in order to have reason to go ahead. One example is when Denmark let him take control and display his power over the diet, and in turn, declares war against Austria, and later on France. In the short period of just five years, Bismarck and his German unification became the most powerful country in Europe behind Britain.

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Heaney

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Heaney. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Heaney paper right on time.

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Introduction

Globalisation is an issue that has been arising in the last few years. It is an increasing worry due to loss of individuality, as people are tending to follow trends and not rate their personal traditions and culture as important. Globalisation is explained as the world unifying and being as one. It is about the developments that have occurred in the world, bringing us together.

The question states that a consequence of globalisation is man's retreat to find his personal traditions and culture. This is true is everyone retreated from global. Not everyone does though. Due to the trends and increasing technology some people have retreated to find their individuality again, but some people are happy to follow in the globalisation process.

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Seamus Heaney

Seamus Heaney was born in April 1 in County Derry in Northern Ireland. He grew up on a farm with his nine brothers and sisters and in 151, Heaney won a scholarship to the Catholic school, St. Columb's college in the city of Derry. Heaney moved to Belfast and became a lecturer at St. Joseph's and later at Queen's college. Heaney has published several volumes of poetry and although he left the farm at a young age, his experiences on the farm remained a basis for his poetry. A lot of his poetry deals with personal issues retreating from the global. Some of these poems are "Personal Helicon", "Punishment", "Digging" and "Tollund Man".

Personal Helicon

"Personal Helicon" is a poem reflecting Heaney's journey from childhood to adulthood. Mount Helicon was a place supposedly to be the home of the Muses, the Goddesses in classical mythology who inspired artists and writers. In "Personal Helicon", Heaney tells of his "personal helicon" his source of inspiration wells. He uses descriptive language such as "trapped sky" which is Heaney being drawn to the reflection in the water of the well. Heaney uses simple structure to convey the meaning of his life being five stanzas. He also uses an irregular rhyming scheme. The tone of the poem is a reminiscing one. Heaney is looking back on his childhood and showing his understanding of life and how he developed spiritually through poetry. A lot of the sentences have connotations, for example, in the third stanza he says, "a white face hovered over the bottom." He has looked in the well to see his reflection, but this could also mean if we removed our outer casings like pride insecurity, and vanity, although we would then understand ourselves better. Metaphors are expressed also, for example, "to stare, big-eyed Narcissus" and Heaney is saying that Narcissuses is like a human being with thoughts.

Heaney finishes the poem as an adult, wanting to illuminate the "darkness of life" through his poetry. "Personal Helicon" is one of Heaney's personal experiences, something that not everyone else has experienced. He has retreated from the global and expressed an event that was important to him.

Digging

"Digging" is another poem reflecting Heaney's memories from childhood. Heaney reminisces on his childhood, remembering his father digging the flowerbed and the stories about his grandfather. Heaney uses simple language to convey his meaning, for example, "my father, digging." It is easy to relate to and also utilises imagery well. He uses sound and sight, for example, "the squelch and slap" and "the curt cuts of an edge." The structure is in eight different sized stanzas. Heaney uses some rhyme and rhythm, for example, "my thumb" and "snug as a gun". Alliteration is often used as an effective form of expressing images. Some examples are, "tall tops" and "buried the bright". The tone of this poem is a reminiscing one also, as he looks back on his experiences as a child.

The poem starts and ends with references to his finger, thumb and pen. This is showing the theme of the poem. Heaney has a pen and decides to dig with that. He doesn't have a spade like his father and grandfather, but he'll dig with his pen. He is still following family traditions but with a pen, not a spade. "Digging" is relatively similar to "Personal Helicon" as they both talk about personal childhood memories. Heaney has moved away from national issues to concentrate on his own memories.

Punishment

"Punishment" is a poem by Heaney that is based on the "bodies in the bog." Heaney was very fascinated by the Bog people and composed a number of poems about them. In this particular poem, a young girl was dug up and was thought to be an adulteress. Heaney describes about how he imagined she would've looked and felt the day of her death. He uses simple language, yet it is very descriptive and effective. An example of a simile is "like a stubble of black corn" which is comparing the girl's shaved head to corn that has been buried in mud. Heavy alliteration and assonance sounds are used to express the weight of her body and weight of sorrow. An example of this is "body in the bog" and "floating rods and boughs." The "o" and "b" sounds are heavy. The arrangement of the poem is simple and yet tightly structured. It has eleven stanzas of roughly even length and no rhyme. It almost seems to be a short story broken up into stanzas.

The tone of this poem is empathetic, as Heaney empathises with the girl. He tries to understand what has happened, "I almost love you," he feels for her. Heaney has concentrated on one person's in the bog. He finds the bogs fascinating and has expressed one of the stories. This particular bog is in Ireland so he has focused on his own personal culture and beliefs, completely separated from the rest of the world.

Nell

"Nell" is a movie about a young woman named Nell who lives in the wilderness with her mother. Nell's mother dies, and whilst removing her body, the sheriff and the doctor, Jerome, come across Nell. They never knew she existed and Jerome becomes fascinated by her, and starts to observe her actions. A psychologist, Paula, is taken into this scenario also, to keep observations on her. Nell has her own language and routines that she conducts on a regular basis. Chaos occurs when the court decides she should be taken into the real world.

The movie uses an effective landscape to portray Nell's surroundings. It is desolate with a lake and lots of green forest. The language Nell uses is very effective as it's a whole new thing to try and decipher. The images of the landscape and "real world" are effective in showing the differences that Nell must embrace. The tone of the movie is at times encouraging and at others a sense of loss. Nell loses her mother and identical twin, both of whom knew her ways, and now she is surrounded by strangers who want to see "the wild woman." It is encouraging when Nell connects with her doctor, Jerome, as she is experiencing so many knew things. "Nell" is about retreating into the global and retreating back out. Because she started out by herself, it was near impossible for her to stay in society so she retreats back to her personal traditions and culture.

Conclusion

It is hard to say whether retreating from the global is a good thing or bad thing. If everyone retreats from globalisation, everyone will be selfish and self-centred. Globalisation needs to be carefully looked at and considered, as individuality is important. It is what makes a person and if the world gets tangled up in trends, there will be no individuality.

Please note that this sample paper on Heaney is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Heaney, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Heaney will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Electro Convulsive Therapy: Restoring the Mind

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Electroshock Therapy, Restoring The Mind

By Ellen Bloom

Modern psychiatry began in the latter half of the 1th century with the identification, by European neuropsychiatrists, of separate mental disorders. At the time three mental illnesses dominated the clinical scene, neurosyphisis, described as dementia paralytica, dementia praecox (schizophrenia today), and manic depressive insanity. Caretakers of the mentally ill commonly resorted to chains, restraining chairs, cold and hot baths, and seclusion. Morphine, bromides, barbiturates, and chloral hydrate kept patients asleep but did little to heal their illnesses. The mentally ill were housed in large state supported hospitals with full authority to treat inmates. Many experimental and unsafe treatments were done. Bodily infections were considered a cause of mental disorder, so teeth, tonsils, gall bladder and large sections of the colon were removed. Many patients died. Surgical removal of sexual organs, salpingectomy and vasectomy was another treatment. It became mandatory to sterilize criminals, idiots, imbeciles and rapists in 0 states in 1040.

Ladislas Meduna, a physician trained in neurology and neuropathology, was examining human postmortem specimens at the Hungarian Psychiatric Research Institute in Budapest. He observed that patients with dementia had fewer than the normal number of neuroglia and that the brains of patients with epilepsy had markedly more. The neuroglia are the myriads of branched cells in the central nervous system that provide a supporting network for the neurons, the main cells of the brain that are the basis for thought, memory, emotion and action. He surmised that if he could develop epileptic seizures in patients he would reduce dementia. The first seizure therapy was done by injecting camphor-in-oil and his patient recovered without harm, and improved mental state. The Metrazol therapy was a frightening event because of the severe side effects, and at the University Hospital in Rome a year old man was admitted for the first ECT procedure ever done. A team headed by Ugo Cerletti and Luigi Bini applied a current that produced a grand mal seizure and the patient improved and recovered.

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Now electroshock is a treatment for severe and persistent emotional disorders. The physician, following a prescribed procedure, induces an epileptic seizure in the brain,. By making sure that the patient's lungs are filled with oxygen, the physician precludes the gasping and difficult breathing that accompanies an epileptic seizure. The physiologic functions of the body are monitored, and anything out of the ordinary is immediately treated.

The treatment is safe for patients of all ages, from children to the elderly, for people with debilitating systemic illnesses and for pregnant women. It relieves symptoms more quickly and lastingly than the use of psychotropic drugs. Treatments are usually given three times a weed for two to seven weeks. To sustain recovery, weekly or biweekly treatments are administered for several months. The duration of a course of electroconvulsive therapy is similar to that of the psychotropic medications frequently used for the same condition.

Electroshock treatment is an option when the emotional disorder is acute in onset, when there are pronounced changes in mood, thought, and motor activities, when the cause is believed to be biochemical or physiological, when the condition is so severe that it interferes with the patient's daily life, or when other treatments have failed.

Modern ECT uses a square-wave form of energy which has a slight, effect on memory. The frequency of the square waves varies from 0 to 60 cycles per second, with a pulse of 0.5, 1.0, or .0 milliseconds. The duration of the stimulation varies between 0. to 8.0 seconds, and delivers from 5 to 500 millicoulombs of energy. Amplifiers record the EEG and the ECG during the seizure, permitting the doctor to evaluate the quality of each treatment.

Treatments are usually given in the morning. Because some people become nauseated by anesthetic, the patient consumes no food or liquid after midnight. The patient is administered a general anesthetic, and monitoring electrodes are attached to the body. After the preparations are completed, the patient is asked to breathe deeply as oxygen is given through a mask. A sedative is administered through the intravenous line and puts the patient to sleep. Blood pressure is monitored. A stimulator, applied to a nerve in the face, arm or leg will show whether the muscle is relaxed. When the twitches stop the muscles are properly relaxed for treatment. The mouth guard is put in the mouth to prevent damage to the teeth or jaw during the electrical stimulus. The stimulus is then passed, and the brain seizure stimulate. The patient is not aware of the passage of current, the seizure or any aspect of the actual treatment.

The patient breaths unassisted within three minutes after the treatment is completed. As he awakens, he is asked to give his name, date and the mane of the hospital. Awareness improves rapidly within 15 minutes. Older patients, however may require observation for a few days. If the patient complains of a backache or muscle stiffness, the muscle relaxant was not adequate.

Melancholic patients with psychosis who are adequately treated have an immediate and excellent response. For those who experience a sudden onset of a manic delirium or rapid-cycling manic, the results are excellent, provided the treatment course is intensive. Frequently that means daily treatments. Patients who have been psychotic for months and years may respond so slowly that the course will not show effects until they have had three to five weeks of treatment. The catatonic patient treated almost always finds relief after two or four sessions. Absence of relief is probably the result of inadequate treatment.

What most people don't know is that ECT has fewer risks than does treatment with psychotropic drugs. Sixty years ago patients risked fractures, recurrent seizures, and memory changes, but modern procedures have eliminated those risks. Fractious or recurrent seizures are rare and usually reflect technical errors. The risk of death during ECT is rare.

The prevalent belief that ETC impairs memory is based on the early experiences of patients who were treated without anesthesia or ventilation. Such treatments were associated with sever and persistent memory losses. But present practice is no longer associated with those devastating complaints. It is the mental illness that impairs the knowledge of the patient.

ECT therapy has long suffered from a controversial and bizarre public image, a reputation that has effectively removed it as treatment options for many patients. But 45 years of clinical and research experience says that ETC therapy is now a safe, effective, painless and sometimes lifesaving treatment for emotional and mental disorders.

References

Convulsive Therapy

Lothar Kalinowsky 188

Sage Publications

Fifty Years in Neurology

AE Bennet

Continental Book Publishing Company 17

Convulsive Therapy Theory and Practice

M. Fink

Raven Press 18

Undercurrents A Therapist's Reckoning with Depression

M. Manning

Harper Collins, New York 14

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Meteorology

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Meteorology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Meteorology paper right on time.

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Being that we are the third rock from the sun, we constantly are interacting with its' atmosphere and weather. Meteorology plays a constant role in our everyday lifestyle. It affects us as individuals also businesses such as agriculture as well as travel. It is important to understand the fundamentals of how this meteorology system works.

First of we all know that the sun gives out heat. Along with the heat the sun also sends out energy in the form as solar radiation. Solar radiation can pass through space and the gases in the atmosphere. Solar energy heats anything that it hits. Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another. Energy is either potential energy, (stored energy) or kinetic energy, (movement energy).The sun is very hot and emits solar radiation. The energy from solar radiation can be changed to heat energy as in solar heating, electrical energy using a photovoltaic cell as in solar cars, and to chemical energy by photosynthesis in green plants (http//www.sustainableenergy.qld.edu.au/html/what.html).

There is a popular misconception that the seasons on the Earth are caused by varying distances of the Earth from the Sun on its elliptical orbit. This is not correct. One way to see that this reasoning may be in error is to note that the seasons are out of phase in the Northern and Southern hemispheres when it is Summer in the North it is Winter in the South. The primary cause of the seasons is the .5 degree of the Earths rotation axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, This means that as the Earth goes around its orbit the Northern hemisphere is at various times oriented more toward and more away from the Sun, and likewise for the Southern hemisphere (http//csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/seasons.html).

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Air pressure and fronts define arctic atmospheric circulation patterns. Air pressure is a measure of the force exerted by air on all objects. Air pressure is related to temperature. Given equal volumes, warm air is lighter (less dense) than cold air and consequently exerts less pressure Changes in air pressure often signify weather changes. Rising air pressure usually means fair weather, whereas falling air pressure generally signals stormy weather. This is because a drop in air pressure often indicates that a cyclone, or low pressure system, is moving into an area, bringing clouds and precipitation. A rise in air pressure frequently means that an anticyclone, or high pressure system is moving into an area, bringing fair weather. A change in air pressure signals the advance or passage of a front. Fronts are the narrow transition-zone boundaries separating two air masses of contrasting properties (temperature and humidity). Low pressure systems often develop along frontal boundaries and cloud cover and precipitation often occurs in the vicinity of fronts.Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air and can be described in different ways, including relative humidity, which is the term used most often in weather information meant for the public. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the amount of vapor needed to make the air saturated at the airs current temperature. Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air, not the total amount of vapor and liquid. For clouds to form, and rain to start, the air does have to reach 100% relative humidity, but only where the clouds are forming or where the rain is coming from. This normally happens when the air rises and cools. Often, rain will be falling from clouds where the humidity is 100% into air with a lower humidity. Some water from the rain evaporates into the air its falling through, increasing the humidity, but usually not enough to bring the humidity up to 100% (http//nsidc.org/arcticmet/factors/pressure.html).

The earth's atmosphere is interesting. The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air which we call the atmosphere. It reaches over 560 kilometers (48 miles) from the surface of the Earth, so we are only able to see what occurs fairly close to the ground. Early attempts at studying the nature of the atmosphere used clues from the weather, the beautiful multi-colored sunsets and sunrises, and the twinkling of stars. With the use of sensitive instruments from space, we are able to get a better view of the functioning of our atmosphere. Everything one earth is supported by the atmosphere, solar energy, and our plaent's magnetic field. The atmosphere absorbs the energy from the Sun, recycles water and other chemicals, and works with the electrical and magnetic forces to provide a moderate climate. The atmosphere also protects us from high-energy radiation and the frigid vacuum of space. The envelope of gas surrounding the Earth changes from the ground up. Four distinct layers have been identified using thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density (http//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html).

A meteorologist job is try to predict what the weather will be. They use all kinds of equipment to come up with this data. Hundreds of thousands of pieces of data are collected every day from weather stations, radiosondes, satellites, and observers. To process this amount of information requires ever more powerful computers to perform the millions of calculations per second needed to model and predict the worlds ever changing weather. The mathematics of weather forecasting are very complex. Surprisingly, most information about the weather is collected by small automated land-based weather stations around the world. This has, to a large extent, replaced networks of observers around the country. Often these weather stations are similar to one you might find in a home or school garden. They are housed in a Stevenson screen or box which shelters the measuring instruments from direct sunlight and rain, whilst allowing air to flow freely. Some are still visited by observers who copy the information down by hand. One helpful devise is satellite. Satellite-derived data helps improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. The information and pictures we can get help us to understand how weather works. They also help us to anticipate weather events better for example, hurricane warnings (http//www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/basics_fronts.shtml.

The pattern of a weather system is not consistent because the weather is constantly changing. Air masses and accompanying fronts do not remain stationary for long. Although their movements are never exactly the same, they do exhibit some patterns that help meteorologists and others predict the weather. The boundary between two air masses is called a front. As a result, moving fronts indicate a change in the weather. On a weather map fronts are drawn where there is a large change in temperature and a shift in wind direction. A front can also be described as the boundary between adjacent Highs with different conditions

(http//vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/weather/hsweathr/patterns.html).

In conclusion, understanding the earth and its atmosphere is very important for the future of this planet. It is critical that we as individuals in society start taking care of this planet by reducing pollution and recycling so that the next generation can live in a healthy environment.

Please note that this sample paper on Meteorology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Meteorology, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Meteorology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Uncertain Love

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Uncertain Love

Love is a very complex subject and some couples may think they have found it, but in reality only a few may have had the privilege of experiencing it. In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tom Buchanan and his wife Daisy, along with Jay Gatsby, are entangled in relationships based on wealth, possession, and obsession.

Tom viewed his beautiful wife Daisy as a possession rather than a soul mate. He seemed to think that to love someone you had to dominate them. His relationship was based on him controlling his wife and he loved being able to do so. Mr. Buchanan obviously didn't care for Daisy and proved it by cheating on her with Myrtle Wilson. Money was extremely important in keeping his marriage alive and Tom used it to buy Daisy expensive things such as a string of pearls worth $50,000 which in the present day would be worth well over $5,000,000. Tom did not think much of Gatsby and when Daisy told him that she was leaving him for Jay he replied, "She's not leaving me! Certainly not for a common swindler who'd have to steal the ring to put it on her finger!" That statement revealed that he felt superior to Gatsby and was very confident that Daisy would remain with him. Later, he even let Daisy ride home with Gatsby, again showing his assurance in their partnership. Though he did not seem worried he denounced his wife's affair and even claimed it was a step toward the eventual collapse of society and inter-racial marriage "Nowadays people begin sneering at family life…and have intermarriage between black and white." Tom was the ultimate hypocrite; he condemned his wife's affair but had no qualms about his own infidelity. This just showed how ignorant he really was. Tom Buchanan had it all, the money, a beautiful house and his gorgeous wife Daisy the last piece to fit into his image and complete the puzzle.

The affair between Tom and Myrtle was nothing special to Tom, just another fling made possible by his money; she was a disposable that he could throw away at any time. Myrtle was a greedy woman who was impressed with Tom's incredible wealth. Her husband George was poor and she wanted the good life. One would think that you'd try to keep an affair secret, but not Tom. He flaunted their relationship in public because he was careless of the consequences and "Tom's acquaintances resented the fact that he turned up in popular restaurants with her [Myrtle] and, leaving her at a table, sauntered about chatting with whomsoever he knew." Tom definitely considered her inferior to him and showed this by slapping Myrtle across the face and breaking her nose. Tom's act of violence was brought on by her feeling she had the right to mention his wife Daisy's name and unfortunately Tom thought otherwise. This displayed what a bully and a hypocrite he truly was he carried on a public affair but was compelled to beat his mistress to keep her in her place. The strange thing was that he felt no guilt about this incident and it makes one wonder if he cared or if he was just using her for personal pleasure. Tom's greatest asset, money, once again was used to buy Myrtle whatever she wanted to keep her happy, including an Airedale that she thought was "cute." Tom's relationship with Myrtle was based on Tom controlling her with his wealth, and she was merely an amusement for his spare time.

Daisy Buchanan could not stand to wait for Gatsby and got wrapped up in money and a marriage with Tom Buchanan that she could not get out of. Her love for wealth was important to her and Tom had all the money she ever needed. She knew he was rather possessive but he gave her a sense of security that she so desperately needed. Daisy once said, "That's what I get for marrying a hulking, brute of a man," and that is what he was. A powerful man who controlled women and got what he wanted. Although she claimed to love Tom she must be missing something, or else she would not be cheating on him with Jay Gatsby. One would have assumed that Daisy would benefit if she had gotten out of the marriage but also should not blame her for staying in. She knew she could have anything she wanted whenever she wanted and all she had to do was ask. Daisy viewed her marriage with Tom as a relationship where she might not have been as happy as she wanted to be, but could be recognized in society and have money to satisfy her needs.

Daisy claimed to love Gatsby, but her love was as superficial as the image Gatsby had created with his money. Before the war, Jay Gatsby and Daisy were in love and she told him she would be waiting for him when he returned. Unfortunately for Gatsby, Daisy chose to marry Tom Buchanan who was a very, very wealthy man. When Jay returned from the war he got extremely wealthy himself and set out to get Daisy back. The first time they laid eyes on each other one would have thought that the love was as strong as it was five years earlier. It was, but only for Gatsby. Daisy got caught up in the wealth and all she wanted was the money. She obviously did not love him; she let him take the blame for Myrtle's death and went on as nothing had happened. This showed how cold and callous she truly was. Besides the money, she might have been trying to get back at her husband Tom for cheating on her, and she wanted to make him jealous. Although Daisy was caught up in Jay's riches and had a chance to be with him, in the end, she chose a man [Tom] whose money she knew was real and could not be lost.

Jay Gatsby let his lust for Daisy become an obsession and was controlled by it. He thought of nothing else but her and constantly analyzed over every little detail, keeping a scrapbook with pictures and events of her life. Gatsby remembered the past and was convinced that it could be like that once again. He organized massive parties hoping to attract her attention. Jay became delusional with love and was blinded by it. The green light at the end of Daisy's dock across the bay symbolized Gatsby's longing for her and the route to his dreams. His gorgeous mansion, his lavish parties, and all his shirts (which impressed Daisy so much) were just his way of trying to buy her love. When he kissed her five years earlier he had made a choice and committed to her, giving up his adventurous life. He so badly wanted them to be together and was determined to do everything in his power to make it happen. What he did not realize was how shallow she was; he was only concerned with her magnificent beauty. Gatsby was obsessed with Daisy but showed signs of his true love for her; taking the blame for Myrtle's death to protect her, and standing out in the rain the entire night to make sure did not face any harm. The only reason Gatsby's love was synthetic is that if he truly did love Daisy he would want her to be happy no matter what. He tried to break up the Buchanan's marriage not knowing that Daisy was only thinking of herself and would never divorce her controlling husband. Gatsby was too blinded by love to see how shallow Daisy really was and his fixation with her eventually cost him his life.

True love is an inexplicable and amazing thing that can compel human beings to act in ways which may seem eccentric. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald examined many partnerships that dealt with each character's different perspective of what love really is. Whether it be buying one's love with wealth, having someone as a possession rather than a companion, or obsessing over a lost love and trying to impress them by living a superficial life, and being someone that they thought others want them to be.

Please note that this sample paper on Uncertain Love is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Uncertain Love, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Uncertain Love will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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