Methods of rewards and benefits management

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Human Resource Management (HRM) concerns the human side of the management of enterprises and employees¡¯ relations with their firms. HRM is resource-centered and directed mainly at management needs for human resources (not necessarily employees) to be provided and deployed. Demand rather than supply is the focus of the activity. There is greater emphasis on planning, monitoring, and control and rather than mediation (Letherbarrow, 00).

The design and operation of payment systems in many organizations have often been institutionalized by custom and practice, tradition and collective bargaining mechanisms. Nevertheless, trends show that the movement towards HRM has corresponded with the introduction of supposedly new forms and strategies of reward management. Contemporary developments in pay and reward concentrate on individual performance-reward contingencies in a unitarist framework. Employees will be highly committed, and thus motivated and productive, if the reward strategies of an organization match the corporate and the human resource strategy and are carefully implemented. The reward strategy is hoped to support other management techniques to blur the distinction between workers and management.

This assignment is to discuss and critically evaluate alternative methods of rewards and benefits management to get a realistic picture of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods currently in use and the impact on individual and the organizational performance. The assignment will follow the next aspects to make analysis Job evaluation, Motivational theory, Payment systems, and Performance management.1. Job evaluation

In the internal organization, there are strong competitions among all the employees at the similar position because most of them have the desire to get the chance of promotion. Even though they are not at the same position, the competitions still exist. Sometimes for a better position, there are maybe several people to apply for at the same time. Every employee hopes to make good performance in the working process, which can let him/her more distinct in the employees. In the competition, those with distinct advantages can get promotion or increases in the salary or bonus at the end of year.For the organization, it has to invest more money in bringing up new employees than in the retention of its old employees. And old employees are rich in business experience, so their competence is another kind of assets for the organization. But for new comers, the organization must spend more time and energy in the period besides money. Furthermore old employees have strong relationship with the external business so that losing these old employees means losing profits and the advantages. In order to keep these employees stay in the company, organization will think about increasing their salary or giving more business¡¯s welfare or allowance.

Employees can be encouraged by motivation rules to make better performance in the organization. If employees work all the time without some incentive elements, they will be bored with the work and cannot make a good performance in the work. It is not a good condition for the organization¡¯s operation. Organization use the method of motivation can let the employees more positive in performing the work and get a satisfactory result. The organization can give them intangible or tangible thing to motivate them in the process of working.

Every employee working well has the chance of getting promotion or rewards, and everyone making mistakes must accept the punishment. In the organization, the fairness and equity are suitable to every employee. If all the employees perform well, everyone can get rewards and nobody can be cancelled to lose the chance.

. Motivational theory

There are three well-known need theories that are Maslow¡¯s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg¡¯s two-factor theory of motivation and Porter and Lawler¡¯s expectancy model of motivation. They provide an indication of the different needs that individuals bring to the working environment.

Maslow¡¯s hierarchy proposed that everyone is motivated to satisfy a series of instinctual needs that are Physiological needs, Safety and security needs, Social and belonging needs, Ego and esteem needs and Self-actualization needs. Maslow¡¯s assumption is that once one level of needs has been satisfied they no longer motivate the individual and other needs will become prominent (Beardwell and Holden, 001507). The individuals have the ability to climb the hierarchy if the organization provides factors to improve their level of motivation. However if the individuals are fortunate to achieve the highest level of motivation, they don¡¯t stay there for long, as de-motivational aspects come along and have the effect of reducing their standing on the hierarchy.

Herzberg¡¯s two-factor theory makes the distinction between hygiene factors and motivators in the work environment. Hygiene factors are thought to be environmental, which are related to the conditions of work rather than to work itself. But hygiene factors don¡¯t actually increase a worker¡¯s job satisfaction. Motivation factors include such elements as sense of achievement on completing work, recognition from others within the organization, responsibility assumed, varied work and prospect for promotion. An organization must be concerned with ensuring that both the hygiene factors and the motivators are to an adequate standard (Beardwell and Holden, 001508).

Porter and Lawler¡¯s model of motivation can be stated that employees must value the rewards, put in more effort if they believe that good performance will lead to the achievement of the desired rewards, and engage in good performance. Managers must communicate their expectation and objectives clearly to ensure employees understand the requirement, make sure that rewards are clearly and visibly linked to performance, and recognize the important role played by comparisons in determining employee satisfaction, and therefore the consequent levels of effort they will put into a task.

. Payment systems

The payment systems have the three types Payment by results, Performance related pay and Competence-based pay.

In Payment by results (PBR), the motivational impact of the linking of a financial reward to quantity and quality of employee outputs is recognized by many motivational theories. Paying employees for results sets up a relationship between the outcomes of performance and financial reward. And the relationship will lead the individual to try to continue or increase the level of performance in order to receive more financial rewards. But there are some problems of this system. The main problem is that workers¡¯ tendency to manipulate working procedures and falsify records of output. Performance standards become slack as employees receive pay for performance that is lower than originally envisaged, hence inflating unit labour costs. Workers are often directly or indirectly able to assert control over the process of work allocation to install their own notion of equity rather than directed by management¡¯s ideas of efficiency. Management may deliberately relax standards and make it easier for workers to obtain bonuses. Workers may be reluctant to accept management¡¯s request for changes in working practices if their present job or task provides a high income and the change threatens their perceived ability to achieve high bonuses and receipt of other benefits (Beardwell and Holden, 001, pp.516-50).

Performance Related Pay (PRP) can be defined as a system in which an individual¡¯s increase in salary is solely or mainly dependent on the appraisal or merit rating (Swabe, 1817). This system could increase the motivation of employees, encourage certain behaviors; help in recruitment and retention; facilitate change in organizational culture; encourage the internalization of performance norms and weaken trade union power. But there exits some following problems expectancy theory of motivation, displacement of objectives, undermining esprit de corps, reinforcement of status, control and power differences, difficulties with the assessment of individual performance, financial constraints, and crowding our intrinsic motivation (Beardwell and Holden, 001, pp.5-58).

Competence-based pay this system reflects an intention by the organization to reward the use or development of job-related competences. Competences are already in place for development purposes. Its importance includes the following aspects. There is a move away from job-based pay to person-based pay. There are needs to stimulate and reward horizontal career moves; to develop and encourage flexibility and empowerment; to acknowledge and reward more intangible aspects of working; to acknowledge and reward the way in which objectives have been reached, not just the achievement of the objective; to ensure that organizations have the right competences and people with those competences for the future. Such schemes are less judgmental and more flexible than traditional PRP. They communicate the message that ¡®change is happening, and you are expected to change with it, but we will help and reward you¡¯. But care must be taken to ensure that the competence identified and rewarded are relevant to the content and scope of employees¡¯ roles, as there is a clear danger that organizations will significantly increase their overall salary bill without any improvements in organizational performance (Beardwell and Holden, 0015).

After making comparison among the three systems, Performance related pay is more advanced than the others. And more and more international companies make use of this payment system. Though there are some problems in the payment systems, its strengths are more profitable to the organizations in the process of operation.

4. Performance management

Performance is defined as the outcomes of work because they provide the strongest linkage to the strategic goals of the organization, customer satisfaction, and economic contribution. And performance management is a strategic tool in the sense that it is concerned with the broader issues facing the business if it is to function effectively in its environment, and in the general direction in which it intends to achieve longer term goals. It is not simply the appraisal of individual performance. It is an integrated and continuous process that develops, communicates and enables the future direction, core competences and values of the organization, and helps to create a horizon of understanding (Beardwell and Holden, 00158).

As a HR manager, he/she should usually observe the performance of employees from different departments and evaluate their performance from different aspects whether is very good or good or normal or bad or very bad. For those employees¡¯ performances are good, the organization should give them a reward to encourage their future. But for those performances are not good or even bad, the organization should give them criticism and some punishments to push them perform well in the job.

The rewards given to those people perform well can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic thing. The intrinsic thing is a tangible reward, which can include money, company cars, casual dress and so on. The extrinsic thing is an intangible reward, which could be private health care, promotion and so on. For example the reward from Porter and Lawler¡¯s model is an intangible one. The values of different rewards are different. According to their different levels of performance, employees should receive different rewards that could be intrinsic or extrinsic thing.

Some organization requires all the employees perform the work completely following the procedure formulated by the organization. Some employees maybe cannot get a good performance. These people have an open and creative mind and make some innovation in the job when solving problem met in the work. The innovation can let them work well and get a good solution. For these employees, organization couldn¡¯t neglect the benefits brought from their innovation and should encourage them bring forth new ideas in the job.

In Storey¡¯s key levers, Managing Culture is more important than managing procedures and systems. Integrated action is essential on Selection, Communication, Training, Reward and development. Restructuring and job design allow devolved responsibility and empowerment. Based on those above elements, organizations should make use of integrated action in the reward management. Organizations could use hygiene factors and motivators motivate the employees and let them satisfy with the environmental and self matters. They also should reward employees both intrinsic and extrinsic thing to encourage employees¡¯ performance.

After performing the assignment of the topic about the methods of rewards and benefits management and their impact on individual and organizational performance. The assignment through the following aspect Job evaluation, Motivational theory, Payment systems and Performance management to evaluate this topic. The rewards and benefits management plays an important role in the Human Resource Management.

A detailed description of performance and performance management has been outlined in the assignment. The reward and benefit management is linked to the performance management. Thus the performance management is also very important in this topic.

Through this assignment, the reader could know that the three well-known need theories that are Maslow¡¯s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg¡¯s two-factor theory of motivation and Porter and Lawler¡¯s expectancy model of motivation. We have learnt the two former theories in the last semester, but more knowledge about them can be obtained from this module. The latter theory is a new theory for the learning. After studying the lecture about this theory, the Porter and Lawler¡¯s model emphasizes the importance of performance from the employees and the reward linked to the good performance of the employees.

The payment systems have the three types Payment by results, Performance related pay and Competence-based pay. Each of them has its own strengths and problems itself. The three payment systems have their own basement, so the payment is implemented from different elements. And compared the three types, the results reflect that Payment by results is more acceptable by the organization.

The rewards and benefits management makes great impacts during the period of operation in the organization. It could encourage individual to make better performance in the job and influence the organization to more focus on the performance of the employees in the organization. Thus organizations should realize its importance and concentrate on the implementation of the rewards and benefits management in the internal operations. The HR manager should take on the responsibility of this management.

1. Armstrong, M. (001), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (8th edn), London, Kogan Page

. Beardwell, I. and Holden, L. (001), Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach (rd edn), Essex, Financial Times Pearson Education

. Curtis, S. and Wright, D. (001) ¡®Retaining Employees ¨C The Fast Track to Commitment¡¯, Management Research News, Vol. 4 No. 81, 001, pp.56-60

4. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (18), Human Resources Management (th edn), Essex, Financial Times Pearson Education

5. Leatherbarrow, C. (00), Lecture Notes for MPO, Britain, Staffordshire University

6. Swabe, A.I.R. (18) ¡®Performance-related pay a case study¡¯, Employee Relations, Vol.11, No., pp.17-

7. West, M. and Patterson, M. (18), ¡®Profitable Personnel¡¯, People Management, 8th Jan, 18, pp.8-1

8. Zhang, W. (001), ¡®Culture Development on Human Resource¡¯, China Marketing, March 001, pp.4-4

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Marketing permission

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Godin (1) has proposed a new idea- permission marketing. Here, consumers provide marketers with the permission to send them certain types of promotional messages. This is seen as reducing clutter and search costs for the consumer while improving targeting precision for marketers. This paper makes three contributions First, a critical analysis of the concept and its relationship to existing ideas in the marketing literature is discussed. Second, a taxonomy of four models used to implement permission marketing today, direct relationship maintenance, permission partnership, ad market and permission pool, is presented. Permission intensity is seen as a key differentiator among models. Finally, a comprehensive conceptual cost-benefit framework is presented that captures the consumer experience in permission marketing programs. Consumer interest is seen as the key dependent variable that influences the degree of participation. Consumer interest is positively affected by message relevance and monetary benefit and negatively affected by information entry/modification costs, message processing costs and privacy costs. Based on this framework, several empirically testable propositions are identified.

Introduction

Permission marketing (also called invitational marketing) envisions every customer shaping the targeting behavior of marketers (Godin, 1). Consumers empower a marketer to send them promotional messages in certain interest categories. Typically, this is done by asking the consumer to fill out a survey indicating interests when registering for a service. The marketer then matches advertising messages with the interests of consumers.

This is a new idea. Even though targeting appropriate customers has been recognized early on as a core marketing principle (Smith, 156), most targeting today can best be described as "targeting on averages." The advertiser obtains the average profile of the consumer (e.g., a marketer may identify the proportion of a show that meets a certain pre-specified demographic or behavioral category using Simmons data) and chooses, say, a TV show that matches the target consumer profile most accurately1. This leads to low targeting precision since not all consumers match the profile.

Theoretically, direct marketing holds the promise of improving targeting. One-on-one marketing proposes thinking about a segment of size one (Peppers & Rogers, 1, Pine, Victor & Boynton, 1). Given the new capabilities of addressing each individual (Blattberg & Deighton, 11) the goal is to customize the marketing mix in accordance with the needs of a consumer. Relationship marketing takes a long-term orientation in targeting as opposed to a short-term transactional orientation (Dwyer, Schurr & Oh, 187; McKenna, 11, Sheth & Parvatiyar, 15). The idea is to understand the lifetime value of the customer and allocate resources in accordance with these values (Day, 000). The emphasis is on retaining existing customers rather than on obtaining new ones (McGahan & Ghemawat, 14).

However, since one-on-one marketing and relationship marketing both propose marketer-initiated targeting, several problems arise. For example, consumers receive an excessive volume of proposals for relationships with firms, they do not perceive control over the terms of the relationship and do not perceive much value addition from such relationships. As a result, these techniques breed consumer cynicism (Fournier, Dobscha & Mick, 18). This is especially a problem with the Internet because the marginal cost of sending an additional promotional message is nearly zero for the firm (Shiman, 16).

Our goal in this paper is threefold. First, a critical analysis of the concept of permission marketing and its relationship to existing ideas in the marketing literature is provided. Second, a taxonomy of business models implementing permission marketing today is presented. Finally, a comprehensive conceptual cost-benefit framework that captures the consumer experience in permission marketing programs is presented. Based on this framework, several empirically testable propositions are identified that might serve to guide future theory-building and empirical research in this area.

Permission Marketing and the Internet

Clutter is a big problem on the World Wide Web ("Web" hereafter). The increased size of the Web- "an estimated lower bound on the size of the Web is 0 million pages" (Lawrence & Giles, 18, p. 8)- has led to increased search costs. More recent estimates put this number much higher. For example, the "bow tie" research study by IBM, Compaq and Alta Vista reports sampling over 600 million pages ( http//research.compaq.com/news/map/www%0paper.htm) and the search engine, Google, claims to index over a billion pages. Debris on the Internet (e.g., pages that are no longer updated) further exacerbates search costs.

Search engines (e.g., www.google.com) and Internet portals (e.g., http//www.yahoo.com/) were attempts at helping consumers navigate through this clutter. But when individuals search for information at these places, they are presented with hundreds of selections. Consumers will not go through all selections and are most likely to focus on the first few results. Hence, search-engine optimization has become an important research area (Bradlow & Schmittlein, 1). However, due to heterogeneity in the algorithms used by search engines, it is not always possible for one's site to be featured in the top few.

Therefore, it is clear that search engines alone will not help consumers find sites relevant to their needs. Increasingly, search engines tap into smaller and smaller fractions of the overall Web (Lawrence & Giles, 18) with no engine capturing more than 16% of the Web content (Lawrence & Giles, 1).

Individuals may cope with the increased search costs by focusing on firm reputation (Choi, Stahl & Whinston, 17, Chapter 6). For example, recently The Economist reported that 75% of all business to consumer e-commerce originates from five sites- Amazon.com, Buy.com, eBay, Yahoo and America Online (AOL). Hence, it is clear that these sites have established a reputation that is better than others . However, that does not necessarily ensure the delivery of relevant information since each of these sites contain a lot of information (For example, as of August 000, Yahoo! had links to at least 1.5 million pages on its site- http//searchenginewatch.com/reports/directories.html) - not all of which is relevant to any single consumer. Moreover, consumers may be interested in newer sites whose reputation may not be fully established.

Banner advertising and sponsorships were tools that were considered to have the potential to provide consumers with relevant information. However, despite the early promise detailed in pioneering research (Hoffman & Novak, 17), the click-through rates have not improved4. Average rates are in the 0.5% range. Banner advertising is also plagued with measurement problems. Getting a reliable estimate of the number of consumers who viewed a banner is a big challenge (Dreze & Zufryden, 18) and so is reliably identifying the top websites globally. Moreover, a recent eye-tracking study presents troublesome evidence that Internet users may "actually avoid looking at banner ads during their online activities" (Dreze & Hussherr, 1, p. ). If this is true, then placing banners around web content may be a poor way of delivering the message.

Permission marketing offers the promise of improving targeting by helping consumers interface with marketers most likely to provide relevant promotional messages. Many permission-marketing firms (e.g. yesmail.com- now part of the business incubator, CMGI) claim customer response rates in the region of 5-0% and since most use e-mail, they are not affected by the measurement problems of banner advertising. Since the ads arrive in the mailbox of the individual, it is likely that more attention would be paid to them in comparison to banners.

Even though permission marketing can be implemented in any direct medium, it has emerged as a serious idea only with the advent of the Internet. The two reasons for this are (1) on the Internet, the cost of marketer-to-consumer communication is low (Hoffman & Novak, 16; Shiman, 16); () the Internet has enabled rapid feedback mechanisms due to instantaneous two-way communication (Hoffman & Novak, 16).

Another motivation for permission marketing on the Web has been the failure of the direct mail approach of sending unsolicited promotional messages. The prime example of this is unsolicited commercial e-mail or "Spam" (Cranor & LaMacchia, 18). Senders of spam realize three things- the cost of obtaining a new e-mail address is minimal, the marginal cost of contacting an additional customer is nearly zero (Shiman, 16) and it is easy to deceive the consumer. Spammers can easily obtain new e-mail addresses from websites and Usenet groups using software programs that "troll" the Internet. Individuals provide their addresses at these places for other purposes and hence, this violates their privacy rights (Bloom, Milne & Adler, 14). In addition, marketers incur similar costs if they send out 1 million or 10 million e-mails. Moreover, there are now programs that enable the large-scale use of deceptive practices (e.g. forged e-mail headers). Due to these problems, Spam cannot be a legitimate form of marketing communication5. Using it would lead to an excessive message volume for consumers, weakening of brand reputation and a slowing of the entire network. Hence, permission marketing is seen as a feasible alternative for Internet marketing communication.

Permission marketing is now a large-scale activity on the Internet. A leading Internet business periodical recently noted that, "permission marketing was once a niche business. Now, everybody is doing it." (Business .0, April, 000, p. 176). In addition, permission marketing has been incorporated in leading texts on marketing management, e.g., Kotler's millennium edition.

Literature Review

Although the term "permission marketing" was coined by Godin (1)6, the general idea of customer permission in direct marketing had surfaced earlier in the marketing literature, mainly in the context of privacy issues in direct marketing. For example, Milne and Gordon (1) discuss the role of customer permission along with volume, targeting and compensation in the context of direct mail. However, their reference is to an individuals providing a direct marketer the permission to share his or her personal information with others. In other words, they see permission as a tool to establish privacy rights rather than to enhance targeting. Moreover, the privacy issue is different now since an infomediary (Hagel & Singer, 1) retains all the personal information and supplies ads based on that information; the advertisers never see the information.

Recently, Sheth, Sisodia and Sharma (000) have proposed the concept of customer-centric marketing, which includes what they call co-creation marketing. Co-creation marketing envisions a system where marketers and consumers participate in shaping the marketing mix. In the authors' own words, "Co-creation marketing enables and empowers customers to aid in product creation (e.g., Gateway computers), pricing (e.g., priceline.com), distribution and fulfillment (e.g., GAP store or GAP online delivered to the house), and communication (e-mail systems)"(Sheth, Sisodia & Sharma 000, p. 6). Hence, permission marketing can be viewed as focusing on the communication aspect of a larger concept called co-creation marketing. Gilmore and Pine II (17) had also earlier identified collaboration between marketers and consumers as one form of one-on-one marketing.

The direct marketing literature has also pointed out the importance of consumers controlling the terms of their relationship with marketers. Phelps, Nowak and Ferrell (000) point out that individuals like to control "how personal information about them is used by marketers, the kinds of advertising mail and catalogs that they receive and the volume of advertising mail they receive"(p. ). In this literature, direct mail is viewed as a social contract between the consumer and the marketer (Milne & Gordon, 1). Moreover, there is recognition that what is necessary to improve direct marketing relationships is not just a reduction of privacy concerns of individuals, but rather an improvement in the consumer's trust of the marketer (Milne & Boza, forthcoming).

Marketing scholars have long been disenchanted with the marketer-initiated approach to direct marketing. For example, in a critique on database marketing, Schultz (14) noted

If the database works for the consumer and not just the marketer, duplicate mailings should never exist. For the database to have value for customers, it should simplify and improve their personal lives, not just complicate them with unwanted offers or ridiculous solicitations. Also, if the database was really working for the consumer - and not just the marketer - privacy would not be the issue it is. Perhaps the greatest concern about the value of the database is the one-way marketing systems that are being developed- systems that favor the marketer and are disincentives to the consumer (emphasis added).(p. 4)

Hence, it is not surprising that several marketing scholars have begun to indicate their acceptance of permission marketing as a viable concept. For example, Petty (000) proposes "shift(ing) property rights for soliciting and selling information about consumers to the consumers themselves thereby reducing the marketing costs imposed upon consumers without their consent"(p. 5). Further, he argues that "by bearing the costs of identifying disinterested customers, marketers get an audience interested in their message. Consumers get fewer messages and only ones that they are interested in receiving "(Petty 000, p. 5). Similarly, Sheehan and Hoy (000) also suggest that permission marketing may be a technique to reduce privacy concerns of individuals. Even though they do not use the term permission marketing, Milne, Boza and Rohm (1) propose that "opt-in methods (can act) as a trust-building alternative to more effective information control".

Permission Marketing Business Models on the Web

In order to understand how permission marketing is currently being practiced on the Web, we define a key construct permission intensity.

Consumers define the boundaries of their relationship with firms in such businesses. In some cases, they give the business tremendous leeway and in others the firms are held on a tight leash. Formally, permission intensity is defined as the degree to which a consumer empowers a marketer in the context of a communicative relationship7.

Compare two scenarios.

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The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, paper at affordable prices!

Islam and Modernization

Assignment no.

The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.

Question a) Give differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.

Buy custom The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, term paper

Answer a)

One of the main differences the author points out is the fact that the individuals belonging to the orthodox, strict constructionist school, emphasize on the literal translations on the Holy Texts. Their emphasis is on the "literal interpretation and application" of the word of Allah, the Quran, and the Sunnah, the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH).

Individuals part of the liberal constructionist school, on the other hand, emphasize on understanding the deeper meaning of the Holy Texts. According to the author they emphasize to "comprehend the underlying moral philosophy of Islam…" They instead of literal translation and application, look at the Texts in a more contextual sense.

Another difference lies in the debate over the original intent of Allah's commands. The orthodox constructionists believe that all the laws can be derived from the plain meaning of the Holy Text. Even though there are several verses in the Quran which may be contradicting each other, the individuals following this school of thought do little to reconcile such differences, as they believe that all the answers lie in the literal translations.

The liberal constructionists believe that the verses have to be studied with a much more in depth analysis, and they need to be enhanced with the understanding of the society at that time. According to the author, these individuals believe that "the texts do not speak unequivocally…" by this he means that the liberalists are of the opinion that the Quran speaks ambiguously and thus we cannot rely solely on the pure, literal interpretation of the Holy Texts.

Stemming from the same argument, the author points out a third difference. The liberalists, he says, believe in a comprehensive approach to the interpretation of the Texts. They propose to "recontextualize" the Texts. They believe, that in order to make the Word of Allah "…a living guide for contemporary times…" we need to look at the society at the time of the Revelations, and how it applies to us now, in the modern day. According to the liberalists, certain laws were era-specific, and need to be looked at in a different light to make it comprehensive to us now.

The traditionalists strongly believe that Allah's Word holds true, and "…good for all times and milieu." They do not believe that any law is era specific, and therefore there is no need for to recontextualize. Instead, such an approach according to them is un-Islamic. They believe that there should be no "…deviation from the historical understanding and application…" of the Law.

Question c) Give reasons why Babar feels that the 'institution of ulema' is not desirable. How would a traditionalist respond to such criticism?

Answer c)

Babar feels the ulema have been granted a "…monopoly over religious understanding and interpretation…" The author also states the fact that Islam does not allow any form of institution to "…guard or interpret the message of God." This brings us to the first criticism of the ulema. The ulema, is known to pass fatwas or opinions on the subjects of faith and interpretation. According to the author these "self-styled" ulema, do not provide any form of explanation while passing any of their fatwas. Also the authenticity of the verses maybe questioned. These opinions can very easily influence the Muslims to go against the non-Muslims, in the name of Islam. They can then use Islam as a justification for their various violent acts.

In order to rectify this problem, the ulema have been given ultimate authority on the subject of Shariah and the laws derived from it, on the basis of usul-al-Fiqh (principles used to derive Islamic Law from the Shariah.) This authority, though different from the state and Siyasa (policy), helped in reiterating the authority of the rulers by "…producing convenient interpretations in line with state policies." This led to a branching of the Shariah, and thus a potential conflict between the two. This gave the ulema an authoritative role in the process of interpretation, understanding and application of the Holy Texts while allowing the state to legitimize their actions and policies in the name of religion.

This according to the author has ultimately led to the "cognitive decay" of the modern day Islamic societies. This has been due to the vertical authoritative system put forward by the ulema. This resulted in the stifling of the individual intellect, and the individual Muslim no longer held responsibility in understanding the "eternal truth". Thus no matter what the ulema says, their word is taken as the "gospel of truth". As the author states, the Quran emphasizes the subject of individual responsibility and accountability, and the existence of the ulema discourages the very issue.

Therefore, according to the author, the ulema have been a negative influence on the Islamic societies of today. It has failed to make the understanding of Islam and its Holy Texts easier, and has failed to play a horizontal and cooperative role in the law making. It instead is rigid in its stance and questioning the ulema is like questioning the word of Allah.

Traditionalists' main argument is based on verses such as

"…if you do not know, ask the people of religion…" (17)

The "people of religion" is what the ulema claim to be. They feel that they are the most knowledgeable and pious to have authority over interpretations and application over law making from the Holy Texts. They may argue that they can certainly gauge the gravity of the problems faced by the common man, and it is only them who can pass any form of verdict or opinion. They may argue that the modern man is too engrossed in his material problems, that he is incapable of putting in adequate effort and thought to interpret and apply correctly. It is therefore the job of the ulema to play the role of the religious authority. In the end the ulema may also argue that by passing fatwas, and their authoritative role will eradicate all sorts of confusion the modern Muslim is faced with.

Question d) In your opinion, how can the differences between the liberal and traditional school of thought be bridged as regards the vision of Islam for the individual and collective life?

Answer d)

The differences of the two schools of thought, basically stem from one major fundamental difference of the interpretation and thus the application of the Holy Texts, the Quran, the Sunnah and the Shariah, to the lives of the Muslims today.

The traditionalists believe in the literal interpretation and application of the texts. They believe that the Words of Allah, and His Prophet (PBUH), transcend through space and time. They are unchanging, and apply universally despite the differences in the society and the times. They according to Lone, believe in adhering to "…the principle of interpreting Islam without any foreign influence."

The liberalists on the other hand, believe in the fact that some of the commands given by the Almighty were era specific, and thus the Holy Texts should be interpreted through the historic context, and we should reinterpret them to make them applicable today. As Naim in his article 'Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns', says

"The most that shariah could do… in that historical context…"

And again in the following paragraph;

"…shariah…was justified by the historical context, it ceases to be so justified in the present drastically different context."

Therefore this school of thought refuses to "adhere to and apply literal dictates" basing them on historical context. (Babar)

The traditionalists' main argument lies in the fact that Quran is it self explanatory, and if there is a conflict then we may turn to the Sunnah, the sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). As Imam Ibn Taymiyyah mentions in his article 'How Tafseer is Performed';

"…the best way is to explain the Qur'aan through the Qur'aan. For, what the Qur'aan alludes to at one place is explained at the other, and what it says in brief on one occasion is elaborated upon at the other. But if this does not help you, you should turn to the sunnah, because the sunnah explains and elucidates the Qur'aan." (Taymiyyah, 1)

This is further supported by the following verse;

We have sent down to you the book in truth that you may judge between men, as Allaah guides you; so don't be an advocate for those who betray their trust. [Al-Qur'aan, 4105] (Taymiyyah, 1)

Also;

So set your … There is no altering (the laws) of Allahs creation. …" [Surat Al-Rum0] (Idris, 140)

This therefore supports the view of the traditionalists', that we should only look at the Words of Allah and His Prophet's, without any questioning, and that His laws are immutable.

Therefore in a nutshell the main idea behind the disagreement between the two thoughts is whether or not our present day lives and laws should be dealt literally with regard to the Shariah, or whether the Shariah needs to be rebuilt.

Enver Masud in his article 'Shariah or Islamic Law' defines Shariah as;

"... [Islamic jurists] recognized such a conceptual separation and divided the body of Shariah rules into two categories religious observances and worldly matters. The first,... they observed to be beyond the scope of modification. The second [subject to interpretation] covers the following…" (Masud)

According to him the second category involves criminal law, family law and transactions. Therefore I believe that there are certain aspects of the Shariah that have to be followed without questioning. But also on the other hand there are certain aspects such as those regarding to slavery, women's issues and the issue of non-Muslims. (An-Naim)

The traditionalists could argue to Masud's opinion by regarding those who act in such a way, would be bound to engage in secularism. This implies that for them religion is only a matter of private life and discourages any form of religious intervention in our public lives.

This may not hold true, as what the modernists believe is to reinterpret the existing laws so that they can make current laws in accordance with Islamic understanding. The traditionalists in this context should try and look at things more objectively, and should be prepared to listen to the various points of view put forward by other learned and modern scholars. Debate should be welcomed but within certain boundaries so as to reach a proper conclusion as to what and how should the laws and the Texts be applicable today. Also we know that the Prophet advocated the use of our own intellect in matters where the Quran or the Sunnah may not be able to give adequate answers. We also know that the primary sources of law are the Quran and the Sunnah, thus without the interpretation of these, the Muslim community would be a lost soul. It is also true that pure literal translation can not in come subjects stand on its own, for which we do require the Sunnah, and if that is not adequate we need to delve deeper into the meanin and the contexts od the various Texts. We thus come to the subject of Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtehad, which is collective thinking, and debate. This is necessary for the Modern day Muslim, where both the schools need to sit together and realize their differences, their drawbacks, and discuss within the boundaries of the Quran. We obviously cannot change the law according to our whims and fancies, but there are certain aspects which can be delved into so that we may apply it to our modern day problems.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

• An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed; "Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Idris, Dr. Ja'far Sheikh; "Secularism and Moral Values" Islaam. Rabii Awal17, 140. Gulf Times. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

• Lone, Amar Ellahi; "The Sacred and the Secular." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Masud, Enver; "Shariah or Islamic Law." The Wisdom Fund. Visited on May 1, 00

• Sattar, Babar; "The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Taymiyyah, Imam Ibn; "How Tafseer is Performed." Islaam 1. Al-Hidaayah. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

Please note that this sample paper on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Globalization and the United States

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Part 1

Introduction

Globalization is about worldwide economic activity

As all of you know, globalization is about open markets; competition and the free flow of goods, services, capital and knowledge. In other words, the world as we know it is getting increasingly smaller with the advancement of technology, i.e.- the Internet, and planes and soon to come out, telecommunication over the Internet, but that's another story. Because of this technology people around the world are more connected than ever to spread new ideas.

Information technologies are the key driver of globalization, they open up a huge potential for greater efficiency through e-commerce, the Internet and the instantaneous delivery of information anywhere in the world, at any time. They also provide greater access to information and knowledge, THEY are the raw materials of innovation, and spread the free flow of information from all sources, which authoritarian regimes cannot stop even if they wanted to. Technology and innovation cut costs to the direct benefit of consumers. Some view it as a process that is beneficiala key to future world economic developmentand also inevitable and irreversible.

Yes this is globalization, but what is the role of the US They are the big brother, they are the ones who can prosper without global trading…it is the developing countries that truly depend on the United States

Kevin A. Hassett and James K. Glassman explain that

Rarely in history has one nation been as dominant in the world economy as the United States is today. The U.S. (GDP) -- exceeded $10 trillion in 00. Thats greater than the total GDP of the next five countries combined. All told, the United States, with 1/0th of the worlds population, accounts for one-third of the worlds output and, last year, more than three-fifths of its growth.

The U.S. economy is so large that its metropolitan areas produce more than entire countries. For example, in 00, Chicago had about the same GDP as Australia. Boston had the same as Taiwan; Dallas, the same as Saudi Arabia; San Francisco, Hong Kong; and Milwaukee, Pakistan.

Its only natural that such a dominant position can sometimes provoke envy and anger from other nations, but the truth is that economics is not a zero-sum game. In a world that is tied together by trade, the United States wins when other nations prosper -- and other nations win when the United States prospers.

The notion that wealthy countries and big businesses are the main beneficiaries of global free trade is flat-out nonsense. The United States could continue to prosper if it backed away from the world-trade stage. Even if it stopped trading altogether, the United States would continue to enjoy a high standard of living, with a GDP of more than $0,000 per person. Americas lifestyle might slip from 00 levels to mid-10s levels. Thats all. But if trade stops or even slows down, developing countries would be devastated. No longer would citizens be able to get quality goods at bargain prices. No longer would smaller nations be able to increase their markets on a vast scale.

But the United States understands the responsibilities that come with being the worlds largest economy.

Does the US take advantage of their position?

They must be if sweatshops exist, I mean, why do they exist

US Companies Profit From Chinese Sweatshops

By Jim Lobe, IPS, 1 March 18

WASHINGTON, Mar 1 (IPS) - U.S. clothing and footware companies, which import more than 15 billion dollars a year in Chinese-made goods, are profiting from sub-contractors whose mainly young, female workers toil in sweatshop conditions, according to a new report released here.

The report, which covers 1 factories in China, found that the foreign-financed boom in southern China is being fuelled by poorly-educated women from rural areas, who are unaware of their legal rights and forced to work up to 1-hours-a-day, seven days a week - for as little as 1 cents an hour.

Working conditions in China actually violate Chinas own labour law and internationally recognised worker rights, as well as U.S. coprorate codes of conduct, according to Charles Kernaghan, director of the National Labour Committee (NLC) which released the report Wednesday.

Yet the workers - whose conditions approach indentured servitude - have no independent unions, human rights, womens or religious organisations to protect them, and US companies take advantage of their vulnerability, said Kernaghan.

Kernaghan used the release of the report, Made in China Behind the Label, to launch a national campaign to press these companies, which include some of the US most fashionable labels, to fully disclose the conditions under which their merchandise is being produced.

The public has a right to know in what countries and in what factories American corporations are producing and under what human and labour rights conditions, he said.

Several Democratic lawmakers have pledged to push for legislation this year that would ensure greater disclosure(discovery). The bottom line is that the American people should not, unknowingly, be purchasing products made in sweatshops, said Rep. Bernie Sanders.

Named in the report are such companies as Ralph Lauren, Ann Taylor, Kathie Lee, Wal-Mart, Liz Claiborne, Esprit, J.C. Penney, The Limited, and K-Mart. Most of these firms maintain that they monitor factories where their merchandise is made, but investigators from the Hong Kong-based Asian Monitor Resource Centre and China Labour Bulletin found evidence of widespread, unregulated subcontracting among the sector of foreign, privately- owned factories booming in the south of China.

These factories operate in climate of secrecy, according to the report, often with no signs posted and frequently not even listed in business directories.

American companies are actually lowering standards in China as they shift their production from publicly-owned factories in the north to private, foreign-owned sweatshops in the south, slashing wages in the process, eliminating benefits, imposing excessive mandatory overtime hours, and tolerating widespread arbitrary firings and unsafe factory and living conditions, said Kernaghan.

In the Liang Shi Handbag Factory, which makes Kathie Lee handbags, for example, a work week consists of seven 10-hour days for wages as low as 1 cents an hour, according to the report. The factory has no fire exits and workers are housed in dirty, cramped dormitories, five to a room. After paying for one weeks worth of food and lodging, workers are left with only .44 dollars.

In the Yeu Yein Factory, which makes Nike and Addidas shoes, 50,000 to 60,000 young women ages 18 to work six or seven days a week, 10 to 1 hours a day, for 1 cents an hour, the report said. In some cases, workers living in factory-built dormitories are subject to constant surveillance.

Independent unions are illegal in China where, according to Sally Chun of China Labour Bulletin, workers lack minimum social guarantees and ...are subject to government repression and violence when they voice their demands.

She and Apo Leong of the Resource Centre expressed scepticism about the effectiveness of US corporate codes of conduct which have become more widespread in recent years, in part because of publicity generated about apparel-making sweatshops discovered in Central America and the Caribbean by Kernaghans NLC.

In an open letter to the White Houses Apparel Partnership, Kernaghan called for an immediate review of factory working conditions in China for their compliance with international standards and a ban on unregulated subcontracting. He also called for companies to ensure that their codes of conduct are posted in subcontracting factories and that human and worker rights groups are given access to workers.

The Partnership, which consists of six rights groups, two labour unions, and eight companies, including several of those named in the new report, has spent more than a year negotiating the mandate of an association that would certify companies compliance with a tough code of conduct. Such a certification would then permit them to tag their merchandise with a No Sweat label.

The Partnership has agreed to the elements of such a code, which includes virtually all of the demands put forward by Kernaghan, according to its co-chair, Linda Golodner, who is president of the National Consumers League.

The Partnership still has to work out details on what constitutes a living wage and how the code should deal with countries, like China, which do not permit freedom of association. Once these matters are resolved, it hopes that most other companies in the apparel and shoe industry will join the effort.

This reports poses a lot of very important questions for the companies and our own government to look at, said Golodner told IPS. She noted that Washington has done nothing to discourage companies from investing in China, despite the absence of workers rights there. This needs to be looked at very seriously, she added.

At the Tianjin Yuhua Garment Factory in China a young woman earns cents an hour. For over 60 hours a week she sews clothing to be sold in Wal-Mart stores across the U.S. She works in a sweatshop, but the profit margins from her sweat are not enough for some. Soon she may be laid off, as Wal-Mart moves its contract to a privately owned factory in the south of China with less regulations and even lower wages. There, Wal-Mart's contractors can pay workers as low as 1 cents an hour to sew the same garments. Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the world. They control almost 15 percent of the US retail market. And selling goods made in sweatshops helped their 18 revenue rise to $11 billion$4 billion more than Canada's 18 revenue.

Those who are accused of exploiting workers to maximize profits often respond by calling sweatshops an unfortunate, but necessary evil of economic growth and free markets. Claims are made that sweatshops are the only way to meet consumers demand for low-cost goods and that they provide jobs that otherwise would not exist.

And yet, sweatshops are not inevitable. They are not a necessary by-product of economic growth or the intended outcome of some dangerous force in the economic universe. They are the result of corporations single-mindedly seeking the fattest bottom line. This race to the bottom line squeezes out savings and profits at every level, but ultimately, from the sweat of the workers squeezed at the bottom of the cycle.

These factors drive demand for sweatshops Corporate greed U.S. and manufacturers have found that they no longer need to operate their own factories. In a world virtually free of borders, they look for subcontractors in countries where regulations are weak and labor and operating costs are lowest.

International policies

Governments, international trade regulatory agencies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank and other foreign lenders create international trade laws and lending policies requiring developing nations to bolster their economies by creating export industries regardless of implications for social justice and environmental sustainability. And Third World countries desperately need the foreign money. But these policies have created a excess of manufacturing plants and plantations (often in countries with poorly developed labor and environmental laws), which allows U.S. corporations to dictate their purchase prices.

More specifically

ESPN Exposes NIKE

On April , ESPNs Outside the Lines ran an hour-long show on Nike and Reebok sweatshop abuses in Vietnam.

The crew also interviewed a 5-year-old female worker who - just a week prior - was grabbed around the collar and hit on the head by a male Korean guard as she departed a Nike factory during a shift change.

Some of the problems at the sneaker factories appear to be caused by language barriers. Many of the supervisors speak little or no Vietnamese. And some of them prefer a militaristic approach in dealing with workers.

When asked to account for these instances of abuse, Nike executive Tom Clarke kept talking about these events being taken out of context. He failed to explain what sort of context might justify physically abusing workers.

Aside from the physical harm in these sweatshops workers have to deal with ridiculous conditions

Workers in the Nike and Reebok factories breath a toxic mix of chemicals with only useless cotton masks for protection. Dara ORourke, an environmental consultant for the United Nations and human rights activist who has visited several Vietnamese shoe factories, says Wearing a cotton mask to protect yourself against hazardous solvents is like wearing flip-flops in the NBA, she said. It just doesnt work.

Nike says that it is working with its subcontractors to offer an environment that protects the workers health and safety. Health concerns were raised, however, when an inspection report that was prepared for Nike was leaked in November to the New York Times. Ernst & Young found that workers at one factory were exposed to a chemical that exceeded legal standards by 177 times in parts of the plant and that 77 percent of the employees suffered from respiratory problems. Although Nike says those readings are impossible, it was Nikes own accounting firm, Ernst & Young, which documented the readings.

There are other people that oppose world integration because they feel that it is another way of saying Americanization

Have you heard the word Americanization? In the early 100s Americanization meant taking new immigrants and turning them into Americans...whether they wanted to give up their traditional ways or not.

Critics now say globalization is nothing more than the imposition of American culture on the entire world. In fact, the most visible sign of globalization seems to be the spread of American burgers and cola to nearly every country on earth.

Even globalization champions like Thomas Friedman see it. In a recent column describing why terrorists hate the United States, Friedman wrote

...globalization is in so many ways Americanization globalization wears Mickey Mouse ears, it drinks Pepsi and Coke, eats Big Macs, does its computing on an IBM laptop with Windows 8. Many societies around the world cant get enough of it, but others see it as a fundamental threat.

Please note that this sample paper on Globalization and the United States is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Globalization and the United States, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Globalization and the United States will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation.

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As Eric Shaw rightfully points out between 17 and 18 Labour was "wrenched apart by ruptures of an unprecedented ferocity which inflicted enduring harm on its public image and contributed to the electoral disaster of 18." (Shaw, 16) After the General Election defeat in 17, the Labour party began to follow the outmoded ideas of the left-wing tradition touted by Tony Benn who had stepped in after the 17 defeat to fill the intellectual vacuum that existed within the Party. At this period in time, the party was in virtual civil war. With the Bennite faction gaining important foot holds in policy formulation at the Blackpool Conference of 180 (Unilateral Disarmament and withdrawal from the Common Market) and at the Wembley Conference of 181 (Electoral Collage), the fateful decision was taken by a group of right-wing MPs (known as the 'Gang of Four' - Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, David Owen and Bill Rogers) to set up a breakaway party the Social Democratic Party (SDP). The balance had been tipped in November of 180 when Michael Foot narrowly beat Dennis Healey to the Labour leadership. It was at that point really that the four eventually gave up the party as a lost cause. The SDP breakaway and the formation of the Alliance was, as Giles Radice concedes, "an unmitigated disaster for the Labour Party", and one which he believes that they did not recover from until after the election of 1. (Radice, 4) The SDP were to have an impact not only in strengthening the 'third force' in British politics, but it would also have an effect on the structural framework of the New Labour Party in 14/5.

Under the ramshackle leadership of Michael Foot, the Labour Party entered the 18 General Election dubbed by both Tories and the press as the 'Looney Left'. The manifesto dubbed by Gerald Kaufman as 'the longest suicide note in history' lead Labour to a crushing defeat, with the party vote dropping to a mere 7.6% its lowest level since 118. The time had come to revitalise the party, and sow the seeds that would put it back on the road to electability and power.

The election of Neil Kinnock, as I think we now see in hindsight, was a crucial step forward for the Labour Party. Kinnock, essentially a pragmatist, was now the new leader of the Opposition with a monumental task ahead of him, one which Pearce and Stewart believe that he shouldered willingly. He had to make the Party re-elect able, but before he could do that he had to win the trust back from the electorate, and show them that the Labour Party was a responsible and moderate party. (Best emphasised in his 185 Fabian lecture 'The Future of Socialism' Pg.115 & 116 of Tudor Jones) Between 18 and 187 he did this in a number of ways

1. The 184 Miners Strike Kinnock although sympathetic to the plight of the individual miner, did not support the strike. (Scargill had not balloted all the members and had adopted a creeping strategy based on individual pits joining the struggle). It was Kinnock's belief that the strike was less about mining and more about an ideological struggle.

Cheap University Papers on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation.

. Militant Kinnock felt that the antics of Militant Tendency within the Party was highly damaging to the Party's image and the electorate's perception of it. He was forced to act, and at the 185 Bournemouth Conference he criticised the individuals concerned (one being Derek Hatton) from the platform. He began to expel them from the party in 186 (starting with 8 from Militant, he would eventually remove 50 members from the Party including to MPs David Nellist and Terry Fields).

. Organisational changes The main thrust between 18 and 187 general elections where organisational. In June 185, Larry Whitty began to rationalise the Labour Party organisation and replaced the ten departments with three directorates covering administration, publicity and research. In addition policy formation began to shift away from the traditional focus of the National Executive Committee (NEC) to inner circles of policy advisors, with the leadership taking a more directorial role in this area. (Pearce & Stewart, 00).

Yet with another large defeat to the Tories in the 187 General Election (101-seat majority) it was hard to hide the bitter disappointment of a Party that fought a very sleek and choreographed campaign. Ben Pimlott summed up the problems that Party came up against at the election

Labour fought a brilliant campaign but its policy base was weak and the product kept on showing through…much in Labour's manifesto was merely negative resistance to Tory measures or the half apologetic playing of ancient tunes. Gone were the acute embarrassments of 18. In their place was a designer socialist blandness.

The many traditionalists in the Party claimed that the Armani suits and the portable telephones of the 'socialist yuppies' risked undermining what the Labour Party stood for since its creation. Others, most notably the new generation of 'modernisers', did not agree and pointed to a third successive defeat if they reverted back. A situation reminiscent of 15 took shape. The leadership was clear in its own mind that either Labour broke out of the electoral doldrums in the 10s or it risked disappearing as a viable political force altogether. It was in this vein that Kinnock established the Labour Party Policy Review, under the directorship of Tom Sawyer, within days of the 187 defeat. Within two years the Review had turned around the most damaging policy lines that had contributed to the last three general election defeats. In the newly published policy document entitled, 'Meet the Challenge, Make the Change', unveiled in 18, the first signs of what has become 'New' Labour could be seen

• Out went uni-lateralism and in came multi-lateralism.

• In European terms was now a supporter of continued membership as well as closer ties with Britain's European partners.

• There was a shift towards an acceptance of the new economic landscape in Britain. Labour was now looking to run a capitalist market economy better than the Tories.

• Acceptance of the irrevocable shift into the privatised world of many previously government-owned and controlled companies and utilities (even the idea of 51% were abandoned by Labour in the early 10s).

• Acceptance of some of the Tory Trade Union legislation (especially when it came to the balloting of members over important issues).

• Taxation was to be progressive but the higher bands were to be limited.

• Some of the traditional elements did still remain commitment to full employment and Clause IV (though Kinnock was unsure of its implications on a rapidly modernising Labour Party).

• Further changes flagged by Kinnock OMOV at the 187 Brighton Conference.

There was no doubt that by the General Election of 1 Labour were a new political force, it was now a credible party machine. Yet there were still a number of key elements that troubled the party which included tax and spend policy, where the Labour Party capable of running a sound economy that was just tax and spend? And the eligibility of the Labour leader was also a telling question could anyone see Neil Kinnock at No.10? Unfortunately for Kinnock the answer was no. Kinnock's second defeat saw him stand down immediately, and look for a career elsewhere.

The Party once again needed a new leader, but this time one candidate seemed to emerge with overwhelming support. John Smith was MP for Monklands East and was also the Shadow Chancellor. He won a resounding victory over Bryan Gould taking 1% of the vote. There was no doubt that Smith was going to continue where Kinnock left off and would take the modernisation of the Party forward. Smith chose the further democratisation of the Party and launched into a campaign to bring about OMOV. The issue was taken to conference in September 1 and Smith won by a very small margin. He had secured a reduction of the Trade union vote from 40% to .% and individual voting rights for all party members. Whether or not Smith would have gone from here and continued the pace of change we will never know, for his career came to a tragic end with a fatal heart attack in May 14. Once more the Party need a leader of a new generation that would continue the momentum forward.

Tony Blair, who came through the leadership contest by beating Prescott and Beckett, was the first leader to be voted in by OMOV rules. He had heavy support amongst the PLP and the CLP rather than through the trade unions and levy payers. But the pace of change would not slacken under Blair. Modernisation for him, as he later explained, was 'about returning Labour to its traditional role as a majority mainstream party advancing the interests of the broad majority of the people', a role which, in his view, the Party had abandoned after 17, when the 'activists steamrollered the leadership and put about the myth that we lost because we were not sufficiently traditionalist socialist.'(Jones, 15). Blair was ready to do what Gaitskell tried and failed, and Kinnock and Smith secretly thought about but had not dared to try. He was prepared from the out-set to re-draft the Party's fundamental statement of aims including the sacred Clause IV. In 15 he gained the backing of conference and replaced Clause IV with a new aims and directives. The 118 constitution was the basis of 'Old' Labour, whereas the 15 equivalent was the basis of Blair's 'New' Labour.

By 16 Labour had been out of office longer than any other mainstream left-of-centre party in the Western world. Blair put this situation in simple terms, 'The reason for our decline was simple. We lost touch. Society changed but we did not. Out structures were out of date.' By this time Blair was constructing the rhetoric of the co called 'Third Way'. He saw the twentieth century develop in three key stages

• The first, symbolised by the Labour Constitution of 118, was the growth of the collectivist state. It roots lay in the early twentieth century but it had seemed to have reached notoriety in the post-war world.

• The second stage, which began to emerge in the 170s, but is identified with the Thatcher years, was a reaction to the first stage. There was growing criticism of the overbearing and deadening hand of the 'Nanny state'.

• The third stage Blair saw as moving both beyond the crude individualism of the Thatcherites and the old collectivism of the consensus era. In his own words he claimed, 'My generation stands at the intersection between the old and new.' 'New' Labour wanted to reconcile individualism with community, blending care with enterprise. In place of the inadequacies of state socialism, Blair wished to embrace the fundamental ideas of early ethical socialism including its emphasis on the need of society to act together to achieve what the individual cannot do alone and its advocacy of the use of the power of society to protect and advance the individual and then to apply such ideas to the conditions of modern British society.

For Blair, modern socialism consisted not in a particular form of economic organisation based on public ownership but rather in a collection of values such as community and mutuality which were strengthened by the over-reaching concept of the public interest invoked in support of the individual. The primary task of Labour's new agenda was to translate that concept into practical methods of public action aimed at enhancing the individual's freedom and interests.

The main features of the ideological revision which Blair was advocating as the 'governing philosophy of today's Labour Party have become reasonable clear. They appear to compromise an espousal of the idea of an inclusive community promoting the public interest, a rejection of the elevated status previously ascribed to public ownership, and an unequivocal defence of the merits of a competitive market economy, once regarded by socialists as incompatible with their communitarian beliefs. (Jones, 16).

This was the theory that was peddled just before the 17 general election, and it was no doubt pragmatic to the point of being all things to all men and being New Labour all women too. Whatever the theory behind the pronouncements and changes at the time, there was no doubt that the Labour Party was ready to fight a general election. It also had a clear idea of what it needed to do to win. These factors coincided with one of the most weakened governments of the recent past calling the election itself. The outcome was a resounding victory for New Labour with the largest majority of any party this century.

Please note that this sample paper on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation., we are here to assist you. Your college paper on Assess the nature of modernisation of the Labour Party since the 1980s and the specific impact of Tony Blair's leadership on the Labour Party modernisation. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Business management

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1. (0 points) Managers require a wide variety of skills. Not all types of skills, however, are equally important at all levels of management. For the following three types of skills, identify the level of management (top management, middle management, or front line management) for which the skill is most important and why you think it is most important for that level.

• Technical skills

Technical skills are most important in front line management. When I complete my BBA with an emphasis in management I don't expect to go to work managing a chemistry lab at M. Although I may be an excellent manager, I would have no idea how to guide the chemists in their work. I could, however go to work as a construction site foreman for xxx, a national construction firm. I could use my knowledge about which construction materials are needed, how they are put together and my management skills to lead and develop the crew's construction skills.

• Conceptual skills Conceptual skills are important to top level management. If I were the CEO of xxx I would not want to worry about the day to day operations of each individual construction site. I would not need to know much about construction or even which end of a hammer to use. I would need to have extensive knowledge of how my organization's parts fit together and what this makes it capable of. I would use this knowledge to develop a vision for where I would lead xxx and make it capable of expanding into these areas of the construction market.

• Communications skills

Communication skills are important in absolutely every level of management. Management is coordinating the activities of people to get work done that you cannot do your self. To do this you have to effectively communicate what you want done to the people doing it for you. This is true for front line management to communicate to labor what needs to be done for the day to get the next phase of construction done, middle management to communicate to the frontline managers to coordinate the construction of the entire building complete and for top management to communicate to the middle managers who are setting up operations on the east coast so that we can start bidding on projects in the growing construction market there. Each level must effectively communicate to and receive communication from the level below it to successfully direct it in the way you want it to go.

. (0 points) For years, the tuna canning companies bought tuna from fishing boats that caught and killed dolphins (the mammal) as a "by-catch." Some years back, this practice was brought to light by activists, which caused an uproar among the public. Threats of boycotts against the companies ensued and there was substantial negative publicity. Fearing a loss of revenues, most tuna canning companies adopted a policy of not purchasing from boats that engaged in this practice. To communicate this policy to the public, the companies put a small logo on their cans of tuna guaranteeing that they were "dolphin-friendly." Using the authors' terminology, what level of social responsibility would you ascribe to the tuna canning companies? Justify your answer.

Considering that the tuna canning companies put the "dolphin friendly" seal on the cans of tuna in response to a threatened boycott originated by the International Marine Mammal Project and the negative publicity that ensued, I would ascribe to them the Social Reaction level of social responsibility.

Tuna fishermen used to actually look for dolphins and set their purse seine around them because for unknown reasons the tuna stay close to the dolphins. Canners such as Starkist, Chicken of the Sea and Bumblebee all knew that this fishing method was being utilized, and would have been classified as "social responsiveness" had they stopped before public outcry forced them to.

I think that this level has changed since then. Congress passed legislation setting a standard of non-encirclement of dolphins which became the U.S. legal standard for the Dolphin Safe tuna label. Because of this they are required to follow this standard and now are at the "social obligation" level. The tuna industry has also adopted another method of catching tuna that have adverse environmental effects. This is called "log fishing" where all marine life including turtles, sharks, and other animals are caught along with the tuna. The canners know the effect this has on sea life but continue. Until they voluntarily quit this type of practice before they are forced to by either social or legal obligations they will never be a socially responsive industry.

. (0 points) Describe the following concepts or terms. Where do these concepts or terms come from and to what do they apply?

All four of these concepts come from Geert H. Hofstede and his work on four dimensions of cultural variability, commonly referred to as Hofstedes Dimensions. Hofstede originally published these concepts in his 180 publication, Cultures consequences International differences in work-related values. This study took existing survey data (sample size of 116,000) collected from a multinational corporation. The result was a score in each of the dimensions for 40 different countries. Hofstede calculated scores for these dimensions (on a scale from around 0 and 100) for many countries.

• Power Distance

Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. Power distance can be described in terms of high and low power distance. In a high power distance culture people are subordinate than in a low power distance culture. In a high power distance culture such as China, employees would never expect to be consulted about a task; they just do what the supervisor asks. China has a power distance score of 80. Israel has a very low power distance score of 1. In this culture supervisors would be expected to be very democratic and take input from subordinates on decisions.

• Uncertainty Avoidance

Uncertainty avoidance is how comfortable a culture feels about the unknown. Cultures with higher uncertainty avoidance express a need for formality, predictability and clear rules so that there is no question about how things are done. They also have more anxiety when faced with situations where the unknown is a factor. Denmark has very low uncertainty avoidance at while Japan's is very high at .

• Individualism versus Collectivism

In individualistic societies there are few ties between the members of that society whereas in collectivist societies people belong to strong, cohesive groups. The United States, as we know, is very individualistic. We are actually the most individualistic society with a score of 1. We could not care less what others think, we will do whatever we please. Many Asian countries tend to see themselves as a part of the whole. Some examples of these are Taiwan and South Korea who have individuality scores of 14 and 18. This is one of many reasons for the rapid economic rise of these countries in the last century. They work as a collective to effectively accomplish a task that a number of individuals could not.

• Masculinity versus Femininity

As you said in class, this has nothing to do with gender; it has to do with the aggressiveness of culture. More aggressive cultures are considered more masculine and more passive cultures are considered more feminine. In a more masculine culture people are assertive, tough, and concerned with material success. In a more feminine society people are more modest, tender, interested in the quality of life and display very little confrontation.

Austria is very masculine at 7 and Denmark is more feminine at 16

All of these concepts are important to keep in mind when dealing with other cultures.

4. (0 points) In the Boston Consulting Group Portfolio Matrix, the preferred action when dealing with a cash cow is to dedicate just enough resources to keep it going but not engage in any meaningful investment in the unit. What is the reasoning behind this strategy?

This is because you have a situation where one of your strategic business units is experiencing low market growth rate and high relative market share. Now that I have learned what a cash cow is in this class I realize that my former employer is a cash cow and is an excellent example for this paper. xxx Fuel is part of a larger organization that includes other fuel companies and barging outfits. I worked for them for 7 years and in that time we took over most of the residential, commercial and marine fuel market share in xxx. The only competition has just enough of the market to keep others from coming in to compete. We set up the local infrastructure such as storage tanks that enable us to get the cheapest fuel possible, warehouses to store resale items and maintenance facilities to keep everything running. Everything is as efficient as possible and there is no more room to grow so any further investment would be pointless. The larger organization can use the cash generated in xxx to invest in strategic business units where they have a high market growth rate and high market share which would be considered a star.

5. (0 points) Explain the phenomenon known as "heightened commitment" or "escalation of commitment." Why does this occur and how might you as a senior manager avoid it in your company?

This is a situation where you become increasingly committed to a poor choice of action. This can occur if emotion becomes involved in your decision making or if a project is fundamentally flawed and it is not realized right away. You may have a project that is your "pet" and you want it to work so badly that you keep "pouring good money after bad" in an attempt to make it work. I saw a good example of this on TV the other day. A sex education instructor had what she thought was a great idea. She sewed a small pocket into a pair of underwear that was to contain a condom. She figured that if it was right there when it was needed it was more likely to be used. Her students thought it was a great idea and were supportive so she invested twenty thousand dollars into producing a bunch of this underwear. She got some interest from small clothing outlets but was rejected by large distributors because it was too risqu. (Possibly like this example!) She wanted it to work so badly that she ended up investing one hundred thousand dollars into it, but still not many people wanted to buy it. She poured good money after bad because her emotional involvement in wanting to increase condom use caused her to invest more money in a product that had little appeal to consumers.

If I were a senior manager I would avoid this in the following ways First I would instruct my project leaders to keep emotions separate from decision making. Secondly, I would set goals for a project which if they are not met by a certain time the plug will automatically be pulled. Lastly, I would have one person start the project, then have another carry it from there, the second will be more likely to have an objective view of its success or failure. The woman in my example should have done more market research by contacting distributors to gauge their interest and use focus groups made up of her target market that have no bias toward her product.

Bonus Question (5 points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of group or participatory decision-making?

Personally I like to make important decisions on my own. If I just consider all of the facts that I can and make the decision I save myself a lot of frustration. The hardest part of involving a group to make a decision is to deal with their dynamics. If everyone would focus on the question at hand it would make the process easier. I was the president of the Cooperative Preschool last school year. I was the only male there and it was very hard to get a bunch of moms to focus on the task at hand. I decided to grin and bear it and chalk it up to leadership experience. It would take a lot of time to get a simple decision during a ½ hour long 1 hour meeting because it was hard to fit important topics in between the conversations about quilting and stuff. There was one woman, the treasurer, who had a very strong personality. Everyone was afraid to make a decision if she wasn't there and when she was there she tried to dominate the meeting. I had to do some careful stepping to make sure that she did not have undue influence on our decisions. It is very hard to get the right mix of talents when your talent pool is the parents who happen to enroll their kids in the preschool that year. I did my best and tried to get the right personalities in the right positions.

It may sound like this was a bad experience but, no way, it was a great experience. I learned that I cannot always make all of the decisions and that if I included others they were generally more accepted. All of the moms, and me, put our heads together, brought our individual talents to bear, and made some great decisions like getting xxx to help us get all new tables, chairs, play equipment and learning materials. I learned that I did not always have all of the information necessary to make a proper decision. Once I wanted to have the accounting done professionally, and almost did it before I decided that the entire board should make this call. A parent told us that she knew someone who would donate accounting services to us. I did not have that information! Being president of the preschool was beneficial to me and the other parents because we all developed lasting relationships and learned much about decision making.

Please note that this sample paper on Business management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Business management, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Business management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre

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"Drama and Theatre in their content and style reflect the society from which they spring"

To what extent is this true for Australian plays and productions?

Cheap University Papers on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre

Segregation of minority groups in society is a common occurrence in Australia. Segerga

tion can lead to isolation, loss of hope, detachment, a struggle for survival and the re

liance on family for support. Segregation is a major theme in both Gary's House and

The 7 Stages of Grieving. Through the use of Dramatic Forms and Conventions such

as set, characterisation, tension, and the language used, we grasp an understanding

of the underlying meaning of the play and its social context.

Gary's House focuses directly on the survival of one's environment, whether it

be physical, emotional or one's upbringing. Gary's House is about people who dont fit

in but are desperately trying to do so. Australia is a country where the standard of living

is relatively high and employment and home ownership expected. Yet sometimes those

that are estranged from society and have to struggle even harder in order to survive in

these harsh environments, are often forgotten and their efforts to make a place for

themselves, discounted.

The 7 Stages of Grieving is a contemporary Indigenous performance. Whilst

appropriating western form and using traditional storytelling, The 7 Stages of

Grieving gives an emotional insight to Murri life. Its a one-women show that follows the

journey of an Aboriginal "Everywoman" as she tells serious and humorous stories of

grief and reconciliation. In an environment where Indigenous Australians battle racism,

death in custody, a history of violence and anguish over lost land, The 7 Stages of Grieving is a reminder of Indigenous Australian's struggle to survive, and our sense of

humor and irony.

Set Design is an important Dramatic Form and Convention, as the building of Gary

and Sue-Anne's house is a solid metaphor for the chaotic journey that people make as

they try to build there lives. It also represents the getting over of Gary and Christine's

emotional, physical and previous experiences that have been holding them back.

The houses physical appearance also represents how the characters are coming along

in their journey for survival. When Christine experiences a loss of hope she attacks the

house. As shown in Act Two, Scene Ten, Christine attacks the house out of anger and

desperation, she no longer sees her life has any direction and is starting to tear down

the one thing that represented survival and direction in her life. This stage direction only

reiterates that the house is a solid metaphor for survival.

The 7 Stages of Grieving also uses the Dramatic Form and Convention of set de

sign to give us an insight into the struggles faced by Indigenous Australians. In,

1. Prologue, the scene is set

"A large block of ice is suspended by 7 strong ropes. It is

melting onto a freshly turned grave of red earth. The performance area is covered in a

thin layer of black powder framed by a scrape of white."

The layers of black and white earth represents the two races'. There is a great deal

of significance of the use of dirt in this design as it symbolises the two races trying to get by sharing the same land. The white earth surrounds the black earth much the

same way as white society has boxed itself around Aboriginal history and tradition.

Compacting their traditions and values, allowing no room for freedom of movement.

The 7 strong ropes represent the 7 stages of grieving. Suspended by the ropes is a

large melting block of ice. The ice is dripping onto the red earth, this give a visual image

of crying, its as if the melting ice is crying out of grief for Indigenous Australians over

the land that is being ripped away from them by white society. The use of this design

has powerful emotional depth to it. The audience feels drawn to the performance on an

emotional level. The design layout has immediately personalised the performance and

sent a powerful message as to what the content of the play will address.

The characterisation of the characters in Gary's House is also a very important

Dramatic Form and Convention as the audience is able to grasp an understanding of

the socio-economic stasis of the characters, allowing a greater depth of understanding

of the play and it's social context. This Dramatic Form and Convention, is vital to the

performance as it reflects the on the audience's understanding of the society in which

the characters are surrounded. Gary and Sue-Anne are portrayed as "Great Aussie Bat

tlers". This image sets them apart from society as they struggle to survive. The charac

ters in Gary's House are all very stereotypical. Gary is an angary, lonely and handwork

ing male. He is trying to make a go of whatever card his life has dealt him. He is a prod

uct of his childhood and lack of integration into society. The performance allows the

audience a look at to why Gary is the way he is. In, Act One, Scene four, Gary states how growing up in foster homes without a "proper family" and the chance to experience

love has made him they way he is. There is also a greater depth to Gary as the audi

ence sees his understanding of his lack of sociolisation within society, when he says,

"I watch other people- with their friends and their kids and that- and I copy

how they talk to each other. I'm trying to learn.....

But....Someone says something to me and I get it wrong and-y'know..."

Although this is just a basic understanding of Gary's personality, the point is that he has

an understanding. No matter how insignificant it may seem, Gary understands in some

way that it is because of his childhood and lack of integration into society that he has

become who he is. He also realises that its too late to change, that he cant learn these

traits just by looking at people its something that is taught as a child. Although Gary

never had a chance to experience love from family as a child, he often expresses his

love for Sue-Anne, which begs the question, do we learn to love or are we born with an

innate ability for it? This home is Gary's last chance- in and out of foster homes all his

life he finally has a go at a real family and future.

Dave is portrayed as a distant character, who is afraid of commitment, as seen in Act

One, Scene Nine, when Christine begs Dave to "please stay". Dave turns his back

and walks away. Dave is drawn to family hence he doesnt leave when he is able to.

Through Dave staying we see a transformation of his character when he is the one

begging Christine to "please stay".

Sue-Anne displays many childlike qualities. She is self-absorbed and is always reliant

on someone to take care of her. This is stereotypical of her socio-economic standing.

Gratitude, affection, respect, sympathy and empathy are all feelings Sue-Anne has no grasp of due to her own cultural and social displacement.

Christine is a hard product of society. She has a cold demeanor and comes across as a

force to be reckoned with. She is stereotyped as a woman of power, placing emotions

behind in order to succeed in her career. The character of Christine is a representative

of feminism. Christine has also had a hard life but has taken a more educated and

isolating path than Gary. She expresses her feelings best when she says,

"I dont expect anything from anyone and I'm not disappointed."

Throughout the performance we see her transform into the very thing she was trying to

surpress, but ultimately she has realised that what she was trying to surpress is the one

thing that makes her happy.

The 7 stages of Grieving uses the Dramatic Form and Convention of characterisa

tion to appeal emotionally to the audience concerning Aboriginal issues. The perfor

mance has family orientated characters and is performed in a family portrait style. The

actor expresses her own personal grief as well as Indigenous Australians as a whole.

Characters are only ever mentioned in the performance and are all portrayed by the

same person. This makes it seem as if the actor is a representative for the Aboriginal

community and is trying to reach for some sort of empathy from the audience.By telling

deeply emotional stories to the audience the actor is giving a deeply intimate portrayal

of life as an Indigenous Australian.

With the use of Naturalised based experiences the performance gives the audience a

lot to think about. In 1. Mugshot, the actor only presents the facts, allowing the audience to make up there own mind.

The Dramatic Form and Convention, tension is used in Gary's House and plays a

significant role. The tension in Gary's House is created by information we know about

the characters. Information such as the characters moral and value codes, for example,

just the mere fact that Sue-Anne and Gary are unmarried and pregnant, and that Gary

is old enough to be Sue-Anne's father as well as the language that they use, makes the

audience aware of a moral point of view. The tension of the play provokes the perfor

mance as well as the audience to question society. It is also through the socio-

economic stasis of the characters that we see a context for the play form.

The Dramatic Form and Convention, tension created in The 7 Stages of Grieving

is one of upset of Indigenous Australians towards Anglo-Saxons and Police. The perfor

mance is primarily about raising awareness, creating remorse, guilt, understanding and

"sorriness". This tension is created by putting the essence of the performance into the

hands of the audience. Its the audience's interpretation of the performance that gives it

meaning and tension. It is through the intensity of emotions that the actor creates, that

delivers tension to the performance.

The Dramatic Form and Convention of language used throughout Gary's House is

highly significant to depicting the characters struggle to survive in Australian society,

and the experiences had by them.

The performance is dominated by colloquial, Australian slang speech.

Sue-Anne describes Gary and herself as "derros" in Scene One, Act One. The use of

the word "derro" reflects on Sue-Annes social, economic and educational stance. This

language suggest Sue-Anne has had little education and limited or no socialisation

skills. Each Character in Gary's house has a style of emotive language that is individual

to that character. Christine for example has a sophisticated speech that contains a lot

of anger,

" Is it too much to ask one of my solicitors to ring me back?

[pause] Don't get a tone with me missy."

Where as Gary's language is uneducated. He finds it hard to understand things. Gary

too has a lot of pent up anger that he sometimes releases,

"When I was ten years old I marched into the Tae Kwon Do

school and I said 'Teach me how to kill a person."

Both actions and words are equally important in Gary's House. By the way the charac

ters act we grasp an understanding of the message being told. Sue-Anne takes up

smoking after she has the baby, and repeatedly is told off by Vince and Christine, yet

Sue-Anne still isnt able to grasp the concept that what she is doing is damaging for the

baby. This tells the audience about Sue-Anne's self-absorbed and childlike personality.

The 7 Stages of Grieving uses Traditional tribal language and Aboriginal pronounci

ation (broken english). The purpose of using tribal speech is mainly to educate and give

insight to the audience about Indigenous Australian traditions. The use of broken en

glish words such as "Gubberment" is included as it reflects the social, economic and

educational background of who is being portrayed. Words carry the weight of the perfor

mance as it is primarily of a storytelling genre, where colloquial and generalised language is symbolic of Aboriginal people. This language encourages an air of intimacy

between the actor and audience.

.

The actor pauses after speaking a lot in order for the audience to reflect on what was

just said. The actor has direct dialogue with the audience and talks about things she

has experienced which again creates an air of intimacy between the two. This is shown

in, 11. Murri Gets a Dress,

"have you ever been black? You now when you wake up one

morning and your black?"

The language used throughout The 7 stages of Grieving gives the audience and emo

tional insight into the Aboriginal culture as well as reaching out for some understanding

from us.

From the use of the Dramatic Forms and Conventions discussed, we can see clearly

that Gary's House and The 7 Stages of Grieving do in fact reflect the society from

which they spring. The use of Dramatic Forms and Conventions adds a deeper under

standing of the social, economical, educational and emotional context of the perfor

mances and the characters. It is with these Dramatic Forms and Conventions that

meaning is added to the performances

Please note that this sample paper on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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