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The history of the periodic table extends back over 00 years, from when chemistry was the magical science. Through the evolution of the world, chemistry became a science of systemic observation rather than based on false expectations. Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev, the father of the periodic table attempted to condense the known elements and conceptualize possible future discoveries. Mendeleev's research and concepts were revolutionary for his time but met with skepticism. Although not accepted when first developed, the periodic table is now in chemistry laboratories and science classrooms around the world. An increased interest in the development and discovery of new elements was initiated by the simplicity presented by the periodic table. After Mendeleev developed the table, controversy still existed behind the naming of the elements. Research is always continuing but scientists must also understand the fundamentals and how they develop.
Far before Mendeleev's time, scientists made various lists attempting to organize the known elements. In 1787, a simple listing of elements was established; unfortunately these listings had no particular format and were useful only if new discoveries were of elements that would follow prior findings. A new technique in 1817 involved grouping elements in three similar groups, which were called triads. "For example, lithium, sodium and potassium all react vigorously with water" (Scerri, 18); this was a reasonable assumption at the time. Jean-Baptiste-Andre Dumas abandoned the idea of triads and attempted to form a mathematical relationship between various molecular weights. This concept was incorrect since weight is not a fundamental property of the element's characteristics. Mendeleev systemically organized the elements by atomic weight; " The crucial characteristic of Mendeleev's system was that it illustrated a periodicity, or repetition, in the properties of the elements at certain regular intervals" (Scerri, 18). This was previously seen in works by Alexandre-Emile Beguyer de Chancourtois. Mendeleev introduced in 186 what is known now as the periodic table of elements, but other scientists disputed it.
Lothar Meyer was revising a textbook and had a similar diagram of the periodic table but printing delays extended the publishing date to 1870. This delay caused a conflict between Mendeleev and Meyer. Meyer felt cheated, but in science, the first person to publish is the recipient of the fame. Every new idea is thoroughly analyze" Normally a new scientific theory has to prove its value as a guide to ongoing research"(Brush, 16); this is the criteria on which textbook are published. New concepts were sometimes introduced to teachers to determine their validity to chemistry. Mendeleev's periodic table was met with high acceptance because of its organization. With the development of a table with gaps, researchers were encouraged to further their knowledge and discover new elements. By 180, the United States and Britain had a majority of their chemistry textbooks printed with a periodic table contained with in it.
The acceptance of the periodic table of elements flourished throughout the world. Classrooms and textbooks pertaining to chemistry contained an illustrated version of Mendeleev's original table. Although large colorful tables can be found on the walls of chemistry classrooms, the true function of the table is a helping tool rather than a necessity of memorization. Rather than make students memorize every element, students are given smaller versions of the table, some so small they can fit in your pocket. The table's context is relevant only when associated with learning or applying the information provided by the table. Chemistry research is a continuing science with the discovery of new elements, but the periodic table stays the same in structure.
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The world around us is composed of many different elements, oxygen in the air we breathe, gold as jewelry and mercury used in thermometers. All these elements naturally occur in our environment, but scientists have also created elements. " The ancient alchemists' dream of transmutation was finally realized in 17 when the first man-made element, technetium (Z=4), was synthesized by C. Perrier and E. Segre" (Campbell, 1). Many man-made elements have been produced through the process of nuclear fission. A cyclotron is used to accelerate nuclei at each other, if there is sufficient force, the nuclei will combine to form a new element. The elements produced are radioactive and decay in a short period. Through nuclear fission of lead and argon, element 100(fermium) is produced. Fermium generates very little heat when produced which, delays the fission of this element. This process is termed "cold fusion by the institute for heavy-ion research" (Armbruste & Hessberger, 18).
As new elements are developed, a controversy arises when the element is to be named. Each element has been given a name based on a factual or theorized characteristic. There was a variety of reasons behind the naming of the elements, such as the names of celestial bodies and days or color. Gold was named after the Sun and represented Sunday, whereas tin was named for Jupiter and was designated for Thursday. The English form that is used to represent the elements is inadequate in defining the characteristics, since most of the elements were discovered when Greek and Latin were prevalent. Color was readily used as defining quality, such as Cesium, which has two strong bluish gray lines in its emission spectrum, and the Latin for bluish gray is Caesius. The element oxygen was actually based on theory that all acids contained oxygen and Greek word for acidic is oksys. The man-made, radioactive elements required more of an artistic touch. Some the suggestions were flamboyant, such as mickeymousium. Primarily they were scientifically based; nobelium was chosen for element 10. The majority of the elements are named and catalogued in the periodic table. Currently elements 110 to 11 do not have actual names since it is disputed whether these are actual elements since they exist for only a short period. Another reason for the controversy is the fact that both Americans and Europeans are developing these radioactive materials and it is disputed as to whom the first creators were. As new elements are formed, mainly by nuclear fusion, the resulting molecule is extremely radioactive and only exists for about one nano (10-) seconds.
As the periodic table stands, the maximum element that is possible currently is 118. Even though the existence and acceptance of elements above 110 is slim do to the incredibly short period of decay, it is reasonable to believe the higher elements will someday be created. The only real limitation to the periodic table is science and the physical limitations associated. Elements 110-11 were created, and scientists struggle to develop further elements. Scientists have far surpassed Neil Bohr's predicted limitation of fermium.
Knowledge is the strength and the key to understanding the physical world, the macroscopic and the microscopic. Time holds all truths especially in chemistry; some elements were discovered by fluke and that others it was a mapped journey to a theoretical ending. Every path to success is paved one stone at a time; first a simple list of the elements, the introduction of triads, but the result was Mendeleev's periodic table of elements. All new theories or developments face scrutiny, complaints by other scientists and the simple idea of proving it is significant furthering research. With every new discovery, there arises a conflict concerning the names of the elements. Most elements were based on a physical characteristic but naming has become an artist's game. Although more is understood now then in Mendeleev's time there is always going to be a mystery to chemistry.
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