Bloody Sunday

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What Really happened on Bloody Sunday? We'll never really know. We could find out some facts, which definitely did happen. These following paragraphs show what definitely did happen.

On the 0th of January 17, 14 Catholics were killed (thirteen died on the day a fourteenth died later in police custody from the injures suffered on that day) when soldiers of a British paratroop regiment opened fire during a civil rights march in Londonderry/Derry.

The march began around ten-to-three in the afternoon. About 10,000-15,000 people gathered in Creggan Estate planning on walking to Guildhall Square in the centre of the city where a rally would be held. The march was illegal because the Stormont Parliament had banned protests such as this.

At twenty-to four the marchers met Paratroopers who had sealed off approaches to Guildhall Square. Because of this blockade, the marchers went down Rossville Street in the direction of Free Derry Corner. A group of marchers stayed behind and threw stones and missiles at the soldiers. The soldiers returned fire using rubber bullets, CS gas and water cannons. This forced protesters to take cover in Bogside. The paratroopers in armoured carriers moved in, their orders to arrest protesters they moved down to Rossville Street and Bogside. Now what happened becomes misty. Soldiers say that they just returned fire from protesters and the Catholic community say that soldiers shot randomly at unarmed civilians. The results of 5 minutes of gunfire are undisputed 1 civil rights marchers were left dead a fourteenth died later in police custody from his injuries.

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But why did the British Army fire shots at protesters? This is something we shall never know. But one of the most likely explanations was that the paratroopers were scared of possible violence because of the violence in the past weeks and months, in one event the IRA and British Army had a shoot out killing several IRA members and a British soldier so tensions were high.

The reasons why civil rights marchers organised such a huge rally was a protest against internment. Internment was where people in Northern Ireland, suspected of being terrorists could be arrested and put in prison without any trial. Soldiers, police or other government officials could come into your home and arrest you without any due cause.

Irelands third Prime minister in under a year Brian Faulkner at dawn on Monday the th August 171 officially started internment. This was due to counteract the IRA violence of the past few months. th August 171 000 British Soldiers backed up by RUC Special Branch Officers, who provided the out-of-date intelligence. The RUC officers who were well known for being Protestant and discriminative against Catholics were left to control the operations.

In that day alone over 00 Catholic men were arrested. In the following 48 hours due to out-of-data intelligence 104 were released without charge. One 80-year-old man was arrested for being an IRA terrorist; he admitted he use to be but hadn't being for over 0 years. As he struggled to walk, he said he was flattered that even after so long he was still counted as a threat to mainland Britain.

The remaining internees were severely beaten, deprived of food and sleep and subjected to white noise. The government was being accused of torture; people suspected of having information even if it only was an army hunch were beaten even if they knew nothing (The picture to the left is one of those detainees it is clear the torture he suffered, he was only released when the Army realised that he knew nothing).

This internment did nothing but provoke more violence, in the year before interment 4 people were killed, in just three days after were killed and many more were to follow.

This interment was to only increase support for the IRA many now still didn't join the IRA but no longer condones its actions. This led to hundreds of street demonstrations one of course being Bloody Sunday.

Why was the overwhelmingly number of protesters Catholic? Simply because the Catholics were the ones being interned, as the unionist government wanted to crush the IRA and the IRA being a Republic organisation and Republicans mainly being Catholic. But there was a much wider problem so internment was not the only reason they were marching they were protesting for equal human rights for people independent of whether they were Catholic or Protestant.

The Catholics were fed up of being nd class citizens they found the law was mainly Protestant. Employment was given to Catholics first. Housing was even discriminative but two ways. Politics was extremely Protestant, probably because of vote rigging. 8 nationalist councillors in Derry/Londonderry represented by 14,000 Catholics while 1 Unionist councillors represented by ,000 Protestants. Even the way people voted was so that Unionists won elections. 1 house= 1 vote so the Unionist government gave more houses to Protestants therefore making sure they had more than one vote.

Why was there a rift between Catholics and Protestants? This is due to discrimination of the Catholics by the Protestants; this rift can be traced back centuries. As far back as the 1th century and Henry II invasion of Ireland. The conquered Irish land was given to the English. The Irish were also angered by the fact that these new settlers had more power and privileges than their counterparts. From then till the act of Union in 1800 England and Ireland were frequently at war with each other. During James I reign in 1601 war against Ireland was declared and again under Oliver Cromwell's control war was declared against Ireland. These wars and privileges mad the Irish very angry and anti-British.

The above wars were all about power and land. Religion didn't come into these wars until 154 when Henry VIII was the King of England. Henry VIII and his ever changing marriages, in 154 Henry VIII wanted a divorce and the Pope wouldn't give it to him (because the Pope was being threatened by death by Catherine of Aragón's brother (Catherine of Aragón being Henrys current wife)). Henry in his power decided to break away from the Pope and set-up the Church of England, this angered the Irish, as they wanted to keep as Roman Catholics and refused to join the Church of England. As well as that he also angered the Irish by stating that he was also the king of Ireland.

When James the II was put in exile out of England in the late 160's, through his sheer jealously of the Protestants who threw him out, James II raised an army to attack Protestants in Londonderry/Derry. The new king of Ireland, William of Orange, defeated James at the battle of Boyne. The Orange Order still marches to commemorate that day. The Orange Order marches are another of today's reminders of the division between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Although the act of Union ended the wars it caused its own problems. Irelands parliament had to be closed and England took over control of Irish law, the icing on the cake was that Irelands new laws would by passed by Westminster, London not in Ireland. These generally unwanted laws meant that there were job restrictions on certain jobs meaning Catholics had the restrictions and Protestants didn't.

The great potato famine of 1846 was when Irelands anger built up and began to erupt. England had failed to help the millions of starving so there was a split in the population. One section wanted Ireland and England to be totally separate countries these were generally the people who suffered the worst during the famine, as they were generally poorer so lived on cheap potatoes. These people in general were Catholics who were also Nationalists and Republicans. The other wanted Ireland and Britain to be linked; in general these people were Protestants who in general were unionists and loyalists.

There was the Partition, the partition was not really an event, it was a process, which took place between 10 and 1. The partition was the Split of Ireland into two parts-

Northern Ireland

Eire/Southern Ireland

Its main terms were

Six of Ulster's counties became Protestant and became a self-governing Northern Ireland, with its own Parliament in Belfast.

The remaining 6 counties would also become self-governing with their Parliament in Dublin.

Britain keeps control of issues such as military naval facilities.

On Easter Monday, April 4, 116, a force of Irishmen under arms estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500 men and women attempted to seize Dublin, with the ultimate intention of destroying British rule in Ireland and creating an entirely independent Irish Republic to include all counties of Leinster, Munster, Ulster and Connaught. Their leaders, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly and the others, knew that their chances of success were so slight as to be almost non-existent. Yet they fought, and died. Why?

The circumstances that led to the Irish rebellion of 116 are of an intense complexity, historical, social, political and, perhaps above all, psychological. The Irish writer, Sean OFaolain, has written of his country Most of our physical embodiments of the past are ruins, as most of our songs are songs of lament and defiance. The Easter Rising was a complete failure, which left large parts of Dublin in ruins; yet without it Ireland might never have been free of English rule. The leaders, alive, had very few supporters even among the Irish patriots; dead, they became and have remained their countrys heroes. It was a great historical paradox, and one that to this day the British have perhaps never understood. Had they understood it, it is conceivable that the British might still have an empire, since the overthrow of British rule in Ireland marked the beginning of the overthrow of British imperial might in Asia, in Africa, and elsewhere.

Died later as a result of his injuries received that day

I have found some reasons why Britain and Ireland had such bad relations. The hatred built up over centuries and erupts as marches and riots, the conflict is from years ago but still effects peoples lives today.

I am going to be studying three main pieces of evidence into what Happened on Bloody Sunday. Below is an overview of them all

Lord Widgery Report Lord Saville Inquiry Jimmy Mc Governs 'Sunday'

When done 17 18-present (expected completion in 004) 1-15

Time taken 10 weeks 6 years years

Conclusions Army innocent None yet Army guilty

Additional information Widgery supported the actions of the army only condemning them for being a little quick. Interviewed hundreds Lived with relatives of those killed and interviewed army witnesses

Didn't interview key army witnesses Expected cost of £150 million Mc Govern was born in Liverpool with a Catholic majority could of being biased because of this.

There is conflicting evidence from Bloody Sunday mainly on who fired first. Others include whether or not the IRA was present. The army would not now admit that it fired first as this would contradict what they said earlier this would cause huge embarrassment for them and saying it in court of law would bring up questions about the army and who really controlled was it the elected government or themselves. The marchers would also not admit to firing first as this would mean that people would stop being sympathetic towards the marchers and their cause.

The problems with the Widgery report? The government has long shared the wide spread view that the Widgery Report was unsatisfactory and that it did not represent the truth of what happened on that day. Indeed, the very disregard with which the Widgery Report was viewed by nationalists, particularly those in Derry/Londonderry, has meant that they have largely ignored it, so far removed was its version of events from the reality of what they believed happened in Derry/Londonderry on the 0th January 17. On three other hand, for the British authorities, the Widgery report remains the official version of events. On the basis of the Widgery report, compensation was granted to the next of kin in 174 and in 1 the British confirmed the innocence of those killed by reference to the Report's finding that none were found guilty.

The problems are mainly inconsistencies between statements, but these problems widened to show reports, statements being kept from the eyes of relatives. Also they found clear indicators that after soldiers had written these statements alterations were made to them and soldiers were often 'advised' what to say in the tribunal hearing. Widgery made no mention of bullets fired from city walls but it has being made clear by former soldiers and factual evidence such as how the bullets entered the body, some were from a trajectory only possible from the city walls.

Staff of the Widgery report have also being accused of fabricating aspects of the soldiers statements in an apparent attempt to justify the killings. The Widgery inquiry never took notice of a who said the lead particles found on the bodies of the deceased could of got there from contact with the bottom of a army vehicle or in touch with a soldier who fired a weapon. The Widgery report had being commissioned by Edward Heaths Conservative Government. Therefore would it be critical of its own government? I think not, it would try to justify the killings. The report only took 10 weeks the Saville inquiry is going to take at least 6 years and Mc Govern's 'Sunday' took three years, these are massive differences could the Widgery report find the truth in 10 weeks that it is going to take Saville 6 years to find out?

It can be concluded that the Widgery Report was fundamentally flawed. It was incomplete in terms of its description of the events on the day and in terms of how those events were apparently shaped by the prior intentions and decisions of the authorities. It was a startlingly inaccurate and partisan version of events, dramatically at odds with the experiences and observations of civilian eyewitnesses. It failed to provide a credible explanation for the actions of the British Army, particularly the actions of 1 Para and of the other British Army units in and around Derry. It was inherently and apparently wilfully flawed, selective and unbalanced in its handling of the evidence to hand at the time. It effectively rejected the many hundreds of civilian testimonies submitted to it and opted instead for the unreliable accounts proffered by the implicated soldiers. Contrary to the weight of evidence and even its own findings, it exculpated the individual soldiers who used lethal force and thereby exonerated those who were responsible for their deployment and actions.

Above all it was unjust to the victims of Bloody Sunday and to those who participated in the anti-internment march that day in suggesting they had handled firearms or nail-bombs or were in the company of those who did. It made misleading judgements about how victims met their death. The tenacity, with which these suggestions were pursued, often on flimsy or downright implausible grounds, is in marked contrast to the many points where significant and obvious questions about the soldiers' behaviour, arising from the Report's own narrative, are evaded or glossed over.

There have been many atrocities in Northern Ireland since Bloody Sunday. Other innocent victims have suffered grievously at various hands. The victims of Bloody Sunday met their fate at the hands of those whose duty it was to respect as well as uphold the rule of law. However what sets this case apart from other tragedies, which might rival it in bloodshed, is not the identity of those killing or killed, or even the horrendous circumstances of the day. It is rather that the victims of Bloody Sunday suffered a second injustice, this time at the hands of Lord Widgery, the pivotal trustee of the rule of law, who sought to taint them with responsibility for their own deaths in order to exonerate, even at that great moral cost, those he found it inexpedient to blame.

The new material fatally undermines and discredits the Widgery Report. A debt of justice is owed to the victims and their relatives to set it unambiguously aside as the official version of events. It must be replaced by a clear and truthful account of events on that day, so that its poisonous legacy can be set aside and the wounds left by it can begin to be healed. Given the status and currency which was accorded to the Widgery Report, the most appropriate and convincing redress would be the Saville inquiry a success.

Problems with the Saville inquiry? We don't fully know the problems of the Saville inquiry, as it has not yet being completed. But the major dilemma we do know it faces is time, it has being thirty years since Bloody Sunday, views vary over years people remember and forget things; its our natural instincts. Evidence has being lost imperative witnesses have died bullet holes will no longer exist the will of being covered over by layers of cement, bodies will of decomposed. The Saville inquiry though is trying to be as through as possible with what it has and is looking for new verification and finding it, but unfortunately it can never establish the whole truth as it is no longer possible, but can still find some and give some indication of what happened on Bloody Sunday.

Jimmy Mc Govern's 'Sunday' is based primarily on fact but there is a lot of fiction intertwined into it but it looks like it is fact. It can be very hard to distinguish between fact and fiction. Prime examples of this are the meeting between the Prime Minister and Lord Widgery he would of never of known what was said and it would of being said 'off the record' so no written information could of ever being found about it, on the helicopter going and leaving the Widgery report he would not of known what the soldiers said and thought- it was fiction. It was a docu-drama if it was just the truth it might not of being as interesting it was made to be shown on television so it may of added bits in for this purpose. Mc Governs own background could of made him naturally sympathetic' towards the Catholics views. He was born and grew up in Liverpool, which is widely known for its high majority of Irish-Catholics, he may of being able to relate to the Catholics better than the Protestants.

Overall the trustworthiest is probably going to be the Saville inquiry, as it has no influence on the current government if it talks badly about the current government, as the Widgery report did. It has more chance of reaching a balanced conclusion. The Widgery report had to be the least trustworthy as it didn't get all information before making judgements some evidence was being ignored. The whole thing had massive gaps in it. The balance of evidence from both sides was lacking. The nd trustworthiest is Jimmy Mc Governs 'Sunday' as it was biased to Catholics but not nearly as biased as the Widgery report was for the government. It had fact but a lot of fiction was also intertwined, although it did accept some protesters were carrying guns.

However unfortunate we know we will never know the full truth on Bloody Sunday there are too many conflicting arguments and nobody will take responsibility for their actions. We will discover some truth from the Saville inquiry but no enough to make definite conclusions. We will never know who shot first although there are accusations that it was Martin Mc Guinness or Soldier H but which one if either we shall never know. Time is a big problem facing the Saville inquiry and Mc Govern. People move people die. Bodies decompose. Places change. We may not like it but no inquiry will bring out the full truth until people start coming forward saying what they did, the man who fired first if still alive if he came forward he could help but will probably take his secret to the grave with him.

What I believe happened was a solider in the corner of his eye thought he saw a gun and shot in that direction, other soldiers and marchers who were carrying guns fired resulting it 5 minutes of undisrupted gunfire and 14 dead. I think both sides have equal responsibility the army fired large amounts of bullets into densely crowded areas and civilians with guns caused some to be shot. I do think many of the Civilians shot were shot by snipers on the city walls. I do believe some of those killed did or were carrying guns but not all of them, but I don't know which were guilty and which were not.

Bloody Sunday is commemorated today by minute silences, peaceful marches, laying flowers and wreaths, trust funds trying to clear the victims names and grieving the loss in your own home by just stopping and sparing a thought for those who died.

Above are pictures of a march through Derry/Londonderry commemorating the 0th anniversary of the Bloody Sunday massacre.

The annual Bloody Sunday march; retracing the route the civil rights protesters drew about 0,000 people when it took place on the Sunday of commemoration of the 0th anniversary.

Bloody Sunday is commemorated today because people are still angry with the government for the Widgery inquiry and still upset that 14 died due to British soldiers who were suppose to be the ones protecting them.

Bloody Sunday will not be forgotten because to relatives and People of Derry/Londonderry, Bloody Sunday is an open wound, which will not be healed until Britain admits its troops were culpable and the victims are totally exonerated.

The events of Bloody Sunday did absolutely nothing but make sure current troubles carried on into the 1st century. Security analysts and politicians concede that it marked the end of a phoney war the start of all out violence. Tony Blair said ' we must justice so the peace process can begin' another leading politician said 'I have lived a long time and no troubles have affected us as a nation as the Northern Ireland troubles.' Disaffected Catholic youths swelled the ranks of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) because of it and joined its hit-and-run campaign to drive Britain from Ireland.

After these men had joined, the IRA needed to be seen to be doing something. So in probable revenge for Bloody Sunday on the nd February 17, an IRA bomb killed 6 at the Aldershot headquarters of the 1st Parachute regiment of the British Army. Ironically, it was the same regiment that killed the civil rights marchers, so you can see why I said in probable revenge for Bloody Sunday. 10th September 17 bomb rocks London. 0th April 174 death toll of troubles hits 1000. 17th June 174 IRA bombs parliament. 17th July 174 IRA bombs tower of London. 5th October 174 bomb kills four in Guildford. nd October IRA bomb west end. 8th October 174 attempted bombing of minister and his wife. 1st November 174 Birmingham pub blast, 1 killed. 5th September 175 London Hilton hotel bombed. nd September 175 Northern Ireland bombed. 7th November 175 T.V presenter shot dead. 5th January 176 bus ambush, 10 die. th January 176 West end bombed. 7th August 17 Lord Mountbatten murdered. nd March 17 British ambassador to Holland assonated. 0th July 18 bomb causes carnage in London. 7th October 18 RUC officers killed by bomb. 17th December 18 Harrods bomb blast kills . 1th October 184 Tory cabinet meeting bomb blast. 8th November 187 bomb kills 11 at Enniskillen. 16th March 188 shot dead at Milltown cemetery. 0th March 18 Senior RUC men die in gun attack. nd September 18 10die in Kent barracks bomb. 0th July 10 IRA bombs stock exchange. rd December 1 bomb explodes in Manchester. 0th March Warrington bomb attack. 4th April 1 bomb devastates London. 10th February 16 Dockland bomb. 15th June 16 huge explosion in central Manchester. 15th August 18 Omagh car bomb 7 killed. 6th February 000 bomb attack on hotel. rd August 001 car bomb explodes in London.

There was a bombing campaign in 1 but then there were no more bombs until after Bloody Sunday, that really is something that Bloody Sunday has changed we now have murderous revenge on not only those who committed the Bloody Sunday massacre but also innocents, civilians caught up in the IRA web of murders.

The only nauseating thing was that Bloody Sunday has contributed to these tensions being brought into the 1st Century, these tensions now affect a range of events including Football, and the Northern Ireland captain was forced to quit the team because of Protestant threats. These tensions will carry on until someone does something about it instead of trying to tackle violently why not peacefully or politically.

One of the things that annoy me is that people who paint murals on their houses have the right intensions but I think these only help to sure tensions carry on into the 1st century. I also think that to get over these troubles then all sides must accept responsibility for what has happened and vow to 'forgive and forget'. On the following two pages there are pictures of these murals.

There were troubles in Ireland long before Bloody Sunday it can be traced back to the 1th Century so Bloody Sunday never changed anything. Bloody Sunday did one thing though it made this phoney war a battle that would continue into the 1st century and if things carry on as they are then for a long time to come.

I think that Bloody Sunday was a complete tragedy; I have no doubt that protesters were carrying guns but they were in the smallest minority. I think that the army fired too much too quickly and were just as much to blames as the protesters. Everybody needs to forgive the actions of the soldiers and vice versa also paramilitary groups such as the IRA need to be disbanded. The government and Irish people need to start building new bridges to stop the growing number of deaths. Their needs to be forgiveness and forgetness. With any luck it will soon, before another life is stolen.

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Friday Night Lights

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Ten years have passed since the publication of Friday Night Lights, and still, its words continue to influence and reverberate beyond anything I could have ever imagined. Nearly half a million copies are in print. The book is used in dozens of high schools and universities across the country. Barely a week goes by even now without getting a call or comment about it. Over the past decade I have heard strange and remarkable stories of the books impact--a man who left his job in Brooklyn so he could become a football coach in Texas, a songwriter who wrote a moving ballad inspired by the book, teenagers forsaking Florida to make spring break pilgrimages to Odessa. When readers tell me they have been touched by this book in a way that no other book has ever touched them, their words of praise leave me humbled, but also make me wonder if I have become the writing equivalent of the high school football hero, destined to spend the rest of my life trying to get back to a moment and place that can never be reached again.

How did it all happen? Why did it all happen? In light of the controversy that erupted in Odessa after the book was published and the accusations of betrayal that still ring in certain corners today, are there any regrets about what I wrote?

I have had ten years to think about it all, ten years to examine what it was that catapulted this book into the reading consciousness of so many, ten years to examine the harsh judgments made of me as well as my own decisions about the words I chose and the words I did not, ten years too to think about this team that I grew to know so intimately during a remarkable year of my life. I said in my acknowledgements that I grew to adore the players on the Permian Panthers, whose lives I followed during the 188 season. In the womb of a new millenium, it is a feeling that still stays with me. Memories crease through me at unexpected times--the awesome silence of the locker room with those eyes locked tight, the gleaming shape of a playoff trophy held high as another rung in the ladder of goin to state is climbed, the thrust of a fist into a wall in the helplessness of defeat, the silence of the plains suddenly broken by adoring screams.

I still think of how it all began, in the rocket ship of Ratliff Stadium, on a sweet and still night, when those teenage boys crashed through the handheld sign that had been made for them by the cheerleaders and a sea of fans drenched in black came to their feet. I still think of how it all ended, in spitting rain and misery, when that hand of Jesse Armstead came out of nowhere to swat down a pass that should have been the winning touchdown for Permian against Dallas Carter, the same Jesse Armstead who is now an All-Pro linebacker for the New York Giants.

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In particular, I think of the six players I wrote about who so graciously allowed me to intrude on their worlds. Our lives have all spread in different directions. But I still stay up with several of them on a regular basis, and both directly and indirectly, I am familiar with the roads their lives have taken or not taken.

Brian Chavez returned to the football field at Harvard, for his undergraduate house tackle football team. He was a linebacker on defense and a blocking back on offense, but since these were Harvard men, an intellectual judgment was made to give him the ball in short yardage situations. He graduated Cum Laude from Harvard in 1, and I was both honored and privileged to be invited to his graduation. Given the monumental transition he was forced to make from Odessa to Cambridge (it is hard to imagine any two places in the world at more opposites other than the moon and the sun), watching Brian get that diploma under the proud gaze of his family was one of the most inspirational moments I have ever witnessed.

Brian approached the east coast with a combination of curiosity and anthropological interest, as if studying a different species, but he also concluded that it was no place for a human being to actually live. At the personal invitation of the dean, Brian went on to law school at Texas Tech University on a full scholarship. He started the Mexican-American Law Student Association at Texas Tech and graduated in 16. Afterwards he returned to Odessa to his familys law practice. He recently opened a satellite office in El Paso, and has aspirations of becoming a federal judge. While he seems eternally wed to the haunted plains of West Texas, he is also thankful he spent time beyond its borders.

It was hard as shit for me to adjust and hard for me to deal with, but Harvard changed my life. It showed me that theres more out there than West Texas.

Jerrod McDougal went to Odessa College in the spring and fall of 10. He did not play football because Odessa College does not field a team, and he was not invited back to school after the fall semester. I didnt have any enthusiasm for it at all, he said at the time. Jerrod also went to Midland College, as well as several community colleges, but he has never received a degree. He went to work full-time for his fathers oil field construction company in Crane at the beginning of 11. In 1 he moved to Bandera, near San Antonio, to work for Roger Stevens, a contracting company acquired by his father. He has had his personal traumas over the years, including a serious car accident that shattered his ankle. But he has still maintained his West Texas spirit of passion and emotion.

At one point he tried to erase his memories of playing football for Permian, because he felt emotionally stunted by it. But he realized it was impossible anyway. It will never be lifted off of me, he said, and if it was football that consumed him at Permian, it was also football that kept him in school. Otherwise I wouldve been down on dynamite crews blowin shit up, because thats what I liked, he said. Sometimes Jerrod thinks about the 188 season with the wincing anger of not winning a state championship. But mostly he thinks of it with the private beauty of what he and his teammates shared and will always share.

I got a group of brothers, a set of friends that you could never ask for and get. Theres nothing I wouldnt do for any of em and theres nothing they wouldnt do for me.

Don Billingsley, the Permian player most likely targeted by the coaches and teammates for an early grave, became proof of how the worst predictor of future behavior is behavior in high school. Don stopped playing football in the fall of 18 after arthroscopic surgery to his knee. Instead of falling prey once again to alcohol and drugs, he began to actively study for the first time in his life. It feels good to be learnin somethin, he said at the time. The prior summer, Don also underwent a religious reawakening, and he has kept the keenness of his faith ever since.

Don remained at East Central University, graduating with a bachelors degree in public relations in 1. He then received his masters from the university in human resources counseling in 15 and did counseling work in Oklahoma City and Norman. In April of 1 he married Melanie Fannin and moved to join her in Dallas. Melaine already worked for Southwest Airlines in the finance department, and Don became a care manager for Magellan Behavioral Health. There are still certain aspirations that elude him. He would like to make more money, and he isnt sure about the trajectory of his career. But he has no complaints about life.

I feel good about it.

Mike Winchell went to Baylor for a year after he graduated from Permian and quit at the end of the 18-0 school year because of cost and the realization that he had no future there as a football player. Heck, Im not going to play in the pros, he said at the time.

Winchell went to Texas Tech for a semester and then transferred to Tarleton State University in Stephenville. He graduated with a bachelors degree in marketing in 15. He returned to Odessa for roughly a year, and then moved to the Dallas-Ft. Worth metroplex. When the Odessa American interviewed him in 18, he was working as an independent surveyor in Decatur and also playing golf on the Iron Man Tour. Sponsored by the Texas Professional Golf Tour, tournaments consist of 7 holes in a single stretch. Winchell finished tied for 55th in 18, and was still competing on the Iron Man Tour into the summer of 1. He values his privacy, and during the interview he made it clear that he no longer was interested in questions relating to Friday Night Lights.

People always want to talk about the book, but I dont care. That was a long time ago.

Ivory Christian had a successful freshman football season at Texas Christian University in 18, starting two games at middle linebacker and receiving playing time in seven others. But frustrated over a strained knee and his drop in the depth chart the following year in 10, he quit the team and left school. His father prodded him to stay at TCU for the obvious athletic and educational benefits, but Ivory told him he was no longer interested in playing football. He returned to Odessa, where he received his associates degree at Odessa College. He worked at Avion Flight Centre Inc. at the Midland International Airport for several years doing plane maintenance. He then moved to Austin to work for the Texas Aircraft Pooling Board, a state agency that maintains and operates a fleet of planes for official government business. Ivory had always been ambivalent about his Permian football experience, consciously resisting any of its trappings. But on the cusp of turning 0, he had begun to take some measure of pride in what it meant.

Now, twelve years later, I think about it.

Boobie Miles flunked out of Ranger College at the end of the 18-0 school year when, according to his football coach Joe Crousen, he just stopped going to class. He returned to the Odessa-Midland area and has basically been there ever since, with the exception of a brief and unhappy stint with a semi-pro football team in Culpepper, Virginia. He has held a series of jobs over the years, most of them involving warehouse work such as driving a forklift. Most recently, he had landed a job in the Odessa area doing inventory work.

Life has not been economically easy for Boobie. There have been times when he has struggled, and I often wonder how different his fate would have been if his cleat had not gotten caught in the artificial turf of Jones Stadium that terrible August night. The moment took a fraction of a second, and yet its impact on him was forever, a brutal reminder of the very fragility of sport, how all that you have and all that you think you have can be taken away in an arbitrary stroke. But Boobie refuses to look back with bitterness and regret and the pity of what could have been. He still loves football, although his links to Permian have understandably broken down completely. I dont go to the games, he said.

At the end of 18, Boobies Uncle, L.V., died of heart complications. Boobie has continued on, working to provide for a family that includes a four-year-old daughter, a three-year-old son and twins born earlier this year. But L.V.s absence is felt by Boobie, as it is felt by everyone who had the privilege of knowing this uniquely fine and decent man.

I miss him.

When Friday Night Lights was first published in September of 10, it set off a storm of controversy in Odessa that to this day still flares at the very mention of the books name. Shortly after its release, I was scheduled to do a series of appearances in Odessa as part of a tour. But the trip was cancelled after several bookstore owners said that threats of bodily harm had been made against me. The owners took those threats seriously and so did I, particularly since the books release coincided with Permian being banned from participation in the playoffs by the University Interscholastic League for conducting supervised workouts before the official start of the season. To make the tension even more palpable, Permian had been turned in by Jerry Taylor, the head coach of cross-town rival Odessa High.

The game between Permian and Odessa High had always been something of a spiritual civil war in town, but feelings now rose into the ozone as the two teams prepared to meet each other the following week. On its front page several days before the game, the Odessa American made a plea to the presidents of the booster clubs of both schools asking for harmony. As the situation began to receive national attention, the mayor of Odessa at the time, Lorraine Bonner, taped a public service message asking for calm. The eyes of a nation are focused on us this week, said Bonner, as if she was making a plea for peace in the Middle East. And its up to us to reach out and pull together. The Odessa police force doubled security for the game, and a final call for peace came during the pre-game prayer to the sellout crowd of 0,000 Theres a lot of tension built up at this game tonight. Oh Lord, please give us strength to relieve the tension tonight.

There were in fact no incidents as Permian beat Odessa High that night, 4-6, to run its winning streak over the Bronchos to twenty-six years. The animosity between east and west died down, but animosity over Friday Night Lights has never died out. Ten years later, the book still evokes feelings that are raw and passionate, particularly since one of the most enduring and attractive characteristics of West Texans is their utter contempt for moderation.

Over the years I have been accused of betrayal, and sensationalism, and taking information out of context, and mis-quoting. I am not surprised by these accusations, nor am I troubled by them. When I first got to Odessa, I anticipated a book very much in the tradition of the film Hoosiers, a portrait of the way in which high school sports can bring a community together. There were elements of that bond in Odessa, and they were reflected in the book. But along the way some other things happened--the most ugly racism I have ever encountered, utterly misplaced educational priorities, a town that wasnt bad or evil but had lost any ability to judge itself. To ignore these elements would have been a journalistic disgrace.

Every word of the book is fair and true. It was never intended as a diatribe or an expose. It was written instead with enormous affection and empathy, because as deeply troubling as the over-emphasis was on high school football, those games were, and always will be, the most exquisite sporting events that I have ever experienced.

For all the controversy and verbal volleys of unfairness, the book has actually had a profoundly positive impact on Odessa. It clearly forced certain individuals in power to look in the mirror and examine the culture of football that had been erected, and to their enormous credit, it was a reflection they knew must be altered. I think for some people (the book) was a wake-up call, Chuck Hourning, the public information officer for the Ector County school district, said in 18. I think the community kind of reassessed itself. I dont think the community of today would necessarily identify with the community then.

The book was a bit like medicine, wrote the citys most respected voice, Odessa American columnist Ken Brodnax. Perhaps it was a bit bitter to the taste, and it probably had some bad side effects that were hard to shake. But the dose also heeled a few ills.

The result of that medicine has been a stronger academic curriculum on virtually every level. SAT scores for boys have improved, and the number of female students taking the test has nearly doubled. The school district has spent some $5 million to upgrade technology at both high schools. Strides have also been made in establishing equal athletic programs for males and females with the $1.1 million construction of a new softball and soccer complex.

A softball and soccer complex in Odessa? Miracles do happen.

When I was there, nothing was considered more socially acceptable than being an unabashed Permian football booster. Living, and eating, and breathing high school football had become a way of life. Today such fanatical behavior has been tempered, in part believes Brian Chavez, because fans dont want to be associated with the kinds of extremes that were so evident in the book. People have kind of shied away from being real avid fans, he said. Devotion is still there, but it no longer routinely rises to the level of worship, and as Brian puts it, people are more likely to express it under their breath.

There is no doubt that the fixation on Permian football made it great. There is also no doubt the same fixation caused the educational system to suffer in the shadows. The shift in priorities was desperately needed. But as a consequence of it, the glory of Permian football has dropped to an all-time low.

Gary Gaines left as Permians head coach after the 18 season when the team won the state championship, embarking on a course that would take him to college as an assistant at Texas Tech, back to high school, and most recently to Abilene Christian University where he was named the head coach earlier this year. Gaines was replaced at Permian by assistant Tam Hollingshead, who promptly led the team to another state championship in 11 and then left after the 1 season to become an assistant at Texas A&M. Hollingshead was replaced by Randy Mayes, who had been an assistant. Mayes first two seasons were in keeping with Permian tradition as the most storied program in Texas football history. The team went to the state semifinals in 14 and the state championship in 15. And then it fell apart. Permian finished -6 in 17, ending a string of straight winning seasons. That was difficult enough, but Permian also lost to Odessa High for the first time in 4 years. There were as usual 0,000 people in the stands that night, and the impact of the outcome was like the aftershock of some profound religious sighting in which no one could quite believe what they had just witnessed. After the game, Permian fans dressed in black sobbed on one side and Odessa High fans dressed in red sobbed on the other.

Permian ended the decade of the 10s with perhaps its most shameful season ever. Under the once-sacred lights of Ratliff, Midland High beat Permian for the first time since 17 in a 5- embarrassment. Hated sister city rival Midland Lee, on its way to a second straight state championship, toyed with the Panthers in a 4- victory. Players in the system began to quit at alarming rates. Attendance was down, and the team was in danger of going winless in the district before it beat Odessa High in the last game of the season. Desperate for some measure of relief, coach Mayes called the victory a great win. But it wasnt.

I know Randy Mayes, since he was an assistant coach at Permian during the 188 season. I went out to dinner with he and his wife Cynthia. I saw him teach in the classroom. He is perhaps the biggest critic of Friday Night Lights. Last year in an interview with Texas Monthly, he called it a novel and said that I would do anything to sensationalize. What I have to say about Randy Mayes is this

He was not only a superb defensive coach when I knew him, but far more important a superb teacher and husband and man. I could imagine what he was going through during that final season of the 10s in which the legend of Permian had turned to bitter memory. I could imagine the pressure and hurt and scornful ridicule heaped on him. Because once upon a time I myself had witnessed the mercilessness of it, not with the clever eyes of a novelist, but the clear eyes of a journalist.

Football may have a different place in the psyche of Odessa than it had a decade ago, but it still holds a forceful grip. The sight of a boy, a high school boy, sacrificing himself in the service of team and town on a glowing field is still a powerful intoxicant, just as long as it is accompanied by the intoxicant of winning. So I wasnt surprised to learn the fate of Randy Mayes future under the Friday night lights of Odessa.

There was none.

Because he got fired.

Please note that this sample paper on Friday Night Lights is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Friday Night Lights, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Friday Night Lights will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Advertising

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Advertising

Advertising is a message designed to promote or sell a product, a service, or an idea.

As rapid globalization continues to produce highly diversified social values and a wide variety of media, the role and function of advertising must be highly mined. In this era of change in consumer awareness and consumption patterns, advertisers must develop efficient communication activities. Advertising reaches people through varied types of mass communication, through radio, reading and the biggest area is through television.

Television reaches all tops audiences. This is why companies and corporations use it to their advantage, promoting a certain product. Advertising is a multibillion-pound industry and in many businesses, sales volume depends on the amount of advertising done. Manufacturers try to persuade people to buy their products. Business firms use advertising to promote an image for their company. Businesses use advertising to gain new customers and increase sales. This is why television can be the most efficient advertising medium, as we, the audience is influenced through slogans and catch phrases that are part of the language. It has given us jingles that are very familiar and some lasting images that we will always associate with that particular product. These effects have to be influential, as it is demanding to tell a compelling story in a short space of time.

Buy advertising term paper

Different adverts are shown at different times and at the peak viewing times, when TV audiences are highest. However minority audiences are also targeted, those with certain interests, who could be influenced by certain goods.

Through analysing advertisements on television, I have noticed how they are shown several times in a short space of time and how a certain slogan or tune is repeated constantly in one advertisement. I have found myself humming the certain tune and thinking of the product being advertised, and in many cases this has been as irritating cycle. However, it is a successful means of influencing people to buy something that they do not necessarily need. Advertising is a cunning, yet booming business and uses a mass number of techniques to promote their goods.

Advertising promotes more than mere products in our popular culture. Because images used in advertising are often idealised, they eventually set the standard which we in turn feel we must live up to. Advertisements serve to show us what the ideal image is, and further tell us how to obtain it. Advertisers essentially have the power to promote positive images or negative images. Unfortunately, most of the roles portrayed by women tend to fit the latter description. It is easy to understand the appeal which these ads hold for men, as they place women in an inferior role; one characterised by helplessness, fragility and vulnerability. Certainly one can not deny that visual images serve to create the ideal female beauty within the material realm of consumer culture. The problem is that if one strays from this ideal, there is the risk of not being accepted by men. Women portrayed in sexual ads are depicted as objects and commodities, to be consumed by men for visual pleasure and by women for self-definition. Any depiction of a woman in scant clothing ultimately makes her look vulnerable and powerless, especially when placed next to a physically stronger man. Studies show that advertisements will concentrate primarily on a womans body parts rather than her facial expressions. Men enjoy these images, and sadly, women tend to try to embody them, regardless of the extent to which they degrade themselves.

The picture before me, illustrated in "Avantaje" magazine, 00, has a girl that I think is trying to be very seductive because of the way that she is moving in a somewhat suave like way. She is also standing in front of a red background, which is a very sexy, seductive colour. Her lipstick is red, her nail polish, her under-eye-shadow, the beads around her, and the perfume bottle itself also are the colour red. It also appears that this girl is wearing a piece of lingerie that is black, which is also very sexy and seductive; also her hair is black, maybe to match her outfit, and is very wild and spontaneous.

From what I see when I look at this picture I think that this advertisement is specifically targeted towards the female and might be telling them that if they buy this product that they will look very seductive as does the girl in the advertisement. It could be putting out the image that if the buyer purchases this product you will be more attractive and more guys will respond to you when you want them to. Or it might be saying that using this fragrance will make you feel great in this type of clothing and your significant other will be at your ankles, wanting you. Another way to look at this picture is in a guys perspective. If a guy saw this advertisement he might be tempted to buy this product because he thinks that it will make his girlfriend want to be more sexy and seductive. He might think that if she wears this perfume she will want to be more active in their love life and will wear little clothes like the girl has on in the picture.

It took me forever to pick out a particular magazine, because of the multitude of womens magazines out there today. I finally decided on Cosmopolitan, because I realized that there really wasnt any difference between any of the womens magazines. Every magazine has a woman on the cover, seemingly perfect, and with a huge smile on her face to boot. Then, also on the cover, I get to see all the articles in the magazine that are going to help me to look better, feel better, and even make my man happier (as if I dont have enough to worry about already). When women look at the cover of Cosmopolitan, they are made to feel inferior to the woman on the cover. They feel inferior because the women on the cover is flawless, seemingly perfect in every way. Women wonder how they can compete with that. Women say to themselves, I wish I could look like her. The cover illustrates to them they are nothing like this woman on the cover, and so they must buy the magazine. The magazines articles give the reader hope that this wish may come true if the articles are read. So in the end, most women buy the magazine. As if the cover wasnt enough, women have to stream through the endless articles of perfume, make-up, and clothing containing the same type of woman that is on the cover . These ads

work in the same way as cover to get you to buy their product. It seems like every other page is a different advertisement urging us to buy, buy, buy.

First, I think that Cosmopolitan's major claim is that they know how to make women look better, and feel better about themselves. Cosmopolitan appeals to its readers by assuming all women feel they have flaws. When these women look at the cover of Cosmopolitan and see a perfect looking woman, and they want to look like that as well. When they see all the articles available in the magazine to help them be like the cover girl, they buy the magazine. A wide range of women read Cosmopolitan (ages 18-45 approximately), so it is easy to market this magazine with its articles on how to get a man, look glamorous, be healthy, and so on. Society pressures women, more than men, to feel that they have to maintain a certain image. The majority of women feel that they need help reinventing themselves into cover girls, and thats where magazines like Cosmopolitan come into play. Women are made to feel if they arent thin, have good hair, and perfect skin, its hopeless for them. Women feel that if they can get help from a magazine, they wont have to go to pay for plastic surgery, or get a personal trainer. All the solutions are right there in front of them for the low cost of 5000 lei, and they can become a new woman right there in the comfort of their own houses. Advertisers in fashion magazines thrive on the fact that women constantly criticize their bodies. By showing actresses and models in fabulous dresses and looking very pretty and skinny, the magazines invite you to find flaws with your body, but then tell you that it's okay because they have a way to fix it. You can tell a lot about our culture from looking at fashion magazines and the ads they contain. So why do we continue to buy these magazines? Because most people are not satisfied with their looks and we probably never will be.

One particular advertisement in Cosmopolitan has to deal with a Ralph Lauren perfume ad. This ad shows a young, white woman who appears very confident. She is looking directly into the camera with the attitude that she is in total control of everything. She has a young, white man, whose face we cannot see, kissing her forehead. The young woman in the ad seems as if she doesnt even notice the man kissing her. She appears as though being kissed is so routine to her that it isnt even that big of a deal anymore. She knows she will always have a man there to kiss her, and this is partly because her use of Ralph Laurens new perfume. The ad gives the impression the young woman would have no man kissing her if it wasnt for her new perfume. The ad illustrates women need a man to be satisfied. It shows not only does she need the perfume to feel confident, but also the man kissing her. The ad is obviously directed towards younger females. This ad says by wearing Ralph Laurens new perfume, men will become attracted to you, and you will be more confident.

There is another perfume ad in Cosmopolitan in which almost the exact same message is relayed to the reader. The ad is for the new perfume Lucky You. The depicts a cute guy sitting at a table, having a milkshake. He is obviously distracted by a young woman with blue eyes and long blonde hair. The man is not distracted by her looks, but her cleavage. She is wearing a shirt, tied up just below her breasts and revealing quite a fair share of cleavage, which is right in the guys face. While the man is looking directly at her breasts, the woman is looking directly into the camera, while eating the cherry off the top of the mans milkshake. Located at the top of the ad are the words, Get Lucky! This ad clearly illustrates to consumers (men and women) if they buy and wear Lucky You perfume, they are sure to get lucky with someone good looking of the opposite sex. . This usually works with consumers in their teens and early twenties because sex is always on their minds. When we take a look at this ad, we just want to go out and get lucky (that can be taken literally or figuratively).

Recently I read FHM ( For Him Magazine ) magazine and one ad in it caught my eyes. It was an ad for cognac and two whole pages were emphasized by various colours. Even though I am not usually interested in alcohol beverages, this ad attracted me. The reason it attracted me is that advertisers use certain techniques to persuade people. This ad fills a social need ; it appeals to people's fun and pleasure, and uses gimmicks that are called 'snob appeal' and 'appeal to excellence'. For these reasons I was interested in the ad. This is a commercial for Courvoisier Cognac. It looks like some place in Europe, a garden in the 18th Century. They are having some picnic in the garden with delicious looking fruits and two bottles of cognac. All the items used in this picture have specialized characters, which represent name of this cognac, "Courvoisier". The colours of the whole picture are very rich and splendid. And the three women in this picture are wearing fashionable make - up on their faces. There is no effective language in this advertisement except the name of the cognac, Courvoisier. This advertisement tries to have classical looks, and it added modern styles on it. As a result it has very unique style of images. Moreover, the main colour over two whole pages, is dark red, which is an outgoing colour by itself, but when it can combine with gold, then it looks very rich and royal. This picture also tries to express just looking like an oil painting, and the three women in this picture act in an excessive way like a play. So in this ad it makes me want this Cognac, although it is not an essential thing for one's life, but the people in this ad are wearing luxury dresses and accessories. And they seem to be relaxed and enjoying their lives. It emphasizes that if you buy this one, you can belong to their higher social class. Therefore, people desire to have it for fulfilling social needs. Advertisers in this ad also use emotions for fun and pleasure. This is one of the ways that can appeal to emotion of consumers. It can arouse feelings of fear, love, pleasure, or vanity. The atmosphere in this ad is very enjoyable. It doesn't look like they have any worries or angers at all. It can tempt one to buy this product just to be as the ad says.

Moreover, the ad influences people to think about their social rank. In this ad, people are having classy picnics, in a garden that looks like it belongs to very rich people. All these luxurious things persuade people to buy this Cognac.

In this ad many things are used to make people pay attention to it. Luxurious materials and the people that seem to enjoy all those things make consumers want to buy this drink because not many people live a life as seen in the ad.

In conclusion, magazines and advertisements know what people want and thats how they sell themselves. Of course, most people dont pay any attention to the ads in the magazines they read. I think ads are made to somehow work on your sub conscience. We may not think were giving any of our attention to the ads, but when we are out shopping well notice products from certain ads. And more than likely gravitate more towards those products rather than products we have never seen or heard of. We see ads in magazines and TV commercials almost everyday. This repetition plants a picture in our minds, so when we go shopping we think of the product happens to be. I dont think this will ever change, because we will always read magazines and watch TV, and they will always have a multitude of ads to show us. The more money a company has, the more it can spend on advertising, and the more money it will make.

The impact of advertising on our society is a fiercely debated topic and has been, since the conception of advertising in its most basic form. There are negative and positive impacts upon society, both socially and economically, from advertising in its various forms. For instance, advertising promoting public welfare has a positive social impact upon society, whereas advertising portraying women as sex objects has negative social impacts. There are also positive economic impacts on society such as providing funding for the media and stimulating an active, competitive economy.

There are a number of proven ways to persuade the consumer that he or she needs the product being advertised. These methods of persuasion, instead of concentrating on the actual product, usually concentrate on the benefits that will be brought to the consumer. These benefits may include the hope of more money and better jobs, popularity and personal prestige, praise from others, more comfort, social advancement, improved appearance, or better health. For example, an automobile advertisement, as well as mentioning the mechanical attributes of the car, would most likely focus on the excitement, prestige and social advancement it may bring the buyer. This social advancement is very often sexual, or involving attraction of the other sex so the car advertisement may also mention the glamorous women/men that the consumer will attract with his/her fancy car. Advertisers sell images and NOT products. When buying a product the consumer instantly thinks of the advertisement tied in with it. Gestures and symbols are very important in advertisements because they are the core meaning. Appeals and environment are also particularly important because they are the base on how to draw the public into buying the product.

Advertising has been blamed for a great variety of negative social impacts. One of the major criticisms received by advertising is that it forces people to buy things they dont really need, often by projecting negative emotions such as fear, anxiety or guilt upon the consumer. It is claimed that advertising plays with our basic human emotions and takes advantage of them, using them as merely another technique to sell goods or services. Advertising also encourages people to buy products by making them think that purchasing and consuming are the major activities of their lives. It is said to also evoke fears of inferiority upon the consumer by depicting the 'normal person as young, attractive, wealthy and successful. This may encourage a person to act on his or her desire for success and, for instance, go out and purchase that particular brand of make-up or perfume hoping to emulate the seeming success of the person depicted in the advertisement.

In opposition, advertisers state that the public is intelligent enough to, and quite capable of, making up its own mind and will definitely not buy anything they dont want or need. People are not inclined to be swayed by false claims that they need a particular product, and will usually be very discriminating in what they take as being true, when it comes to advertising. In fact, advertisers would say that there are many positive social impacts on our society from advertising. Advertising can be used to increase awareness in society about particular issues, and in so doing, becomes a form of education. Anti- drug advertising such as Its ok to say NO, is just an example of how society uses the advertising industry as a means to promote public welfare.

As well as social benefits, there are economic benefits experienced by society, as a result of advertising. Without advertising, the media, including newspaper, television, radio, etc, would be much less vigorous. Advertising provides revenue for commercial mediums that would otherwise need to be funded by the actual consumer of these mediums. For example, a newspaper would cost up to three times as much (since advertising provides two thirds of the revenue of the print media), or all television would be pay-TV (since nearly all revenue for television is provided by advertising, while the consumer provides no financial support except for providing the service of watching the advertising messages). So we can see a major economic infrastructure based around advertising, in which the big companies fund and subsidize the commercial media by way of advertising. The price a consumer may have to pay to receive very cheap, or even free news and entertainment may include sitting through a 0 second advertisement break while watching a prime-time television program, or flicking a couple of extra pages in a magazine to move through the advertisements to get to the articles. Advertising is so important because it is extremely difficult and impractical to attempt to bill the consumer directly.

Some may argue that the economic drawback of advertising in our society is that it raises the price of goods and services. The basis of this argument is that, while companies subsidize the mass media with advertising, we, the consumer, subsidize advertising by paying a grossly increased price for heavily advertised goods and services. For instance, a soap costs under 1.000 to produce, but the consumer might pay around 0.000 lei. A large proportion of the difference obviously supports the heavy advertising television and print media campaigns. In response to this argument, it can be said that advertising stimulates a much more active economy, with vigorous competition between institutions, and higher buying rates of products that leads to lower product costs for the consumer anyway.

The effects upon society brought about by advertising come in mixed forms, depending on the purpose and execution of various campaigns. However, society as we know it is based very heavily upon advertising, and the negative social and economic impacts is not serious enough to outweigh the many positive social and economic effects on our society.

Please note that this sample paper on advertising is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on advertising, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on advertising will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Change management

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on change management. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality change management paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in change management, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your change management paper at affordable prices!

1

The Scout Association

1 Introduction

The changes facing the Association are large and will take a lotof work and time over the next three years. The aim of this

document is to describe how this change can be managed and

the work distributed. In particular, it uses a Change Champion

(the Area/County Commissioner) to keep an overall view of the

change, and a Change Agent (usually someone other than the

Area/County Commissioner) to manage the project in detail.

There are a lot of theories about managing change particularly

in large organisations. There are two theories that might help us

through the period of change that the Association is about to

enter. One places more emphasis on systems and processes

whilst the other places more emphasis on the people involved.

To be successful, we need to balance these two approaches

managing change with the people involved and doing so in a

systematic manner.

The model for the Association

The change management model (see page ) suggested for this

project is described in five steps. Some of these steps may

overlap which is fine so long as you are clear about where you

are going overall.

For each of these steps in the change management process,

the following sections describe what should be achieved.

Managing change

People

driven

System

driven

Association model

Commitment to change

Where do you want to be?

Where are you now?

How do you get there?

Implement

our movement,

our future

.1 Step One Commitment to change

There have always been changes in our Movement at some

times more than at others. In this period of rapid and large

change, the commitment, support and encouragement of those

leading Counties and Districts will be crucial.We will all win if

everyone is committed to making the same changes.

Demonstrate commitment in leadership

Those leading groups of people will need to show that they are

committed to the change. This includes Group Scout Leaders,

District Commissioners and County/Area Commissioners. This

commitment must be shown by their behaviour and what they say.

Accept the limits that are imposed

Most changes will have some limits perhaps because of the

number of people, resources or money that you have available.

In this case, there will be limits given by the new programme

(such as age groups). Everyone needs to know about the limits

and accept them.

Engender commitment from all adults in the Movement

All the adults in the Movement must be committed to the

change. This means that everyone must be kept informed and

encouraged to participate. This includes administrators, Leaders,

Helpers, and Commissioners and 05 year olds for whom the

changes will provide new opportunities.

Explain why changes are taking place

Ensure that everyone knows why the changes are taking place.

Remember to communicate this often, both before and during

the change process.

Value everyone's view and ideas

There will be options in the changes and local decisions will

need to be made. Everyone should be encouraged to contribute

to this. All contributions should be considered and people

informed of the outcome.

. Step Two Where do you want to be?

In this step, the Area/County, Districts and Groups should

consider where they would like to end up after the process of

change.

Consider influences

There will be many issues that will shape your view of where you

want to be. There may be external constraints (such as the rules

defining the programme from PRI); external enablers (such as

grants to help development); local factors (such as Area/County

and District development plans); and resource implications

(such as the money and the people required).

Set objectives

Describe what you want to achieve in simple and measurable

terms (you will need to know that you've made it!). There may be

overall objectives giving the broad view and detailed objectives

to further define these.

Assign priority

The objectives will need to be put into an order of priority so

that you know what is most important to tackle first. As with

any plan, it is best not to get sidetracked into putting a lot of

time and effort into an item that you consider to be low priority.

Involve local membership

Ask the people involved locally what they think should happen

in the future taking into account the fixed limits. Include as

many people as possible and ensure that you tell them the

outcome.

Managing change

continued

'If you don't create

change, change will

create you'

. Step Three Where are you now?

This step looks at what you are doing at the moment in Groups,

Districts and County/Area. It is sometimes easy to assume

that we know what is going on rather than checking that it is

indeed true. You may find that there is less work to do than you

imagined and you may identify examples of good practice

to share.

Collect data/facts

Find out what is going on this is a simple audit that should

involve a lot of people.

Collect views throughout the organisation

It is important that lots of people have a chance to tell you what

they think about how they are doing things at the moment.

.4 Step Four How do you get there?

Having decided where you want to be and knowing where you

are now, it is time to decide what you are going to do about it!

Identify methods from many people

Ensure that as many people as possible are asked to identify the

methods for implementing the changes.

Develop options

Once you have some options for methods make sure that the

practical ones are developed.

Choose methods

From the range of methods that are now available, involve the

people who will have to implement these in making the choice.

Plan

Generate a plan to put the changes into practice. Ensure that

the plan is clear and timed.

.5 Step Five Implement change

Implement

Put the plan into action. Make sure that everyone knows what

the plan is first. Publicise it as widely as possible.

Monitor

Carefully track the implementation of the changes to ensure

that the plan is achieving its objectives.

Adapt

Be prepared to alter the plan if it is not quite working out as you

had hoped. Be flexible.

Allocate tasks

Ensure that people know what is expected of them and by when.

Select a Change Agent

For a large change process, it will be helpful to have someone

who can meet people and drive the process on. To be truly

effective the Change Agent will need some power and money

with which to do the job and will need to have credibility in the

Area/County.

Explain the facts

Ensure that everyone knows the facts the reasons for the

change and what you are going to do.

Deal with resistance

Many people don't like change. You must accept this and ensure

that you plan to address it.

Managing change

continued

4

. Focus on people

.1 Key roles

In this paper we have identified two roles the Change

Champion and the Change Agent. Both roles are key to the

successful implementation of change.

.1.1 Change Champion

The Change Champion keeps an overall view of the change

process and promotes the change to everyone involved.

In the County and Area, the ultimate Change Champion will be

the Area/County Commissioner. However, at times this role will

also be necessary for the District Commissioner and the Group

Scout Leader.

The main aspects of the role are

• Demonstrate commitment to the change. Talk positively about

the change, encourage those who are working on change and

acknowledge progress towards change.

• Ensure that the facts about the change are well known.

Tell people about why the change is necessary, the plan itself,

the end point of the plan, and what has been achieved so far.

Resist the temptation to use hype or spin instead of facts.

• Empower the Change Agent to do the job. The Change Agent will

need power over financial resources,may need other people to

help do the job, and will need to attend meetings and have time

on the agenda.

• Monitor the change process. Let the Change Agent do the

detailed work. Check progress against the plan with the Change

Agent and the District Commissioners.

• Provide management and support for the Change Agent.

Hold regular progress meetings and personal review meetings.

Set targets with the Change Agent.

The County/Area Commissioner will retain the overall

responsibility for the change process. This will include giving

the final approval for the plan and providing ideas and direction

as appropriate.

.1. Change Agent

The Change Agent manages and drives the change on behalf of

the County/Area Commissioner. The main aspects of this role are

• Demonstrate commitment to the change. Talk positively about

the change, encourage those who are working on change and

acknowledge progress towards change.

• Ensure that the facts about the change are well known. Have a

clear understanding of the changes that are taking place what

and why and spread the word.

• Lead the change process. Provide the first line advice and

support within the County/Area.

• Act as project manager. Create, implement and monitor the

plan. Solve problems and act as a 'trouble shooter'.

• Manage the resources allocated. The resources may be finance,

people, materials or time.

• Motivate and enthuse all those affected by the change.

Take opportunities at meetings, at events, and in newsletters.

• Report to the Change Champion. Provide regular updates on

progress (but not all the detail as the Change Champion will

need to see the bigger picture). Check that the project is meeting

the requirements of the Change Champion and the plan.

Agree on changes if necessary.

Managing change

continued

'The ultimate solutions

to problems are

rational; the process for

thinking them is not'

• Recruit and manage a team. It may be appropriate to gather a

small team to help. This team will report to the Change Agent

and should have clearly defined job descriptions.

. Resisting change

There will often be resistance to change. It may happen for

many reasons. It is important to recognise this and to plan to

deal with it.

..1 Why people resist change

The main reasons for resisting change include

Personal views

People may see no need to change they may think that the

current situation is fine or that the proposed change will not

work. Some may resist the change simply because it was not

their idea or because they have no interest in change.

Habit and fear of the unknown

It is often easier to stay with the current situation. Change can

mean upsetting the routine and losing a sense of security.

No vision of the benefits

The gains to be made by change may not be clear. In some cases,

only the problems may be apparent.

Reason for change unknown

Some may see only the change itself rather than the benefits of

the change.

Disturbing existing relationships

People may feel challenged, threatened, and perhaps a sense of

loss if current relationships and teams are changed. Some may

fear a loss of status.

No trust in change makers

There may be no trust in the people who are making the change.

There may have been previous mistakes. They may feel that

there are other motives for making the changes.

Not involved

People may feel that they are not influencing the direction or

outcomes of the change and that no one is listening to their

views.

Too much work

The amount of work involved in the change may be daunting.

There are many other reasons for resisting change. It is

important to think about how individuals will view the change.

.. Dealing with resistance

If we start by accepting that there will be resistance to almost

any change, the need to deal with this resistance is clear.

• Accept that whatever you do, however good your

communication and preparation, there will still be resistance

to change.

• Predict the possible reasons for resistance to the change and

plan how you will address them these might include people

feeling that they will lose their position, influence, authority

or group of friends. When you present the plan, reference and

address these issues directly.

• Once the change process has started, identify the real areas

of resistance. You need to tackle people individually and address

concerns.

Managing change

continued

5

6

It will help others to accept change if the County/Area

Commissioner, District Commissioners and Group Scout Leaders

all support the change by

• Encouraging everyone to take part from the start of the change

process.

• Making clear the areas that are open for discussion and those

that are not.

• Keeping people fully informed and involving people in decision

making that directly affects them.

• Meeting people and talking about the change process.

• Using a positive attitude to the changes in everything that is

said and done.

• Anticipating the adult support issues such as new job

descriptions, existing roles that are no longer required, new

roles, re-training.

• Providing incentives to change such as praise in newsletters,

free resources once a Group is ready to move to a part of the

new system, or free resources to help with implementation once

a District plan has been established.

No matter how hard you work at the change process, accept that

you will lose some people along the way. If people in roles of

power and influence do not support the change, you will need to

consider if they should continue in those roles.

. Motivating people

Many of the ideas that are discussed in this paper will motivate

people and reduce de-motivation. In addition it may help to

consider the following

• Using motivation theories to identify what motivates people

(particularly as individuals).

• Providing clear job descriptions that take into account people's

goals and aspirations.

• Rewarding people who embrace the changes don't forget

simply to tell them that they are doing a good job!

4. Focus on systems

The systems used to plan effectively will be very important.

The Scout Association already uses some techniques that will

be useful. This section gives a few points to consider when

planning.

4.1 Planning

Understand what needs to happen

Some parts of the plan may depend on other parts. The use of

diagrams may help you to see the bigger picture.

You can't do it all at once

Break down the plan into smaller, more manageable chunks and

set objectives for each. Using the systematic planning tool

NAOMIE will help.

Set priorities

Give a priority to each objective. Consider how urgent as well as

how important each objective is.

Monitor and review progress

Decide how you will monitor and review the progress of the

project both the overview and the smaller tasks.

Managing change

continued

'Lord grant me the grace

to accept the things

I cannot change, the

courage to change the

things that I can and

the wisdom to know

the difference'

Be prepared to tackle something more than once

Learn as you go along and be prepared to take two steps forward

and one step back occasionally.

Be flexible

Identify areas where there is flexibility this may be in

time-scales or areas in which people can influence the

change process.

Build in contingency

Change is bound to take longer than you anticipate and it will

cost more than you plan for.

Be prepared for a dip in performance

When change is first made, performance drops as people

struggle with the new system and ideas. Eventually performance

will improve. Some people give up at the first sign of difficulty

and want to go back to the original system. Confidence and

reassurance from the Change Champion and the Change Agent

will be crucial at this point.

Identify resources

The resources may be people, money, materials or time.

Resources should be allocated to the tasks in the plan. Look for

ways to combine the tasks to make best use of the resources.

Stay on track

Whilst the plan is being implemented keep referring back to the

plan itself, the outcome of the 'where do you want to be' step

and the Change Champion to ensure that you are still on track.

Communicate

Identify the communication systems you can use to bring about

the changes e.g. to consult, to explain the nature of the

changes. Make sure that you use the most appropriate systems

and adapt them to meet your needs.

People issues

Consider the people issues mentioned in this paper and don't

forget to include them in the plan.

4. Other tools

Here is a range of tools that you might consider using at

different stages in the change process. There are, of course, many

others. To order a pack of information to help you further, call

the Information Centre on 0845 00 1818.

• NAOMIE

• Objective trees

• Brainstorming

• Facilitating

• Generating ideas

• Solving problems

• Styles of leadership

• Diagrams

• How to prioritise -

Johari's window

• Using meetings

• Forcefield analysis

• Review

• Motivation

• Focus groups

• Questionnaires

• Interviews

• Delegation

• Preparing and giving

a talk

• Project management

• Ask the Adult Support

staff for help

Managing change

continued

7

8

5. Summary

Do…

• Remember change is a process not an end in itself. If you focus

change on an event that is all it will be, just an event.

• Select priorities for change rather than try to do everything at

once.

• Involve people from all levels at every stage of design and

implementation.

• Publish early success to build momentum and support.

• Expect it to take longer that you anticipate.

Don't…

• Underestimate the cost of change build in costing for

communication, training and materials.

• Expect to be able to control all factors. Plan your response to

factors you can't change.

• Deliver spin or hype but do deal in facts.

6. Bibliography

Managing Change nd Edition. Christopher Mabey and Bill

Mayon-White. The Open University. Published by Paul Chapman

Publishing. 1. ISBN 1-856-6-0.

Checkpoint. The management checklists and management

thinkers on CD-ROM. Year 000 issue. The Institute of

Management. Three articles may be useful Checklist 08

'Mapping an effective change programme'; Checklist 040

'Implementing an effective change programme'; and Checklist

068 'Motivating your staff in time of change'.

Communicating ChangeWinning Employee Support for New

Business Goals. T. J. Larkin and Sandar Larkin. Published by

McGraw-Hill 14.

Managing Change and Changing Management. The Open

University Business School. B800 course text for MBA.

Managing People A Wider View. The Open University Business

School. B800 course text for MBA.

Why Do Employees Resist Change? Paul Strebel, Professor of the

Change Programme for international managers at the

International Institute for Management Development. Published

in the Harvard Business Review 16.

Managing Change. The Government Accountants Journal,

Summer 000.

Managing change

continued

'Change creates the

opportunity for

innovation'

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The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention

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The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention

What effect do gun control laws have on crime prevention and on reducing crime in the United States? Gun control laws do serve a purpose, but gun restriction laws do not prevent crime, but rather entice criminals to continue with their illegal ways. The major problem is that it is easier and faster to illegally purchase a handgun than it is to legally. Additionally, in cities where it is illegal in any way for a citizen to own a handgun, crime rates are higher. This is because criminals know that the majority of homes and people are not protected except through the police. A great example of this can be found by comparing Chicago and New York City. Chicago's homicide rates are not going down as compared with the rest of the country. However, in New York City, where it is legal to carry handguns with a permit, the rates have plummeted over the past decade. In Chicago there is no concealed carry whatsoever.

To look at an example of how proper enforcement of current gun control laws and more productive policing techniques have dropped the homicide rate, one only needs to look at New York City. The homicide rate fell from over 000 in the early 10's to just over 600 in recent years. In 001, Chicago had more homicides than any other city or metropolitan area in the country. In Texas, where it is also legal to carry concealed weapons, there were 116 counties that had a zero murder rate! We see that states that have shall-issue permits for handguns have on average a greater drop in homicides than the rest of the country.

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Not only do we see the laws in this country having a varying effect on crime deterrence, but also when we look at other countries the results are astonishing. On September rd of this year, the mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, said "I do feel safe in London, but I don't feel as safe as I did when I went to New York, I want to be back to something more like I grew up with. We have lost the visible (police) presence on the streets." Although this does not directly have correlation with gun control, it shows that other measures besides gun control have a much more greater effect on crime deterrence.

Since it can be proven that gun control does not have a great effect on preventing crime, especially when comparing these statutes with other policing techniques, I am curious as to why more alternative measures have not been implemented. It concerns me that the public and the government should be so focused on only one element to prevent and deter crime. Perhaps if more attention was focused on these alternative measures, we would see greater results.

"Hot" home invasions, or burglaries that occur when the home is occupied are six times greater in Europe and over times greater in Canada than in the US. When asked about this, criminals in the United States say their primary fear during a robbery is being shot or attacked by the home occupant. In Britain, criminals do not have this fear, for the only citizens with firearms in the home are criminals. If the level of home invasions rose from current American levels to Canadian levels, based on the percentages there would be over 500,000 more assaults every year. This number alone would raise violent crime rate by almost 10%! (Bender 1) Most people would say that 500,000 violent assaults are a not a good replacement for the more than 15,5 homicides that occurred in the United States in 18, and most of these homicides would probably still occur even if firearms were banned. If the percentages were compared with Great Britain, there would be over 1 million more assaults! Personally, it troubles me that some people would suggest banging firearms and preventing some murders in exchange for a massive amount of violent crime. It is ludicrous to suggest replacing one type of violent crime for many more of another.

Now, one can argue that comparing two different countries is fatally flawed, and I agree to some extent that it is. If one wanted to look at examples in our own country, we only need to look to the town of Kennesaw, Georgia. This community passed an ordinance in 18 that required every household to own a firearm, save criminals and conscientious objectors. There were 45 burglaries in the seven months before the ordinance was passed. Seven months after the law, there were only five residences burglarized, and no firearm related accidents. In the next five years, Kennesaw saw an 85% decrease in burglaries as compared to before the ordinance. (Bender 15) The most reasonable explanation for this huge drop in residential crime is that burglars feared getting shot. This is a reasonable explanation, since one in 1 burglars are shot while committing their crime. Looking at these facts, one can see that the exact opposite of gun control has a greater effect of preventing crime.

We can also take the Kennesaw example and apply it to gun ownership outside the home. We could hypothesize that in one area where more people are likely to carry a concealed weapon, the crime rate would go down. When one looks at the evidence however, it is no longer an assumption or hypothesis, but a fact. A study published in 17 that used data from every single U.S. County found that on average, concealed carry laws reduced homicides by 8.5%, rape by 5%, and severe assaults by 7%. (Bender )

One of the main arguments touted by the anti-gun lobby is that guns simply cause more crime, and do not deter it in any way, shape, or form. The facts listed above throw that claim right out the window. Another argument is that more guns in the home will lead to more accidents. My challenge to that is that all gun accidents can be prevented through firearm education. In jurisdictions where firearm training is required for gun ownership or carrying, we see the number of accidents drop sharply. Although there are no current laws that require families of gun owners to undergo firearms training, we see that youth who undergo training have far less gun accidents.

Liberal promoters have suggested that mandatory sex will reduce sex crime, unwanted pregnancies, and has other benefits for all Americans. Since the left is adamant that mandatory sexual education is beneficial, wouldn't the left and anti-gun supporters agree that mandatory firearm education would be beneficial and reduce firearm crime and accidents? Many anti-gun activists quote a study that says handguns are more 4 times more likely to injure a family member than a criminal. This study is inherently flawed because only 4 deaths were used for the study, and 7 of those deaths were suicides. (Kellerman 14) Additionally, The rate of gun accidents is so low the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission doesnt even mention them in their annual safety reports. I find such studies that limit their scope to be extremely irresponsible, especially when much more information is easily accessible.

Let's talk about some of the gun laws we have and how they are ineffective. California has a trigger lock law and saw a 1% increase in fatal firearm accidents in 14.

Texas doesnt have one and experienced a 8% decrease in the same year. (NCHS '5) Trigger-locks do, however, render guns inaccessible immediately for self-defense. Additionally young children, sometimes as young as seven years old have demonstrated that they can operate a gun with trigger locks by either breaking or picking the lock. (GAO /11) In 16 there were only 44 accidental gun deaths involving children under the age of 10. That's less than 0.0001% of all guns in the United States. According the Washington Post, 1 out of trigger locks can be easily picked with tweezers or a paper clip. (W. Post, /7/1) When I think about this, I find myself going back to the education question. Why would you need gunlocks if your family has been properly education about firearms?

In 18 President Clinton placed an import ban on 58 different firearms. When he did so, he claimed that banning all these "military type assault rifles" would lead to a great reduction in crime. What his administration failed to inform the American public of was that these specific firearms were rarely ever used in crimes and that you could still buy extremely similar models made in the United States. Additionally, all these firearms were semiautomatic, meaning you had the pull the trigger every time you wanted to fire a round. By definition, an assault rifle is an automatic. Some people have recently brought up banning the type of weapon the Washington snipers used. This weapon, an AR-15 variant, was a semi-automatic rifle, and they did not fire at long ranges like a "sniper" would, but rather usually less than 75 yards. These people were not snipers, but rather deranged criminals. Other rifles that anti-gun promoters want banned are .50 caliber rifles. Their claim is that they inflict an unnecessary amount of damage to a victim or target. However, they overlook the fact that .50 caliber rifles have been used less than 0 times for a criminal activity. The fact is they are simply too expensive for most homicidal criminals to own, and are extremely hard to operate without proper military or police training. I have used such a rifle myself and can attest to this fact.

John Lott notes that according to the ATF, the guns banned by President Clinton are difficult to convert to automatic fire and that only a gunsmith with high-precision equipment can do this. This is of course beyond the point that this is a time consuming and expensive process, not to mention illegal. Additionally, as I will note below, it is much easier for someone to obtain a fully automatic weapon illegally.

A very disturbing trend is the fact that it is now easier to get a firearm illegally than it is to obtain one legally. In 16 over ,000 Chinese AK-47s were seized in Long beach, CA. The source? A Chinese corporation known for global arms shipments. The U.S. Customs service does not deny that a lot more illegal firearms get through than those that are caught. If this is true, than there are a lot of illegal guns being imported into this country. What good are gun bans if firearms are still going to get into this country? Dogs can sniff out drugs and/or bombs, but not guns. Personally, I'm greatly concerned when I hear about illegal importation. If these guns were legalized, it would stand to reason that the government would have a greater idea about who has these types of firearms than they do now!

Instead of trying to put more gun control laws on the books, how about enforcing the laws we currently have? According to mayor Ed Rendell of Philadelphia, the average prison sentence for gun violations is 4 months. Federal guidelines suggest at least 5 months in prison. It is my belief that incarcerating these felons for longer periods of time will save lives, save carnage, and save people from fear. From 160-180, per capita imprisonment for violent crimes fell from 78 to 7. In the same period, violent crime rates nationwide tripled. In both 17 and 18 the Clinton administration only prosecuted 4 people for assault weapon violations. (Heston 5) About 6,000 children were caught with guns at school in 17 and 18. Out of these, 1 were federally prosecuted. (Price, A) If you could only see the look on my face when I heard this statistic. What good are gun laws if they're not enforced!

Project Exile, which is the fierce prosecution of federal firearm laws, has cut the crime rates drastically wherever it's been implemented. According to Virginia state authorities, "more than 00 armed criminals have been removed from Richmonds streets, one violent gang responsible for many murders has been destroyed, and the rate of gun carrying by criminals has been cut nearly in half." The only people who have complained about project exile are criminals themselves, and leftists who believe the cost and expenditure to keep these criminals in prison is too much. Can the government put a price on life and liberty?

What about the number of homicides and non-natural deaths that are have no connection to firearms? In 17 only 68% of all homicides in the U.S. were committed using firearms. That's 10,6 people in 17. More people died from accidental poisoning. More people died from simply falling. Over four times that amount died in an automobile. In 15 there were 5 fatal firearm accidents for 15-1 year olds. In 16 there were 6,1 automobile fatalities for that age group. Does this mean auto manufacturers can be sued since they obviously make defective products that are simply deathtraps? Common sense says no, and it should also say no when debating suing gun manufacturers.

Chicago is one of these cities that entered a civil suit against gun manufacturers. So is Washington D.C. These lawsuits were summarily thrown out of court. Both of these cities have a virtual ban on handguns. Both of these cities have extremely high crime rates. Washington D.C. passed a ban on handguns in 176. Between 176 and 11, Washington D.C.s homicide rate rose 00%, while the U.S. rate rose 1%. (Kates 1) Chicago currently has the most homicides in the nation. It doesn't take a genius here to see that there is a correlation between handgun bans and rising crime rates.

Furthermore, there are many other laws that have little or effect whatsoever on reducing crime. John Lotts crime study found mixed results regarding the adoption of waiting periods. The data he collected shows no overall beneficial effect on violent crime rates. There are instances where enraged people go out and buy a gun and quickly proceed to commit a crime with it. There are also additional instances where people attempt to purchase a firearm for self-protection because they have been threatened, and are murdered during a waiting period. (Lott 11)

Incidentally, a few states ban a certain Glock handgun, because it has a plastic polymer frame. Proponents of control against this gun will not tell you that it is over 8% metal, cannot escape metal detection, and is often used by law enforcement agencies because of the low weight. There is no such thing as an undetectable gun. Until some new material is radically discovered, it goes against simple laws of physics. Guns require metal.

When used in a defensive purpose, gun owners accidentally kill innocents about % of the time. Everybody agrees that this number is unacceptable, that there should be a 0% margin of error. Police officers routinely accidentally kill innocents about 11% of the time. (Cramer) Which number is more acceptable?

To sum up everything, one can easily see that jurisdictions with concealed carry statutes tend to have less violent crime. I have shown how without firearms in the home, residences are "hot" burglarized at an enormous rate. I have shown, that in a municipality where it is known that almost everybody has a gun, the total crime rate drops overnight and is reduced to a very manageable amount. I believe I have shown how education could help with accident prevention, as opposed to stricter, non-enforced laws. There is proof on this paper that the laws are not being enforced nearly as well as they should, and this causes more crime? What happens when you slap a criminal on the wrist? It lets other criminals know they can get away with firearm violations.

One can clearly see that illegal firearms are getting into this country. How can one pass more laws to prevent this? They can't, only more enforcement of current laws will prevent the spread of illegal weapons. As previously stated, during the past decade firearm offenses have been prosecuted less and less, while advocates are screaming for more laws. What's the point without enforcement? Wholly one-third of homicides are not caused by firearms. Will the other two-thirds that are caused by firearms magically disappear? What about people who would like to see all guns off the streets. You can stop legal sales and manufacture easily enough, however it doesn't take a genius to know criminals will hold on to their guns, while law abiding citizens who have registered their guns will be forced to give them up, and it could cost billions to do so. The government legally has to fairly compensate gun owners if they take their guns away, which could mean chaos to the national budget.

So long as people are smart about firearms, they won't hurt anyone. Unfortunately, not everybody is as smart as we would like them to be, so people must be prepared to defend themselves.

Works Cited

In Text

Bender, David L. Guns and Crime. Sandiego, CA Greenhaven P, 000. 1-18.

Bender, David L. Guns and Crime. Sandiego, CA Greenhaven P, 000. -.

Arthur L. Kellerman, Protection or Peril? An Analysis of Firearm-Related Deaths in the Home, 14 New Eng. J. Med. 1557-60 186

National Center for Health Statistics, 15

General Accounting Office, "Accidental Shootings many deaths and injuries caused by firearms could be

prevented," United States General Accounting Office, March 11.

Washington Post, Feb 7, 001, Page A01

Heston, Charlton. Truth and Consequences. 1.

Price, George Howard. Governor sees charges against killers' moms, dads. The Washington Times, April 6, 1.

Kates, Don B., and Gary Kleck. Armed. Amherst, NY Prometheus Books, 001. 1-60

7 - Lott, John R. Jr. More Guns, Less Crime. The University of Chicago Press, 18. Pages 1, 11, 4

Cramer C and Kopel D. Shall Issue The New Wave of Concealed Handgun Permit Laws. Golden CO

Independence Institute Issue Paper. October 17, 14.

Other Readings

Nisbet, Lee. The Gun Control Debate. Buffalo, NY Prometheus Books, 10. 1-41.

Bender, David L., and Bruno Leone. Gun Control. Sandiego, CA Greenhaven P, 17. 1-185.

DeConde, Alexander. Gun Violence in America. Boston, Ma Northeastern UP, 001. 1-40.

Klier, Barbara . Gun Control. Wylie, Tx Information Plus, 1. 1-171.

Please note that this sample paper on The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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