In your opinion, is 'The Merchant of Venice' an anti-Semitic play? In the course of your answer, explain clearly how Shakespeare presents Christians and Jews and comment on what the play suggests about prejudice and religious values.

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In your opinion, is 'The Merchant of Venice' an anti-Semitic play?

In the course of your answer, explain clearly how Shakespeare presents Christians and Jews and comment on what the play suggests about prejudice and religious values.

The Merchant of Venice focuses a great deal on religion because it is at the centre of the whole story. Shylock (a Jew) lends money to Antonio (a Christian) and this is from where the whole problem arises and where the story begins. Neither Jew or Christian really want to do business with each other but because of the situation in Venice at the time, Jews tended to be the only money lenders so Antonio did not have a choice if he wanted to help Bassanio he had to borrow money from Shylock. Because of the "ancient grudge" between the Christians and the Jews and the fact that Shylock felt very hard done by by the Christians because of the way they treated him, he decided to use his position as the money lender to get his revenge on Antonio and demand a pound of flesh if he could not pay back the money.

"If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him."&

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The Jews and Christians have a mutual hate for one another purely based on race and both treat each other with utter contempt and would go out of their way to hurt each other just to prove a point. The Christians spit on the Jews and call them dogs and devils and the Jews lend Christians money but charge them high rates of interest and possibly ask for forfeits not unlike the one Shylock demands from Antonio.

"You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine, And all for use of that which is mine own."

Shakespeare presents the Jews in a very stereotypical way, especially Shylock. He is greedy, mercenary, spiteful and uncaring and has very few likeable qualities. He is completely evil and shows no mercy at all and when his daughter leaves him, he cares more about the money she stole from him than he does about losing her.

But, instead of making the Christians the complete opposite of the Jews, he also gives them some undesirable qualities, some which are not unlike the typical characteristics of the Jews. Portia, Antonio and Bassanio are all quite mercenary, shallow and greedy and are not even merciful at the trial when casting sentence on Shylock, and mercy is what they claim sets them apart from the Jews. The "Christian" qualities, which they all claim to have, are not there. This is what makes me think that Shakespeare did not intend the play to be anti-Semitic. If he did, then the Christians would not be so much like the Jews and they would be more like "typical Christians." Instead, we see that characters such as Antonio, Portia and Bassanio believe that they act like true Christians but in fact, they act little better than their enemies. Antonio even admits to treating Shylock badly and says that he would be happy to do it again and still calls himself a true Christian.

"I am as like to call thee so again, To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too."

Shylock then agrees to lend Antonio the money and Antonio replies;

"The Hebrew will turn Christian, he grows kind."

Antonio says this implying that only Christians are kind but the only kind thing that Antonio does in the play is lend Bassanio the money, and one could argue that he even did this for selfish reasons, to buy Bassanio's love. He has very few, typical Christian traits but still uses the fact that he is a Christian to persecute the Jews. Shylock even has reasonable excuse for wanting revenge on the Christians because Jews believe in an eye for an eye as a policy for revenge, as that is what it says in the bible, and he has been treated very badly by the Christians. This is another reason why I do not believe that Shakespeare intended the Merchant of Venice to be an anti- Semitic play. He has given us too much reason to think badly of the Christians and feel sorry for Shylock and the other Jews. The fact that the Christians force Shylock to convert at the end of the play shows the audience just how evil and unmerciful the Christians can be and we sympathise with Shylock more than with them. Shakespeare would not have left us feeling sympathetic towards Shylock if he had intended the play to be anti-Semitic. The Christians would have been merciful and we would be left thinking that Shylock got away lightly with what he had done but been left in awe at the endless mercy and kindness of the Christians. Instead, we are left thinking that Shylock was a bit hard done by and that the Christians were not very Christian and merciful. This is why I do not believe that Shakespeare intended the play to be anti-Semitic.

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The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne

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The Scarlet Letter, authored by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a historical novel based in, and written relatively shortly after early American puritanical times. Its focus is on a bleak New-England village that has crafted a limbo of Judeo-Christian order out of the vast North American wilderness.

The book was Hawthorne's claim to fame, which he fervently produced after losing his job as a customs official. It is the culmination of his previous works, including short story and poetry, many of which also had philosophical and theological themes. Hawthorne himself was a transcendentalist, a self-actualized post Calvin movement, which he and his wife studied and practiced while living on a commune at brook farm, one of the earlier Utopian societies in America. After publishing the scarlet letter, Nathaniel's career as a novelist took off, and he published several books before his death in 1864.

Like the majority of his work, in The Scarlet Letter puritan values are the neutral mud from which Hawthorne creates beautiful and articulate ideas from. Thus the story starts off with the village rabble fixing their gaze expectantly on the sturdy prison doors. Through speculation, it is learned that a woman is to emerge and be led to the pillory and be shamed before the village for her crime of adultery. As the doors open, our protagonist, Hester Prynne emerges, her shame evidenced by the babe in her arms and the blazing satin 'A' that the officials have fixed to her garment.

In the next scene, where she stands question from her station on the pillory sees most of the influential characters introduced. Her interrogator is Father Dimmesdale, the intelligent, youthful pastor, and opposite him in the crowd is Roger Chillingsworth, an aged, recently returned wanderer from Indian lands. The story is that Hester's husband sent her from Europe to live in Boston, but that he never followed, and in the meanwhile Hester pursued a more meaningful relationship that produced her bastard child. She refuses to give away the identity of the father, instead taking shame for her own, and a classic whodunit is born.

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The first character to be brought into the light is Roger Chillingsworth. He poses as a doctor and naturalist and is brought to see to Hester in her cell. As they talk, it becomes obvious that he is her estranged husband. Despite the fact that, in this weird little outpost of humanity, he is constantly reminded of the ruin of their loveless relationship and must live in obscurity, it is here that he finds the most connection. He resolves to uncover the identity of her lover, and swears her to keep his identity and motives secret.

Several years later, Arthur Dimmesdale falls ill with a heart affliction, and Chillingsworth moves in with him to see to his medical needs. He finds that his condition is the result of mental and psychosomatic distress and becomes suspicious of a tie between his and Hester's torment. Then, one day, Roger uncovers a parallel, self-inflicted letter A on Dimmesdale's breast and the situation becomes clear.

Once all the key facts are brought out in the open, the rest of the book deals with the resolution of this sticky situation, and the character's true relations to each other are made the clearer to see.

Hester's struggle was with herself. Before the events of this story, she was a passionate and mercurial woman, full of life and love. It was not a fitting fate that she should be bound to the cold, vampiric Roger Chillingsworth, and indeed she found a way out of it when she met Arthur Dimmesdale. Whatever sin they may have committed, it was wrought out of a pure, complimentary love, and although the mark she wore was meant to symbolize evil and shame, in the end, it was only a mark. Hester acknowledged that her so-called sin was just another chapter in her life, and, understanding it, she embraced and incorporated it into who she was. The only step for her before she could truly move on then was to give her child a father.

Dimmesdale was not so clear and insightful when dealing with the situation. He denied act and internalized the shame, until it grew so great and terrible within him that his body could stand it no longer. But he also learned from and created with the pain, giving his followers original and meaningful spiritual advice to apply to their lives. He then gives one last, ultimate and eloquent sermon as his testament on earth and in the end, he realizes that in order to relieve himself before death he must make things right, and in a moment of braveness he ascends to his rightful place on the pillory beside Hester and his daughter. Pearl kisses him, and he falls into a merciful death.

Roger Chillingsworth is a sad story indeed. The man was twisted and troubled from the moment of his birth, and was never fully able to give and receive in kind. He instead fueled the cold hearth inside himself with the energy of others he lingered on in this place only to exact revenge on Dimmesdale the adulterer, and was responsible for much of his cycle of denial and pain. But even the Pastor was able to come to peace with himself, and after the loss of Hester and his vengeance; he had nothing to sustain him and succumbed to fate.

This book was a stark account of the dogma, hypocrisy and sexism that too often defined colonial America. It is a story about how unnatural inhibitions and orders hampered what would have been two bright and successful lives. Even in the open township, where everything is supposed to be exposed to the judgment of god much is secret and shadow, and often one finds the essential human strength being locked away in kind. Yet, out of all the pain, and the isolation, and the wrongness that this backwards system did the people a questioning, contemplative way was born. Hester was able to put much constructive thought to the inequities and the problems of the social framework, and was able to help other women along their way, while finding her own place in the world. The conclusion of the book shows that often, the human spirit blazes brightest and clearest in time of trial and that there is nothing to lose, and everything to gain from embracing its innate truth and beauty.

Please note that this sample paper on The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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'Jesse Trevino' A true veteran artists

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A true Veteran Artists

The artist that I have chosen for this assignment is Jesse Treviño. He is a San Antonio based artists that is known for his photo-realistic paintings. He is also "internationally known for his realistic images of San Antonio landmarks and his family and friends from the Westside neighborhood" ( EyeonArt 1). What influenced me to write about Jesse Treviño was that he draws about what goes on around him. His life for example plays a big role in impacting how his paintings end up. When you view his paintings, it is easy to become aware of the facial expressions that he paints. The facial expressions seems to capture the struggles and glories of the people he is painting about. Even though, Mr. Treviño's paintings seem to follow the common Mexican struggles, in reality his paintings are showing the struggles of all types of people.

In order to understand or appreciate a painting we must first learn about the artist intentions in creating the artwork. The painting that I'm focusing on is Jesse Treviño's, 'Los Piscadores' which was drawn in 185. I chose this painting not only for its great artistic features but also because it captures so much emotion and life in this painting. The painting shows two persons in a big green field picking cotton. Before we get into the significance of the painting I would like to talk about the artist Jesse Treviño.

Jesse Treviño's life began in Monterey, Mexico in 146. By the early 150's his family migrated into the United States. San Antonio was the town that would exert influence upon Mr. Treviño paintings. At the young age of six Jesse won his first art contest. When he graduated from Fox Technical High School he "won a scholarship to attend the Art Students League in New York, where he studied under portrait artist William Duper" writes Salas Abel (1). But he only attended school for a short time as his life took a bad turn; as he had to decline a scholarship to study arts in Paris when he was drafted by Uncle Sam to fight in the Vietnam War. Instead of avoiding the Vietnam war and going back to his native country Mexico, he chose to fight in Vietnam. One reason he chose to go to war was because his brothers also had served in the military. Soon after entering the war he was gun downed in battle and was severely injured. Doctor's did there best but were unable to save his right artistic hand. Quoting from Treviño "I remember lying in the rice paddy bleeding and thinking I wouldn't be able to paint again because my [right] hand was gone" said Treviño (Brown ). Unfortunately, his long lived dream to be and artist appeared to have terminated.Rehabilitation wasn't easy for Mr. Treviño, as it took him two years just to recover from his injuries. His temptation to draw once again awakened his spirit, and "with the help and support of the staff of San Antonio College, Our lady of the Lake University, and the University of Texas in San Antonio, he learned to paint with his left hand" adds Treviño (1). Everyone may grow up with a dream, yet many are quick to change their minds once obstacles are placed in front of them. But, for Mr. Treviño there was nothing that was going to stop him from reaching his goal. Even if it proposed going back to school and learning how to draw with his left hand. Now he's a well established artist who has the Gods given ability to capture the pains and struggles in paintings. That's just what he happens to achieve in the painting 'Los Piscadores', he captures the exhausting facial expression of an old man picking cotton.

'Los Piscadores' seem to shed light on farm pickers who struggle just to survive. This painting shows the sorrow and painful nature of an old man working to stay alive. The drawing is trying to point out the behavior of how farm pickers usually live there entire lives picking and having little to show for. Pickers usually work ten to twelve hour shifts and get paid about fifty to a hundred dollars a month. Something like that makes you think by what means could someone live in happiness when they know that their entire life is going to be spent working. An average man sleeps a third of his live, leaving only sixteen hours to enjoy, when you have to work twelve hours you only have a few hours left before you go to sleep. When you think about it, what is left for a man/woman en route for life able to do? How would a picker feel when he realizes that he's not going anywhere anytime soon? In this case Mr. Treviño happens to capture the right look and attitude of a man who knows his career is only a survival one. That's the purpose of not seeing the old man smiling in this drawing.

In the other hand we have a young boy, with the biggest smile in life. The purpose of the young kid smiling is too show the difference between a young inexperienced kid and the old experienced man. The difference between the two are the smiling faces, for the older man there's no sign of happiness but for the kid everything is great at that young curiosity age. The young kid is happy to work in the big green fields, nothing seems better at that moment. But, what seems great in helping out in the fields, may not be good in the long run. A young kid doesn't know the hard work and physical capabilities you need to endure picking cotton in a day to day basis.

When you look at a painting its hard to think about how much time or what kind of work did it take to make this artwork. Doing this paper made me realize what kind of effort was put forth into this painting. Not only does 'Los Piscadores' seem much more appreciable but all of Mr. Treviño's paintings. When I researched the painting the main thing that caught my eye was that he drew this painting after he had loss his right arm. Not only was that amazing, but to learn how he had to start all over with his left hand was unbelievable. Making 'Los Piscadores' much more special to write about. Mr. Treviño does a great job in drawing the photo realistic painting of 'Los Piscadores', capturing all the facial details of the young boy and the old man. Leaving you to think of why is it that one is smiling and one is not so happy.

Works Cited Page

Brown, Chip. "San Antonio artists unveils -1/-story mural".

Oct. 17. 1 Dec.00. http//textnews.com/texas7/mural1007.html

EyeonArt. "Eye On Art". 1 December 00.

http//www.eyeconart.net/history/postmodern.htm

Treviño, Jesse. "More About The Artists". 1 December 00.

http//www.jessetrevino.com/aboutjesse/index.asp

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Blade Runner as a postmodernist film

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Blade Runner as a Postmodernist Film

Postmodernism is a term that is difficult to pin down but it used more and more widely to describe aspects of the culture of the last three decades. One of the main features is its eclecticism the mixing and matching of different stylistic elements. Some who use the term welcome it as liberation from the ideas of and reverence for "high culture" (for example, opera, ballet, painting, classic literature, etc) and the disparaging of "low culture" (television, popular cinema, comics, etc). Others see postmodernism as a trivialisation of culture by irresponsible academics caught up in admiration for the glitter of consumer capitalism and its moral emptiness.

Postmodernism describes conditions prevailing in the last three decades of the twentieth century, especially in the production of media artefacts, where there is a superabundance of images and styles in television, pop videos, film, advertising, etc - which are readily available for recycling. The traditionally valued qualities of coherence, meaning, originality and authenticity are replaced by a random swirl of empty signs to produce a culture of disposable imitations, superficiality, "simulacra" (copies without originals), style valued over substance, surface appearance over depth, a mixing and matching of diverse styles.

Another aspect of postmodernism arises from the view that it is no longer possible to have general theories of how humanity and society function, called "grand narratives" or "metanarratives" - theories which attempt to explain how history and society functions (such as Marxism which explains historical development in terms of the class struggle).

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One way of approaching postmodernism is to see it as an attempt to deal with the breakdown in the way we look at things which have come about in recent years with the advances in information and communications technology. In previous eras it would take a considerable time for ideas to circulate. With email it is possible to send messages to anywhere in the globe in seconds; you can read a web version of a newspaper from anywhere in the world on the internet on the day of publication. There is therefore an overwhelming amount of information available to us. This, according to some, must have a profound effect on the very way we think.

The main stylistic features of postmodernism might be summed up as follows

· Depthlessness a concern for surface appearance, style over substance. This involves a playful attitude towards cultural artefacts

· Hybridity - an eclectic mixing of styles from different times and places, recycling of images, mixing and matching, intertextual references, the transformation of found materials into a new text (called "bricolage")

· Intertextuality, referencing not just different genres but the way in which specific texts are "quoted" in other texts. (Think of the way that television advertisements where incidentally Blade Runner director Ridley Scott learned his trade often refer to films, television shows and even other adverts.

· Intertextuality often involves another feature of postmodern texts how the same text can be appreciated in different ways by different audiences the mainstream audience which reads the film in a straightforward way and the "cineliterate" (or "smart" or film buff ) audience which recognises the intertextual references.

Despite its underlying seriousness of tone, Blade Runner has several features which would allow us to consider it a postmodern text.

· The replicants are "copies without originals" ("simulacra")

· There is an eclectic mixture of styles in the set design, props, clothing etc. 140s film noir styles (both Rachel and Deckard) coexist with punk (Pris), sixties fashion (Zhora) and Hari Krishna. Bryant is the embodiment of the corrupt policemen in film noir and crime film for the last five decades. The language of the street, "cityspeak", is an amalgam of Japanese, Chinese, Spanish and German. There are diverse architectural styles giant futuristic buildings resembling Mayan pyramids with microchip exteriors, modern-day downtown LA with New York.

A good example of postmodernist style in Blade Runner is the scene where Deckard runs after Zhora through the city streets at night. She is wearing fashion from "swinging sixties" Londona see-through raincoat he wears a 140s trenchcoat. The streets are teeming with a diverse population of punk rockers, chanting hari krishna followers, people in 10s military uniforms, and in oriental headgear; there are Catholic nuns in extravagant headwear that was no longer worn by the 160s. Passers-by are carrying familiar-looking umbrellas but with neon handles. In the background are neon advertising blimps for familiar brand-names such as Atari and Budweisser. On the streets there are cars and buses. This cornucopia of diverse and eclectic images is shown against an equally eclectic soundtrack. These combined images and sounds express the chaos of modern urban living as much as anticipating what life in the future will be like.

The film's intertextual reference is not limited to its generic hybridity. It "quotes" other texts. As Rick Instrell puts it

Post-modernism has a self-conscious fascination with style, with mixing different genres; it frequently uses parody and pastiche … But whereas parody tends to poke fun at the style it is imitating, often in order to satirise it, pastiche tends to imitate in order to flatter the style it is imitating. Pastiche, in particular, is a central feature in the surface or depthless nature of post-modern texts. Images refer only to themselves or other pre-existent images rather than any realities in the world outside. In Blade Runner, examples of this abound. Deckard traces Zhora the replicant snake charmer to a nightclub, affecting a slightly effeminate voice to disguise his real intent. This is surely a direct reference to the scene where private eye Philip Marlowe (Humphrey Bogart) visits the Geiger bookstore in the 146 classic The Big Sleep. There is no sense of parody in the playing of the scene, however. The reference is merely available to you provided you are familiar with The Big Sleep.

This tendency to "quote" from other texts is typical of the modern advertising industry where Ridley Scott developed his skills.

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Global Warming

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What happens when too much carbon dioxide gets omitted into the Earth's atmosphere? The condition known as Global Warming occurs. Global Warming is the rising of the Earth's surface temperature due to chemicals in the atmosphere. Global Warming has many threats on the climate and even the health of the people on this planet. Some of these threats include the altering of crop seasons and even effect the way organisms survive on the planet. The first thing I think I should discuss when talking about global warming is what causes it to occur. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, which are known as greenhouse gases, all build up in the atmosphere of the earth. All these gases make it so that it becomes harder for the radiation that the sun shines into the atmosphere to escape. The heat continues to build up and this is what causes the temperatures to increase. I know this seems like the temperatures increase massively but in the last hundred years the average temperature of the Earth has gone up between 0.8 and 1.0 degrees farenheight. Also in the last fifteen years, we have had the ten warmest years in record. Global Warming also helps the Earth and it has been for many years. Without global warming, the Earth's temperature would be a lot lower than the 60-degree average. Unfortunately due to there being many more harmful "greenhouse gases" being placed into the atmosphere, instead of the temperature staying at a constant, its rising. What are many of the dangers of the Earth's temperature rising? First of all it cause many of the glaciers that are floating in the Arctic and Greenland to melt. This in turn causes the sea levels to rise around the world. In the last hundred years alone the seas around the planet have risen anywhere from four to ten inches. I know it does not sound like a massive change but being able to raise all the seas in the world a whole ten inches is a huge problem. Sea levels also continue to rise is because the hotter temperature cause the ocean water to expand. An example of the sea level causing problems could happen on a little Native Island in the middle of an Ocean. On these islands usually where native tribes live, if the sea level rises three fourths of a meter then half of the island will sink. This could happen in many different islands around the world and if the water keeps on rising as it is, then farming land near the seashores will be flooded and the crops will be destroyed and many farmers will be left without much to live off of. The melting of the glaciers are also causing some problems in the Himalayas. Many of the tips of the mountain's in that area. Massive flooding and rivers that are well above their normal levels are threatening the crops and homes in the area. Many of the locals that live in the area and many of the scientists that are surveying the area are saying that the glaciers are melting at a phenomenal rate. Another danger that comes with the changing of the climate is that the increased heat causes more evaporation to occur in the hotter climates. This causes there to be more precipitation in many other climates that are not used to handling massive rainfalls. The increased rainfall also leads to speeding up the process of the sea levels rising. Health is also something that becomes threatened because of global warming. Heat becomes a huge factor in the health of humans, especially the elderly. Incidents such as heat stroke head exhaustion and diseases increase drastically. The heat makes it possible for mosquitoes and other insects to transmit diseases. This is something that happened in New York during this summer. A very rare disease called St. Louis Emphyitis (spelling?) that would spread in puddles of water that mosquitoes would drink out of due to the heat. These mosquitoes would then bite humans and infect them with this disease. I don't recall how many people, if any died due to this, but it did cause a bit of a panic in the New York Metropolitan area. Heat is not the only weather problem. Global Warming doesnt only increase temperatures in hot areas. It also decreases temperatures in cold areas. An example of this has been the cold spell that struck the Midwest. In Montana, temperatures plummeted to 0 degrees below and stayed there. The coldest weather ever recorded plagued our countrys heart for over three weeks and still hasnt returned too normal. A related incident has been the blizzards of the East Coast. Some places in New York State got over twenty feet of snow. So what is in store for Earth in the future? Possible nothing. There are many people that believe global warming is nothing more than the normal rise of temperature around the world. So if this is the case, we have nothing to really worry about. Unfortunately, this scenario of normal raise in temperature might not be the case. If it isn't, Scientists estimate that the global temperature will rise between five and nine degrees by the middle of the 1st century accompanied by a sea-level rise of one to four feet. Once the temperature reaches a certain threshold, the polar ice caps will began to melt. While those living in the Arctic may find that a nice surprise, the implications for the rest of the world are serious. Even a partial melting of the polar ice caps will cause sea levels to rise so much as to completely wipe out most coastal cities. This includes such big cities such as San Francisco and New York. Those cities that are not totally wiped out by the water will eventually be hit with hurricanes much more severe than any other one in history. Of course, inland cities are not safe either. Rather than surging seawaters and hurricanes, they will face drought. So what can be done in order to keep from all of that from happening? We need to stop putting so much pollution in to the air. No matter what there will always be a little bit of Carbon Dioxide omitted into the atmosphere. If we could just limit all the coal and fossil fuels that we burn, there will not be so much "greenhouse gases" and it would keep all of that from happening so quickly. There have also been many attempts by the United States Presidents Administrations in order to help slow down the effect. In my lifetime I know that I won't see anything too drastic happen due to global warming, but there is a chance that my children and grandchildren will. Hopefully they wont.

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Feeding Habits of Hydra

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Abstract

Hydra is a multicellular organism which feeds on other small multicellular organisms. The main source of food for hydra is brine shrimp, but they can still consume other organisms for food. The goal of this experiment is to determine if the amount of light in the environment of hydra will affect the feeding behavior of the hydra. It was hypothesized that a direct positive relationship would exist between the amounts of light and the feeding of the hydra (the more light, the more hydra would feed). To control the amounts of light, separate petree dishes were wrapped in varying layers of violet saran wrap and groups of hydra with food were observed in each dish.

The different groups of hydra studied in environments with different amounts consumed equal amounts of food within the period of 0 minutes. The results of this experiment indicated that no relationship exists between the amounts of light in the environment and the feeding behavior of hydra. This is due to the fact that the different amounts of light did not affect the amount of food consumed. From this observation, one can conclude that hydra do not depend on light when it comes to feeding.

Introduction

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Hydra is a microscopic multicellular octopus-like organism which mainly feeds on brine shrimp (Muller-Parker, G., 18). The body of a hydra consists of three main parts, a gastrodermis layer on the inside of the body which contains digestive enzymes, a middle layer called the mesoglea, and an outer layer containing sensory, muscular, and stinging cells (Guild, N. and Bever, K., 00). These stinging cells are called nematocysts which are also on the tentacles and immobilize the hydra's prey. When small organisms brush against a tentacle one nematocyst can wrap around the prey while another can inject a toxin and immobilize the prey (Guild, N. and Bever, K., 00). In a previous experiment the interaction between hydra and daphnia (another microscopic multicellular organism) was observed (Guild, N. and Bever, K., 00). The hydra immediately attacked and consumed the daphnia with its tentacles. The size of the daphnia was equal to that of the hydra, making them easier to observe together. Due to this fact we decided to use daphnia as the food source in further observation of hydra's feeding behaviors.

The idea of varying the amount of light in the hydras environment to observe feeding habits came from an abstract article which was based on research. The authors used different layers of colored saran wrap to vary the amounts of light in the environment (Grosvenor, W., 18). This is the same technique used in this experiment to vary the amounts of light with 0, , 4, and 6 layers of violet saran wrap.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine if there is a relationship between the amount of light in an environment and the feeding behavior of hydra. The hypothesis is that as the amount of light increases, so will the amount of food consumed by hydra.

Materials and Methods

In order to perform this experiment we needed hydra, daphnia, petree dishes, colored saran wrap, and a microscope (Guild, N. and Bever, K., 00). The procedure we followed is as follows First, obtain four petree dishes. Wrap one with layers of colored saran wrap, a second with 4 layers, and a third with 6 layers. The fourth is a positive control with no restriction to the amount of light ( no saran wrap). Next, place 6 hydra and 1 daphnia in each dish with some water. Observe each dish for 0 minutes under a microscope and record the number of daphnia consumed in each dish within the 0 minutes.

Results

The four dishes with the varied amounts of light all showed similar results.

The hydra in the control dish without any saran wrap consumed the same amount of daphnia as the dish with layers and the dish with 6 layers. The dish with 4 layers only consumed 1 more hydra than the others, which was not a significant difference. The amount of time that it took for the first hydra to feed seemed to very at random.

As shown by the following graph, there is no noticeable relation between the amount of light and the number of daphnia consumed.

Discussion

The results indicate that there is no relationship between the amount of light in the environment and the feeding behavior in the hydra. Also, there is no relation to the amount of time it takes for the first hydra in a group to feed. It is very possible that the reason that the hydra do not depend on light to feed is because they do not use vision to consume their food. Instead they use the sense of touch. These results did not support the hypothesis of the experiment, as the amount of light increased, the number of daphnia consumed by the hydra did not increase. Although the hydra group in the dish with 4 layers of saran wrap did consume 1 more daphnia than the rest, this data seems insignificant.

Other similar experiments that test the same relationship between the amounts of light and the feeding behaviors, such as the one performed by Grosvner, W., also indicate that there is no relationship (Grosvenor, W., 18). This research adds to the credibility of the results of the current experiment due to the fact that the same theory was concluded, there is no relationship between the amount of light in an environment and the feeding behavior of hydra.

Although everything went right for the experiment, there seemed to be a problem. In relation to past experiments, the hydra did not seem as active and did not feed as quickly. Previous batches of hydra were stressed and did not feed, therefore it is possibly that the batch that was used could have also been partially stressed. This could have possibly effected the outcome of the experiment. Further testing of the relationship between hydra and amounts of light in the environment could be performed. For example, one could test a relationship between the budding of hydra and the amounts of light in the environment. When hydra bud they produce nitrogen in the surrounding atmosphere, this could be measured to observe the relationship (Muller-Parker, G., 18). Further investigations could be to study the effects of temperature or chemicals on the feeding habits of hydra.

References

Muller-Parker, G. (18) Biological Bulletin 17, 57-58.

Grosvner, W. (18) Biological Bulletin 17, 46-60.

Guild, N. and Bever, K. (00) From Molecules to Cells, a Laboratory Manual,

10-104.

Please note that this sample paper on Feeding Habits of Hydra is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Feeding Habits of Hydra, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Feeding Habits of Hydra will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dr. Faustus as a Christian Play

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Dr. Faustus as a Christian Play

Dr. Faustus can be viewed as a Christian play for many reasons. Many thought of this play as a morality play. A morality play is the "conflict of the personified human soul with sin amid contending vices and virtues, and ends in one of two ways, triumph or damnation" (Sunayana, Dr. Faustus). This definition explains the story of Dr. Faustus. Throughout the entire play, one can pick out many Christian-like aspects.

One aspect is the conflict between good and evil. Throughout the play, the decision between good and evil arises again and again. For example, Dr. Faustus has a choice between remaining faithful to God or gaining power. He would have power for 4 years, but then he has to give his soul up to hell. Making choices in favor of the good side means that Dr. Faustus would have to remain normal like every other person. He already has many accomplishes, but he is not satisfied. Making choices in favor of the bad side means that Dr. Faustus would have more power for 4 years, but after that he would have nothing but torture. Dr. Faustus makes many choices between good or evil and heaven or hell.

One might relate Dr. Faustus to the story of Adam and Eve. Adam and Eve were told not to eat off of the tree. They did not listen and as a consequence their pleasures were taken away from them. Dr. Faustus had wealth and popularity. He wanted more than that and as a consequence he would have eternity for torture. Both would not accept what they already had. They both wanted more than they had and would not listen. Both Adam and Eve and Dr Faustus had a wonderful life, but they took more and were punished for their decision to do so.

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Another aspect that relates to Christianity is the setting of the play. The setting of the play is between the heaven, the hell, and the earth. Just as in the Christian religion, the heaven, the hell, and the earth are the three main places one life and morals are made up. In the Christian religion, how one acts on Earth determines where they will rest for eternity. In the same respect, Dr. Faustus did not believe in the heaven, the hell, or the after life. He also did not believe he could repent his sins. He was told to talk to God and repent his sins. He did not think it would work. His actions and thoughts led him to his damnation.

One of the main parts of the play is the seven deadly sins. The seven deadly sins played a big part in the play. The seven deadly sins consisted of pride, covetousness, wrath, envy, gluttony, sloth, and lust.__________ Pride is the first sin. Dr. Faustus's flaw is his pride. Although he has had a lucky successful life, his pride makes him KNOW he can do more. He is very competitive, and he is not satisfied with anything. He is a very intelligent man and has a good life, but he is not satisfied. Covetousness is the second sin. He shows covetousness by wanting a wife. Wrath is third sin. Wrath is showed by Dr. Faustus's impatience. Dr. Faustus shows his impatience through people he interacts with in the play. For example, he gives Benvolio horns and he silences them. Envy is the fourth sin. Envy is also showed throughout the play. Dr. Faustus envied people with power. Although he had power in his profession, it was not enough. He had to know more and learn more. He wanted to pass every other person in his or her knowledge and power. He had envy for people who could do more than he could. Gluttony is the fifth sin. Gluttony is also well known in this play. He shows this by wanting to use the dark arts. He was well known without moving to the dark arts, but this was the next step out of the knowledge he already attained. He was a well-educated man, but that was not good enough for him. He did not want what every other normal person on the earth had. He wanted more and better pleasures. In his eyes, he wanted power and pleasures equal to God. Sloth is the sixth sin. Especially at the end, sloth is shown in the play. He has a chance to repent his sins but he didn't. He did not think he was able to. Lust is the seventh sin. Lust is the sin of self-control and greed. In my opinion, greed is Dr. Faustus's middle name. Greed is shown throughout the entire play. Although someone would give up everything they owned to have the life Dr. Faustus had, he was not happy with all of the accomplishes he had. He wants more knowledge than any other normal person has. He wants to be equal with God's power. If he realized the wealth and accomplishes he already had in the beginning of his quest for knowledge, then he would have never been in the situation he was in. He should have accepted what he already had, but he was greedy, and he was punished for his greed. (Pink Monkey, Dr. Faustus)

Another aspect one may find in the play is the good and the bad angels. One may recognize this as the angels that sit on a person's shoulders. People are brought up to recognize these as their conscience. The good angel sits on one shoulder and tries to persuade the person to do good things. The bad angel sits on the other shoulder and tries to persuade the person to do the bad thing. Dr. Faustus has these angels with him in the play. The angels might be telling the audience was Dr. Faustus is thinking on the inside. The good angel represents heaven and God. The bad angel represents hell and eternity of torture. Dr. Faustus wants to have many more pleasures than a normal person, and he wants to have knowledge and power of a superior. The bad angel uses this to persuade him. He tells Dr. Faustus about all the wealth and power he will have. When he hears this, he ignores the good angel.

Some of the Christian aspects jump out at the reader, while others the reader must look for. There are many aspects in this play that resembles a Christian play. In my opinion, I would relate this story to a Christian play because it has mane components that a Christian play also would have.

Bibliography

Sunayana. "Dr. Faustus as a Morality Play." 001. Planet Papers. 06 Aug. 00 http//www.planetpapers.com.

Pink Monkey. 17-00. Pink Monkey Summaries.

05 Aug. 00 http//pinkmonkey.com.

Rushman, William E. 11 Feb 00. "The Seven Deadly

Sins." 05 Aug 00. httpwww.rushman.org.

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